This page presents a detailed and research-oriented list of Sindhi root words, demonstrating how the etymology of many world languages can be directly traced back to the ancient Sindhu (Sindhi) language.
By documenting lexical roots, phonetic continuities, and semantic parallels, the dataset highlights Sindhi’s foundational role in the historical development of several major global languages. This resource serves scholars, linguists, and AI researchers by providing structured evidence for cross-linguistic connections, historical linguistics, and the global outreach of the Sindhi language.
| English | Etymology | Sindhi (Arabic-Perso) | Sindhi (Devanagri) | Sindhi root detail and other words derived |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| a- | prefix meaning "not, without," from Greek a-, an- "not" (the "alpha privative"), from PIE root *ne- "not" (source also of English un-). In words from Greek, such as abysmal, adamant, amethyst; also partly nativized as a prefix of negation (asexual, amoral, agnostic). The ancient alpha privatum, denoting want or absence. | ا، اڻ، بنا، سواءِ (اسم يا صفت جي آڏو اچي انڪار ٺاھيندڙ اکر) | अलिफ़ु, अण, बिना, सवाइ (इस्मु या सिफ़त जे आॾो अची इन्कारु ठाहीन्दड़ अखर | *ne- Sindhi root (نه، اڻ) (न, अण) meaning "not." It forms all or part of: a- (3) "not, without;" abnegate; ahimsa; an- (1) privative prefix; annihilate; annul; aught (n.2) "zero, nothing;" deny; hobnob; in- (1) "not, opposite of, without;" ixnay; naught; naughty; nay; nefarious; negate; neglect; negligee; negotiate; neither; nepenthe; nescience; nescient; neuter; never; nice; nihilism; nihility; nil; nill; nimiety; nix; no; non-; none; nonplus; nor; not; nothing; null; nullify; nulliparous; renegade; renege; un- (1) prefix of negation; willy-nilly. |
| ab- | word-forming element meaning "away, from, from off, down," denoting disjunction, separation, departure; from Latin ab (prep.) "off, away from" in reference to space or distance, also of time, from PIE root *apo- "off, away" (also the source of Greek apo "off, away from, from," Sanskrit apa "away from," Gothic af, English of, off; see apo-). The Latin word also denoted "agency by; source, origin; relation to, in consequence of." Since classical times usually reduced to a- before -m-, -p-, or -v-; typically abs- before -c-, -q-, or -t-. | اپ (صفت) اسم اڳيان ايندڙ حرف، پري، ھيٺ يا نه (کان سواءِ) | अप (सिफ़त इस्मु अॻियां ईंदड़ हर्फ़ु, परे, हेठि या न (खां सवाइ | *apo- also *ap-, Sindhi root (اپ)(अप) meaning "off, away." It forms all or part of: ab-; abaft; ablaut; aft; after; apanthropy; aperitif; aperture; apo-; apocalypse; apocryphal; Apollyon; apology; apoplexy; apostle; apostrophe; apothecary; apotheosis; awk; awkward; ebb; eftsoons; of; off; offal; overt. |
| brinjal | Borrowed from Portuguese beringela, from Arabic بَاذِنْجَان (bāḏinjān), from Persian بادنجان (bâdenjân), from Sanskrit वातिगगम (vātiga-gama, “eggplant”). Doublet of aubergine. Ultimately from Indo word "bangan". | واڱڻ، ھڪ قسم جي سبزي، ڀاڄي | वाङणु, हिक क़िस्मु जी सब्ज़ी, भाॼि | * brinjal, Sindhi root (واڱڻ)) वाङणु) meaning a violet colored vegetable. |
| abduce | "to draw away" by persuasion or argument, 1530s, from Latin abductus, past participle of abducere "to lead away, take away," also in figurative senses, from ab "off, away from" (see ab-) + ducere "to lead," from PIE root *deuk- "to lead." Related: Abduced; abducing. | ڌاڪڻ، کڻي وڃڻ | धअकण, कणय वञण | *deuk- Sindhi root (ڌاڪ، ديوڪ)(धाक, दैविक) meaning "to lead." It forms all or part of: abduce; abducent; abduct; abduction; adduce; aqueduct; circumduction; conduce; conducive; conduct; conductor; conduit; deduce; deduction; dock (n.1) "ship's berth;" doge; douche; ducal; ducat; Duce; duchess; duchy; duct; ductile; duke (n.); educate; education; induce; induction; introduce; introduction; misconduct; produce; production; reduce; reduction; seduce; seduction; subduce; subduction; taut; team (n.); teem (v.1) "abound, swarm, be prolific;" tie (n.); tow (v.); traduce; transducer; tug; zugzwang. |
| abound | "be in great plenty," early 14c., from Old French abonder "to abound, be abundant, come together in great numbers" (12c.), from Latin abundare "overflow, run over," from Latin ab "off, away from" (see ab-) + undare "rise in a wave," from unda "a wave," from PIE *unda-, nasalized form of root *wed- (1) "water; wet". Related: Abounded; abounding; abounder "one who has plenty or is wealthy" (1755). | آباد، آواڌ، آسودگي | आबाद, आवाध, आसूदगी | *wed- (1) Sindhi root (واد آباد)(वादु आबाद) meaning "water; wet." It forms all or part of: abound; anhydrous; carbohydrate; clepsydra; dropsy; hydra; hydrangea; hydrant; hydrargyrum; hydrate; hydraulic; hydro-; hydrogen; hydrophobia; hydrous; Hydrus; inundate; inundation; kirsch-wasser; nutria; otter; redound; redundant; surround; undine; undulant; undulate; undulation; vodka; wash; water (n.1); wet; whiskey; winter. |
| above | Middle English above, aboven (also aboun in northern dialects, abow in southwestern dialects), from Old English abufan (adv., prep.), earlier onbufan "above, in or to a higher place, on the upper side; directly over, in or to a higher place than," a contraction or compound of on (also see a- (1)) + bufan "over." The second element is itself a compound of be "by" (see by) + ufan "over/high" (from Proto-Germanic *ufan-, source also of Old Saxon, Old High German oban, German oben; from PIE root *upo "under," also "up from under," hence also "over"). | اُڀو، مٿاھون | उभो, मथियों, मथाहों | *upo Sindhi root (اُڀو) meaning "under," also "up from under," hence "over." It forms all or part of: above; assume; Aufklarung; eave; eavesdropper; hyphen; hypo-; hypochondria; hypocrisy; hypotenuse; hypothalamus; hypothesis; hypsi-; hypso-; opal; open; oft; often; resuscitate; somber; souffle; source; soutane; souvenir; sub-; subject; sublime; subpoena; substance; subterfuge; subtle; suburb; succeed; succinct; succor; succubus; succumb; sudden; suffer; sufficient; suffix; suffrage; suggestion; summon; supine; supple; supply; support; suppose; surge; suspect; suspend; sustain; up; up-; Upanishad; uproar; valet; varlet; vassal. |
| accent (n) | late 14c., "particular mode of pronunciation," from Old French acent "accent" (13c.), from Latin accentus "song added to speech," from ad "to" (see ad-) + cantus "a singing," past participle of canere "to sing" (from PIE root *kan- "to sing"). | ڪان ڪان (لات) لھجو | कां कां (लाति लहजो | *kan- Sindhi root (ڪان ڪان، لاتڻ) meaning "to sing." It forms all or part of: accent; cant (n.1); cantabile; cantata; cantatrice; canticle; canto; cantor; canzone; Carmen; chanson; chant; chanter; chanteuse; chanty; chanticleer; charm; concent; descant; enchant; enchantment; hen; incantation; incentive; oscine; precentor; recant. |
| acetic (adj) | 1808 (in acetic acid), from French acétique "pertaining to vinegar, sour, having the properties of vinegar," from Latin acetum "vinegar" (properly vinum acetum "wine turned sour;" see vinegar), originally past participle of acere "be sharp; be sour" (related to acer "sharp"), from PIE *ak-eto-, suffixed form of root *ak- "be sharp, rise (out) to a point, pierce." | آڪڙو، تکو (ذائقي ۾ تيزابيل) | आकिड़ो, तिखो (ज़ाइक़े में तीज़ाबील | *ak- Sindhi root (آڪ، آڪڙو) meaning "be sharp, rise (out) to a point, pierce." It forms all or part of: acacia; acanthus; accipiter; acer; acerbic; acerbity; acervate; acervulus; acescent; acetic; acid; acicular; acme; acne; acrid; acridity; acrimony; acro-; acrobat; acromegaly; acronym; acrophobia; acropolis; acrostic; acrylic; acuity; aculeate; acumen; acupressure; acupuncture; acute; aglet; ague; Akron; anoxic; awn; coelacanth; dioxin; deoxy-; eager; ear (n.2) "grain part of corn;" edge (n.); egg (v.) "to goad on, incite;" eglantine; epoxy; ester; exacerbation; hammer; hypoxia; mediocre; oxalic; oxide; oxy-; oxygen; oxymoron; paragon; pyracanth; paroxysm; selvage; vinegar. |
| ache (n) | "continuing pain," early 15c., æche, ece "an ache, pain,". Old English acan "suffer continued pain," from Proto-Germanic *akanan, perhaps from a PIE root *ag-es- "fault, guilt," represented also in Sanskrit and Greek, which is perhaps imitative of groaning. | اوک، اھنج، سور، تڪليف | औख, अहिंजु, सूरु, तकलीफ़ | |
| acid (n) | 1620s, "of the taste of vinegar," from French acide (16c.) or directly from Latin acidus "sour, sharp, tart" (also figurative, "disagreeable," etc.), adjective of state from acere "to be sour, be sharp," from PIE root *ak- "be sharp, rise (out) to a point, pierce." | آڪڙو، تيزاب | आकड़व, तयज़अब | *ak- Sindhi root (آڪ، آڪڙو) meaning "be sharp, rise (out) to a point, pierce." |
| acne (n) | skin eruption common during puberty, 1813, from Modern Latin, from aknas, a 6c. Latin clerical misreading of Greek akmas, accusative plural of akme "point" (see acme), from PIE root *ak- "be sharp, rise (out) to a point, pierce." The "pointed" pimples are the source of the medical use. | اڪڻو، اُکڻو، موھيڙو | अकणव, अकणव, मवहयड़व | *ak- Sindhi root (آڪ، آڪڙو) meaning "be sharp, rise (out) to a point, pierce." |
| acre | From Middle English acre, aker, from Old English æcer (“a field, land, that which is sown, sown land, cultivated land; a definite quantity of land, land which a yoke of oxen could plough in a day, an acre, a certain quantity of land, strip of plough-land; crop”), from Proto-Germanic *akraz (“field”), from PIE *h₂éǵros (“field”). Cognate with Scots acre, aker, acker (“acre, field, arable land”), North Frisian ecir (“field, a measure of land”), West Frisian eker (“field”), Dutch akker (“field”), German Acker (“field, acre”), Norwegian åker (“field”) and Swedish åker (“field”), Icelandic akur (“field”), Latin ager (“land, field, acre, countryside”), Ancient Greek ἀγρός (agrós, “field”), Sanskrit अज्र (ájra, “field, plain”). Related to acorn. | ايڪڙ (زمين جي هڪ ماپ) | अयकड़ (ज़मयन जय हक मअप) | *agro- Sindhi root (آڳڙ، آڳڙو، آڳر) meaning "field;" probably a derivative of root *ag- "to drive, draw out or forth, move." It forms all or part of: acorn; acre; agrarian; agriculture; agriology; agro-; agronomy; onager; peregrinate; peregrination; peregrine; pilgrim; stavesacre. |
| acro- | word-forming element meaning "highest, topmost, at the extremities," before vowels acr-, from Latinized form of Greek akro- "pertaining to an end, extreme," from akros "at the end, at the top, outermost; consummate, excellent" from PIE *akri-, from root *ak- "be sharp, rise (out) to a point, pierce." | آڪڙ، مٿ، اونچائي سان شروع ٿيندڙ انگريزي لفظ | आकड़, मथ, अवनचअयय सअन शरवअ थयनदड़ अनगरयज़य लफ़ज़ | *ak- Sindhi root (آڪ، آڪڙو) meaning "be sharp, rise (out) to a point, pierce." |
| act | late 14c., "a thing done," from Latin actus "a doing; a driving, impulse, a setting in motion; a part in a play," and actum "a thing done" (originally a legal term), both from agere "to set in motion, drive, drive forward," hence "to do, perform," figuratively "incite to action; keep in movement, stir up," a verb with a broad range of meaning in Latin, including "act on stage, play the part of; plead a cause at law; chase; carry off, steal;" from PIE root *ag- "to drive, draw out or forth, move." | آڳ، اڳراءُ (ڪم) | आग, अगरअ (कम) | *ag- Sindhi root (آڳ، اڳر) meaning "to drive, draw out or forth, move." It forms all or part of: act; action; active; actor; actual; actuary; actuate; agency; agenda; agent; agile; agitation; agony; allege; ambagious; ambassador; ambiguous; anagogical; antagonize; apagoge; assay; Auriga; auto-da-fe; axiom; cache; castigate; coagulate; cogent; cogitation; counteract; demagogue; embassy; epact; essay; exact; exacta; examine; exigency; exiguous; fumigation; glucagon; hypnagogic; interact; intransigent; isagoge; litigate; litigation; mitigate; mystagogue; navigate; objurgate; pedagogue; plutogogue; prodigal; protagonist; purge; react; redact; retroactive; squat; strategy; synagogue; transact; transaction; variegate. |
| ad- | word-forming element expressing direction toward or in addition to, from Latin ad "to, toward" in space or time; "with regard to, in relation to," as a prefix, sometimes merely emphatic, from PIE root *ad- "to, near, at." Simplified to a- before sc-, sp- and st-; modified to ac- before many consonants and then re-spelled af-, ag-, al-, etc., in conformity with the following consonant (as in affection, aggression). Also compare ap- (1). | آڏو، اڳيان، ڀر ۾ | आडव, अगयअन, भर में | *ad- Sindhi root (اڏ، آڏ) meaning "to, near, at." It forms all or part of: abate; ado; ad-; ad hoc; ad lib; adage; adagio; add; adjective; adore; adorn; adult; adverb; advertise; agree; aid; alloy; ally; amontillado; amount; assure; at; atone; exaggerate; paramount; rapport; twit. |
| adjust (v) | late 14c., ajusten, "to correct, remedy," from Old French ajuster, ajoster "add; assemble; calibrate, gauge, regulate," from Late Latin adiuxtare "to bring near," from ad "to" (see ad-) + Latin iuxta "next, close by," from suffixed form of PIE root *yeug- "to join." | جوڻڻ، ڀلي طرح ملڻ، ملائڻ | जवणण, भलय तरह मलण, मलअयण | *yeug- Sindhi root (يوگ، ميلاپ) meaning "to join." It forms all or part of: adjoin; adjust; conjoin; conjugal; conjugate; conjugation; conjunct; disjointed; enjoin; injunction; jugular; jostle; joust; join; joinder; joint; jointure; junction; juncture; junta; juxtapose; juxtaposition; rejoin (v.2) "to answer;" rejoinder; subjoin; subjugate; subjugation; subjunctive; syzygy; yoga; yoke; zeugma; zygoma; zygomatic; zygote. |
| adult | 1530s (but not common until mid-17c.) "grown, mature," from Latin adultus "grown up, mature, adult, ripe," past participle of adolescere "grow up, come to maturity, ripen," from ad "to" (see ad-) + alescere "be nourished," hence, "increase, grow up," inchoative of alere "to nourish," from a suffixed form of PIE root *al- (2) "to grow, nourish." Meaning "mature in attitude or outlook" is from 1929. As a euphemism for "pornographic," it dates to 1958 and does no honor to the word. In the old British film-rating system, A indicated "suitable for exhibit to adult audiences," and thus, implicitly, unsuitable for children (1914). | آڏو، اوڏو (تيار ٿيندڙ) جوان | आडव, अवडव (तयअर थयनदड़) जवअन | *ad- Sindhi root (اڏ، آڏ) meaning "to, near, at." |
| advocate | mid-14c., "one whose profession is to plead cases in a court of justice," a technical term from Roman law, from Old French avocat "barrister, advocate, spokesman," from Latin advocatus "one called to aid (another); a pleader (on one's behalf), advocate," noun use of past participle of advocare "to call (as witness or adviser), summon, invite; call to aid; invoke," from ad "to" (see ad-) + vocare "to call" (from PIE root *wekw- "to speak"). Also in Middle English as "one who intercedes for another," and "protector, champion, patron." Feminine forms advocatess, advocatrice were in use in 15c.; advocatrix is from 17c. | آڏ واڪيندڙ، وڪيل | आड वअकयनदड़, वकयल | *wekw- Sindhi root (واڪ) meaning "to speak." It forms all or part of: advocate; avocation; calliope; convocation; epic; equivocal; equivocation; evoke; invoke; provoke; revoke; univocal; vocabulary; vocal; vocation; vocative; vociferate; vociferous; voice; vouch; vox; vowel. |
| aerial (adj) | also aërial, c. 1600, "pertaining to the air," from Latin aerius "airy, aerial, lofty, high" (from Greek aerios "of the air, pertaining to air," from aēr "air;" see air (n.1)). With adjectival suffix -al (1). Also in English "consisting of air," hence, figuratively, "of a light and graceful beauty; insubstantial" (c. 1600). From 1915 as "by means of aircraft." From the Latin collateral form aereus comes the alternative English spelling aereal. | آئريل، ھوا واري، وائريل | आयरयल, हवअ वअरय, वअयरयल | *wer- (1) Sindhi root (وائر، واءُ) meaning "to raise, lift, hold suspended." It forms all or part of: aerate; aeration; aerial; aero-; aerobics; aerophyte; aerosol; air (n.1) "invisible gases that surround the earth;" airy; aorta; anaerobic; aria; arterial; arterio-; arteriosclerosis; arteriole; artery; aura; malaria; meteor. |
| aero- | word-forming element meaning "air, atmosphere; gases," in 20c. use with reference to aircraft or aviation, from Greek aer (genitive aeros) "air, lower atmosphere" (see air (n.1)). | آئرو، ھوائي، وائو | आयरव, हवअयय, वअयव | *wer- (1) Sindhi root (وائر، واءُ) meaning "to raise, lift, hold suspended." |
| aft (adj) | Old English æftan "from behind, behind, farthest back," superlative of Old English æf, af, of "away, away from, off" (from PIE root *apo- "off, away"). Cognate with Old Frisian eft "later, afterwards; as well," Old Norse eft "after," Middle Dutch echter, efter "later, again," Gothic afta "behind, past." The Germanic superlative suffix *-ta corresponds to PIE *-to (compare Greek protos "first," superlative of pro "before"). The word is now purely nautical, "in, near, or toward the stern of a ship." | اپ، اڀيرو | अप, अभयरव | *apo- also *ap-, Sindhi root (اپ) meaning "off, away." |
| age | late 13c., "long but indefinite period in human history," from Old French aage, eage (12c., Modern French âge) "age; life, lifetime, lifespan; maturity," earlier edage (11c.), from Vulgar Latin *aetaticum (source also of Spanish edad, Italian eta, Portuguese idade "age"), extended form of Latin aetatem (nominative aetas), "period of life, age, lifetime, years," from aevum "lifetime, eternity, age," from PIE root *aiw- "vital force, life; long life, eternity" | آيو، جيو، حيات، جيوت جو اتھاس، عمر | आयव, जयव, हयअत, जयवत जव अतहअस, अमर | *aiw- also *ayu-, Sindhi root (آيَه، آيٿ) meaning "vital force, life; long life, eternity." It forms all or part of: age; aught (n.1) "something; anything;" aye (adv.) "always, ever;" Ayurvedic; coetaneous; coeval; each; eon; eternal; eternity; ever; every; ewigkeit; hygiene; longevity; medieval; nay; never; no; primeval; sempiternal; tarnation; utopia. |
| agenda | 1650s, originally theological, "matters of practice," as opposed to credenda "things to be believed, matters of faith," from Latin agenda, literally "things to be done," neuter plural of agendus, gerundive of agere "to do" (from PIE root *ag- "to drive, draw out or forth, move"). Sense of "items of business to be done at a meeting" is first attested 1882. "If a singular is required (=one item of the agenda) it is now agendum, the former singular agend being obsolete" [Fowler]. | اڳ ڪرڻا، جيڪي شيون ڪرڻيون ھجن، انھن جي ترتيب | अग करणअ, जयकय शयवन करणयवन हजन, अनहन जय तरतयब | *ag- Sindhi root (آڳ، اڳر) meaning "to drive, draw out or forth, move." |
| agent | late 15c., "one who acts," from Latin agentem (nominative agens) "effective, powerful," present participle of agere "to set in motion, drive forward; to do, perform; keep in movement" (from PIE root *ag- "to drive, draw out or forth, move"). Meaning "any natural force or substance which produces a phenomenon" is from 1550s. Meaning "deputy, representative" is from 1590s. Sense of "spy, secret agent" is attested by 1916. | آڳيو، جيڪو سامھون ھجي | आगयव, जयकव सअमहवन हजय | *ag- Sindhi root (آڳ، اڳر) meaning "to drive, draw out or forth, move." |
| aggression | early 17th century (in the sense ‘an attack’): from Latin aggressio(n- ), from aggredi ‘to attack’, from ad- ‘towards’ + gradi ‘proceed, walk’. | اڳرائي | अगरअयय | *ghredh- Sindhi root (ڳر، گهڙ) meaning "to walk, go." It forms all or part of: aggress; aggression; aggressive; centigrade; congress; degrade; degree; degression; digress; digression; egress; gradation; grade; gradual; graduate; grallatorial; gravigrade; ingredient; ingress; plantigrade; progress; progression; regress; regression; retrograde; retrogress; tardigrade; transgress; transgression. |
| agitation | 1560s, "debate, discussion" (on the notion of "a mental tossing to and fro"), from French agitation, from Latin agitationem (nominative agitatio) "motion, agitation," noun of action from past-participle stem of agitare "move to and fro," frequentative of agere "to set in motion, drive forward; keep in movement" (from PIE root *ag- "to drive, draw out or forth, move"). Physical sense of "state of being shaken or moving violently" is from 1580s; meaning "state of being mentally agitated" is from 1722; that of "arousing and sustaining public attention" to some political or social cause is from 1828. | اڳ ورائي ڪرڻ | अग वरअयय करण | *ag- Sindhi root (آڳ، اڳر) meaning "to drive, draw out or forth, move." |
| agnostic (n) | 1870, "one who professes that the existence of a First Cause and the essential nature of things are not and cannot be known" [Klein]; coined by T.H. Huxley, supposedly in September 1869, from Greek agnostos "unknown, unknowable," from a- "not" (see a- (3)) + gnostos "(to be) known," from PIE root *gno- "to know." Sometimes said to be a reference to Paul's mention of the altar to "the Unknown God" in Acts, but according to Huxley it was coined with reference to the early Church movement known as Gnosticism (see Gnostic). The adjective also is first recorded 1870. | اڄاڻڪو (جيڪو اھو چوي ته فطرت جا نيم سمجه کان ٻاھر آھن) | अॼअणकव (जयकव अहव चवय तह फ़तरत जअ नयम समजह कअन बअहर आहन) | *gno- *gnō-, Sindhi root (ڄاڻ، گنان) meaning "to know." It forms all or part of: acknowledge; acquaint; agnostic; anagnorisis; astrognosy; can (v.1) "have power to, be able;" cognition; cognizance; con (n.2) "study;" connoisseur; could; couth; cunning; diagnosis; ennoble; gnome; (n.2) "short, pithy statement of general truth;" gnomic; gnomon; gnosis; gnostic; Gnostic; ignoble; ignorant; ignore; incognito; ken (n.1) "cognizance, intellectual view;" kenning; kith; know; knowledge; narrate; narration; nobility; noble; notice; notify; notion; notorious; physiognomy; prognosis; quaint; recognize; reconnaissance; reconnoiter; uncouth; Zend. |
| ago | "gone, gone by; gone away," early 14c., a shortened form of agon "departed, passed away," past participle of a now-obsolete verb ago, agon "to go, proceed, go forth, pass away, come to an end," from Old English agan. This was formed from a- (1) "away" (perhaps here used as an intensive prefix) + gan "to go" (see go (v.)). As an adverb, "in past times" (as in long ago) from late 14c. The form agone is now obsolete except as a dialectal variant. | اڳ، اڳي | अग, अगय | |
| agri- | mid-15c., "tillage, cultivation of large areas of land to provide food," from Late Latin agricultura "cultivation of the land," a contraction of agri cultura "cultivation of land," from agri, genitive of ager "a field" (from PIE root *agro- "field") | آڳڙ، ان وائرڻ جي زمين | आगड़, अन वअयरण जय ज़मयन | *agro- Sindhi root (آڳڙ، آڳڙو، آڳر) meaning "field;" probably a derivative of root *ag- "to drive, draw out or forth, move." |
| ail (v) | c. 1300, from Old English eglan "to trouble, plague, afflict," from Proto-Germanic *azljaz (source also of Old English egle "hideous, loathsome, troublesome, painful;" Gothic agls "shameful, disgraceful," agliþa "distress, affliction, hardship," us-agljan "to oppress, afflict"), from PIE *agh-lo-, suffixed form of root *agh- (1) "to be depressed, be afraid." Related: Ailed; ailing; ails. From late Old English also of mental states and moods. | اگهلو، اگھور، نٻل، ھيڻو، نستو | अगहलव, अगहवर, नबल, हयणव, नसतव | |
| air (n) | c. 1300, "invisible gases that surround the earth," from Old French air "atmosphere, breeze, weather" (12c.), from Latin aer "air, lower atmosphere, sky," from Greek aēr (genitive aeros) "mist, haze, clouds," later "atmosphere" (perhaps related to aenai "to blow, breathe"), which is of unknown origin. It is possibly from a PIE *awer- and thus related to aeirein "to raise" and arteria "windpipe, artery" (see aorta) on notion of "lifting, suspended, that which rises," but this has phonetic difficulties. | آئر، آور، واءُ، ھوا | आयर, आवर, वअ, हवअ | *wer- (1) Sindhi root (وائر، واءُ) meaning "to raise, lift, hold suspended." |
| Alma Mater (n) | late 14c., Latin, literally "nurturing mother," a title given by Romans to certain goddesses, especially Ceres and Cybele, from alma, fem. of almus "nourishing," from alere "to nourish, rear, support, maintain" (from PIE root *al- (2) "to grow, nourish") + māter "mother" (see mother (n.1)). In sense of "one's university or school," attested from 1710. | ماترايل (جتان تعليم پرايل ھجي) مادر علمي | मअतरअयल (जतअन तअलयम परअयल हजय) मअदर अलमय | |
| almanac | From Old French almanach, from Medieval Latin almanachus, from Andalusian Arabic الْمَنَاخ (al-manāḵ, “almanac, calendar”), from Arabic الْمُنَاخ (al-munāḵ, “climate”) or Late Ancient Greek ἀλμενιχιακά (almenikhiaká, “calendar”), perhaps of Coptic origin. The middle syllable -man- may be cognate with moon and month, or else was influenced by PIE *mens- (“moon, month”). | مونڌر، ماس، ماه، مهينو، مئڻ، ماپڻ، وقت جو ڍانچو | मवनधर, मअस, मअह, महयनव, मयण, मअपण, वक़त जव ढअनचव | *me- (2) *mē-, Sindhi root (مئه، مئڻ) meaning "to measure." Some words may belong instead to root *med- "to take appropriate measures." It forms all or part of: amenorrhea; centimeter; commensurate; diameter; dimension; gematria; geometry; immense; isometric; meal (n.1) "food, time for eating;" measure; menarche; meniscus; menopause; menses; menstrual; menstruate; mensural; meter (n.1) "poetic measure;" meter (n.2) unit of length; meter (n.3) "device for measuring;" -meter; Metis; metric; metrical; metronome; -metry; Monday; month; moon; parameter; pentameter; perimeter; piecemeal; semester; symmetry; thermometer; trigonometry; trimester. |
| ambiguous (adj) | 1520s, from Latin ambiguus "having double meaning, shifting, changeable, doubtful," adjective derived from ambigere "to dispute about, contend, debate," literally "to wander, go about, go around," figuratively "hesitate, waver, be in doubt," from ambi- "about" (from PIE root *ambhi- "around") + agere "drive, lead, act" (from PIE root *ag- "to drive, draw out or forth, move"). First attested in Sir Thomas More (1528); related ambiguity dates to c. 1400. Related: Ambiguously; ambiguousness. | انڀاريل، گهڻ معنائين، منجهيل | अनभअरयल, गहण मअनअययन, मनजहयल | *ambhi- also *mbhi-, Sindhi root (انڀ، انبار) meaning "around;" probably derived from *ant-bhi "from both sides," from root *ant- "front, forehead." |
| amend (v) | early 13c., "to free from faults, rectify," from Old French amender "correct, set right, make better, improve" (12c.), from Latin emendare "to correct, free from fault," from ex "out" (see ex-) + menda "fault, blemish," from PIE root *mend- "physical defect, fault" (source also of Sanskrit minda "physical blemish," Old Irish mennar "stain, blemish," Welsh mann "sign, mark"). | اَوِڏو ڪرڻ، منڊ ختم ڪرڻ، ڀلو ڪرڻ | अवडव करण, मनड खतम करण, भलव करण | |
| amphi- | before a vowel amph-, word-forming element meaning "on both sides, of both kinds; on all sides, all around," from Greek amphi (prep., adv.) "round about, on both sides of, all around; about, regarding," which is cognate with Latin ambi-, both from PIE root *ambhi- "around." | انباريل، گهڻ پاسائون، ٻه پاسائون، چوگرد | अनबअरयल, गहण पअसअयवन, बह पअसअयवन, चवगरद | *ambhi- also *mbhi-, Sindhi root (انڀ، انبار) meaning "around;" probably derived from *ant-bhi "from both sides," from root *ant- "front, forehead." |
| an- | privative prefix, from Greek an-, "not, without," from PIE root *ne- "not"). The Greek prefix is a fuller form of the one represented in English by a- (3). | اڻ (نفي) | अण (नफ़य) | *ne- Sindhi root (نه، اڻ) meaning "not." |
| anchor | From Middle English anchor, from Old English ancor, ancra, from Latin ancora, from (or cognate with) Ancient Greek ἄγκυρα (ánkura), from PIE *ang- (“corner, hirn”). The modern spelling is a sixteenth-century modification to better represent the Latin spelling anchora, a variant of the older Latin spelling ancora. The verb comes from Middle English anchoren, ankeren, either from the noun or perhaps (via Old French ancrer)[1] from a Medieval Latin verb ancorare, from the same Latin word ancora. | انگ، آڳو، اڳو، انگھ، انگهو (جنھن سان ڪنھن وڏي شيءِ کي ٻڌجي) | अनग, आगव, अगव, अनगह, अनगहव (जनहन सअन कनहन वडय शय कय बधजय) | |
| and | Old English and, ond, originally meaning "thereupon, next," from Proto-Germanic *unda (source also of Old Saxon endi, Old Frisian anda, Middle Dutch ende, Old High German enti, German und, Old Norse enn), from PIE root *en "in." Introductory use (implying connection to something previous) was in Old English. To represent vulgar or colloquial pronunciation often written an', 'n'. Phrase and how as an exclamation of emphatic agreement dates from early 1900s. | ۽ | ۽ | *en Sindhi root (۽، ائين) meaning "in." It forms all or part of: and; atoll; dysentery; embargo; embarrass; embryo; empire; employ; en- (1) "in; into;" en- (2) "near, at, in, on, within;" enclave; endo-; enema; engine; enoptomancy; enter; enteric; enteritis; entero-; entice; ento-; entrails; envoy; envy; episode; esoteric; imbroglio; immolate; immure; impede; impend; impetus; important; impostor; impresario; impromptu; in; in- (2) "into, in, on, upon;" inchoate; incite; increase; inculcate; incumbent; industry; indigence; inflict; ingenuous; ingest; inly; inmost; inn; innate; inner; innuendo; inoculate; insignia; instant; intaglio; inter-; interim; interior; intern; internal; intestine; intimate (adj.) "closely acquainted, very familiar;" intra-; intricate; intrinsic; intro-; introduce; introduction; introit; introspect; invert; mesentery. |
| andro- | word-forming element meaning "man, male, masculine," from Greek andro-, combining form of anēr (genitive andros) "a man, a male" (as opposed to a woman, a youth, or a god), from PIE root *ner- (2) "man," also "vigorous, vital, strong." Equivalent to Latin vir (see virile). Sometimes in later use equivalent to anthrōpos, Latin homo "a person, a human being," and in compounds it often retain this genderless sense (e.g. androcephalous "having a human head," said of monsters including the Sphinx, which in Greece was female). | نر، مرد، نردرو، نرداڻو، مرداڻو | नर, मरद, नरदरव, नरदअणव, मरदअणव | *ner- (2) Sindhi root (نر، مڙس، ماڻھو) meaning "man," also "vigorous, vital, strong." It forms all or part of: Alexander; Andrew; andro-; androgynous; android; Andromache; Andromeda; andron; anthropo-; anthropocentric; anthropology; anthropomorphous; Leander; lycanthropy; Lysander; misanthrope; pachysandra; philander; philanthropy; polyandria; polyandrous. |
| anger | c. 1200, "to irritate, annoy, provoke," from Old Norse angra "to grieve, vex, distress; to be vexed at, take offense with," from Proto-Germanic *angaz (source also of Old English enge "narrow, painful," Middle Dutch enghe, Gothic aggwus "narrow"), from PIE *anghos, suffixed form of root *angh- "tight, painfully constricted, painful." | انگ، انگههَ. چيرُ. سُوري ، ڦاهي ”هوت هلندين کٽيو، جن انگن چاڙهيو انگ“ شاهه. تڪليف واري حالت | अनग, अनगहह. चयर. सवरय , फअहय ”हवत हलनदयन कटयव, जन अनगन चअड़हयव अनग“ शअहह. तकलयफ़ वअरय हअलत | *angh- Sindhi root (انگ، آنگه) meaning "tight, painfully constricted, painful." It forms all or part of: agnail; anger; angina; angry; angst; anguish; anxious; hangnail; quinsy. |
| angina | 1570s, "severe inflammatory infection of the throat," from Latin angina "infection of the throat, quinsy," literally "a strangling," from Greek ankhone "a strangling" (from PIE root *angh- "tight, painfully constricted, painful"); probably influenced in Latin by angere "to throttle." Angina pectoris "acute, constricting pain in the chest" is from 1744, from Latin pectoris, genitive of pectus "chest" (see pectoral (adj.)). Related: Anginal. | انگ، انگههَ. چيرُ. سُوري ، ڦاهي ”هوت هلندين کٽيو، جن انگن چاڙهيو انگ“ شاهه. تڪليف واري حالت جي ڪري اھو نالو پيو | अनग, अनगहह. चयर. सवरय , फअहय ”हवत हलनदयन कटयव, जन अनगन चअड़हयव अनग“ शअहह. तकलयफ़ वअरय हअलत जय करय अहव नअलव पयव | *angh- Sindhi root (انگ، آنگه) meaning "tight, painfully constricted, painful." |
| angle | "space or difference in direction between intersecting lines," late 14c., from Old French angle "an angle, a corner" (12c.) and directly from Latin angulus "an angle, a corner," a diminutive form from PIE root *ang-/*ank- "to bend" (source also of Greek ankylos "bent, crooked," Latin ang(u)ere "to compress in a bend, fold, strangle;" Old Church Slavonic aglu "corner;" Lithuanian anka "loop;" Sanskrit ankah "hook, bent," angam "limb;" Old English ancleo "ankle;" Old High German ango "hook"). | انگ، انگڙي، ڏنگي ليڪ، جتان ور کائي | अनग, अनगड़य, डनगय लयक, जतअन वर कअयय | |
| aniline | mid 19th century: from anil ‘indigo’ (from which it was originally obtained), via French and Portuguese from Arabic an-nīl (from Sanskrit nīlī, from nīla ‘dark blue’). | نير، نيل (نيلائڻ) | नयर, नयल (नयलअयण) | |
| ankle (n) | 14c. ancle, ankle, from Old English ancleow "ankle," ultimately from PIE root *ang-/*ank- "to bend" (see angle (n.)). The Middle English and modern form of the word seems to be from or influenced by Old Norse ökkla or Old Frisian ankel, which are immediately from the Proto-Germanic form of the root, *ankjōn- (source also of Middle High German anke "joint," German Enke "ankle"). | انگڙو، وڪڙ، انگيل | अनगड़व, वकड़, अनगयल | |
| anniversary | c. 1200, "year-day, annual return of a certain date in the year," originally especially of the day of a person's death or a saint's martyrdom, from Medieval Latin anniversarium, noun from Latin anniversarius (adj.) "returning annually," from annus (genitive anni) "year" (see annual (adj.)) + versus, past participle of vertere "to turn" (from PIE root *wer- (2) "to turn, bend"). The adjective came to be used as a noun in Church Latin via anniversaria dies in reference to saints' days. Anniversary as an adjective in English is from mid-15c. An Old English word for "anniversary" (n.) was mynddæg, literally "mind-day." | ورھيه وار | वरहयह वअर | *wer- (2) Sindhi root (ور، ويڙھ) forming words meaning "to turn, bend." It forms all or part of: adverse; anniversary; avert; awry; controversy; converge; converse (adj.) "exact opposite;" convert; diverge; divert; evert; extroversion; extrovert; gaiter; introrse; introvert; invert; inward; malversation; obverse; peevish; pervert; prose; raphe; reverberate; revert; rhabdomancy; rhapsody; rhombus; ribald; sinistrorse; stalwart; subvert; tergiversate; transverse; universe; verbena; verge (v.1) "tend, incline;" vermeil; vermicelli; vermicular; vermiform; vermin; versatile; verse (n.) "poetry;" version; verst; versus; vertebra; vertex; vertigo; vervain; vortex; -ward; warp; weird; worm; worry; worth (adj.) "significant, valuable, of value;" worth (v.) "to come to be;" wrangle; wrap; wrath; wreath; wrench; wrest; wrestle; wriggle; wring; wrinkle; wrist; writhe; wrong; wroth; wry. |
| Anno Domini | "in the year of the Christian era," 1570s, Latin, literally "in the year of (our) Lord," from ablative of annus "year" (see annual (adj.)) + Late Latin Domini, genitive of Dominus "the Lord" (see domain). Also see see A.D. | ڌام ورھيه (عيسا مسيح کان پوءِ سالن جي سڃاڻپ) | धअम वरहयह (अयसअ मसयह कअन पव सअलन जय सञअणप) | *dem- Sindhi root (ڌام) meaning "house, household." It represents the usual Sindhi word for "house" (Italian, Spanish casa are from Latin casa "cottage, hut;" Germanic *hus is of obscure origin). It forms all or part of: Anno Domini; belladonna; condominium; dame; damsel; dan "title of address to members of religious orders;" danger; dangerous; demesne; despot; Dom Perignon; domain; dome; domestic; domesticate; domicile; dominate; domination; dominion; domino; don (n.) "Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese title of respect;" Donna; dungeon; ma'am; madam; madame; mademoiselle; madonna; major-domo; predominant; predominate; timber; toft. |
| anomo- | word-forming element meaning "irregular, unusual," from Greek anomos, from a- "without" (see a- (3)) + nomos "law," from PIE root *nem- "assign, allot; take." | اڻ نانءِ، بي نام | अण नअन, बय नअम | *nem- Sindhi root (نامي، نالي) meaning "assign, allot; take." It forms all or part of: agronomy; anomie; anomy; antinomian; antinomy; astronomer; astronomy; autonomous; autonomy; benumb; Deuteronomy; economy; enumerate; enumeration; gastronomy; heteronomy; innumerable; metronome; namaste; nemesis; nimble; nim; nomad; nomothetic; numb; numeracy; numeral; numerator; numerical; numerology; numerous; numismatic; supernumerary; taxonomy. |
| antique (adj) | 1530s, "aged, venerable;" 1540s, "having existed in ancient times," from Middle French antique "old" (14c.), from Latin antiquus (later anticus) "ancient, former, of olden times; old, long in existence, aged; venerable; old-fashioned," from PIE *anti- "before" (from root *ant- "front, forehead," with derivatives meaning "in front of, before") + *okw- "appearance" (from PIE root *okw- "to see"). Originally pronounced in English like its doublet antic, but French pronunciation and spelling were adopted in English from c. 1700. Meaning "not modern" is from 1640s. Related: Antiqueness. | انت اکي، ڏسڻ وٽان، قديمي عاليشان شيءِ جنھن کي ڏسي حيرت ٿئي. اکيون کوليندڙ | अनत अकय, डसण वटअन, क़दयमय अअलयशअन शय जनहन कय डसय हयरत थयय. अकयवन कवलयनदड़ | *okw- Sindhi root meaning (اک، ڏسڻ) "to see." It forms all or part of: amblyopia; antique; antler; atrocity; autopsy; binocle; binocular; biopsy; catoptric; Cyclops; daisy; enoptomancy; eye; eyelet; ferocity; hyperopia; inoculate; inveigle; monocle; monocular; myopia; necropsy; ocular; oculist; oculus; oeillade; ogle; ophthalmo-; optic; optician; optics; optometry; panoptic; panopticon; Peloponnesus; pinochle; presbyopia; prosopopeia; stereoptican; synopsis; triceratops; ullage; wall-eyed; window. |
| anxious (adj) | 1620s, "greatly troubled by uncertainties," from Latin anxius "solicitous, uneasy, troubled in mind" (also "causing anxiety, troublesome"), from angere, anguere "to choke, squeeze," figuratively "to torment, cause distress" (from PIE root *angh- "tight, painfully constricted, painful"). The same image is in Serbo-Croatian tjeskoba "anxiety," literally "tightness, narrowness." Meaning "earnestly desirous" (as in anxious to please) is from 1742. Related: Anxiously; anxiousness. | اينگهيل، اڙيل، سڪايل | अयनगहयल, अड़यल, सकअयल | *angh- Sindhi root (انگ، آنگه) meaning "tight, painfully constricted, painful." |
| aperture (n) | early 15c., "an opening, hole, orifice," from Latin apertura "an opening," from apertus, past participle of aperire "to open, uncover," from PIE compound *ap-wer-yo- from *ap- "off, away" (see apo-) + root *wer- (4) "to cover." In optics, diameter of the exposed part of a telescope, microscope, etc., 1660s. | اپ وريو | अप वरयव | *wer- (4) Sindhi root (وارڻ، ڍڪڻ) meaning "to cover." It forms all or part of: aperitif; apertive; aperture; barbican; cover; covert; curfew; discover; garage; garment; garnish; garret; garrison; guarantee; guaranty; kerchief; landwehr; operculum; overt; overture; pert; warn; warrant; warrantee; warranty; warren; wat; Wehrmacht; weir. |
| aphotic (adj) | "untouched by sunlight, lightless" (in reference to deep-sea regions), 1903, Modern Latin, from Greek a- "not, without" (see a- (3)) + phos (genitive photos) "light" (from PIE root *bha- (1) "to shine") + -ic. Aphotic zone is recorded from 1913. | اڀاٽو (جتي اُس نہ آئي ھجي) | अभअटव (जतय अस नह आयय हजय) | *bha- (1) *bhā-, Sindhi root (ڀا، چمڪ، لھڪ، روشن) meaning "to shine." It forms all or part of: aphotic; bandolier; banner; banneret; beacon; beckon; buoy; diaphanous; emphasis; epiphany; fantasia; fantasy; hierophant; pant (v.); -phane; phanero-; phantasm; phantasmagoria; phantom; phase; phene; phenetic; pheno-; phenology; phenomenon; phenyl; photic; photo-; photocopy; photogenic; photograph; photon; photosynthesis; phosphorus; phaeton; sycophant; theophany; tiffany; tryptophan. |
| aqua | "water," late 14c., from Latin aqua "water; the sea; rain," from PIE root *akwa- "water." Used in late Middle English in combinations from old chemistry and alchemy to mean "decoction, solution" (as in aqua regia, a mix of concentrated acids, literally "royal water," so called for its power to dissolve gold and other "noble" metals). As the name of a light greenish-blue color, 1936. | اُپ (شڌ پاڻي) اڀ مان ايندڙ پاڻي | अप (शध पअणय) अभ मअन अयनदड़ पअणय | *akwa- *akwā-, Sindhi root (اُپ، اٻ، پاڻي) meaning "water." It forms all or part of: aqua; aqua-; aqua vitae; aqualung; aquamarine; aquanaut; aquarelle; aquarium; Aquarius; aquatic; aquatint; aqueduct; aqueous; aquifer; Aquitaine; eau; Evian; ewer; gouache; island; sewer (n.1) "conduit." |
| arctic (adj) | late 14c., artik, in reference to the north pole of the heavens, from Old French artique and directly from Medieval Latin articus, from Latin arcticus, from Greek arktikos "of the north," literally "of the (constellation) Bear," from arktos "bear; Ursa Major; the region of the north," the Bear being the best-known northern circumpolar constellation. This is from *rkto-, the usual Indo-European root for "bear" (source also of Avestan aresho, Armenian arj, Albanian ari, Latin ursus, Welsh arth); see bear (n.) for speculation on why Germanic lost the word. The -c- was restored from 1550s. From early 15c. as "northern;" from 1660s as "cold, frigid." As a noun, with capital A-, "the northern polar regions," from 1560s. | رڇ جو (رڇن جي آبادي وارو) زمين جو اھو ڀاڱو جتي رڇ رھن، انتھا جو ٿڌو علائقو | रछ जव (रछन जय आबअदय वअरव) ज़मयन जव अहव भअङव जतय रछ रहन, अनतहअ जव थधव अलअयक़व | |
| argue (v) | c. 1300, "to make reasoned statements to prove or refute a proposition," from Old French arguer "maintain an opinion or view; harry, reproach, accuse, blame" (12c.), ultimately from Latin arguere "make clear, make known, prove, declare, demonstrate," from PIE *argu-yo-, suffixed form of root *arg- "to shine; white." The transmission to French might be via arguere in a Medieval Latin sense of "to argue," or from Latin argutare "to prattle, prate," frequentative of arguere. De Vaan says arguere is probably "a denominative verb 'to make bright, enlighten' to an adj. *argu- 'bright' as continued in argutus and outside Italic." He cites a closely similar formation in Hittite arkuuae- "to make a plea." Meaning "to oppose, dispute, contend in argument" is from late 14c. Related: Argued; arguing. | ارجن ۽ ڪرشن جي وچ ۾ يڌ بابت بحٿ مان نڪتل، ارجن جون ڳالھيون (بحث) دليل سان ڳالھ ٻولھ. | अरजन ۽ करशन जय वच में यध बअबत बहथ मअन नकतल, अरजन जवन गअलहयवन (बहस) दलयल सअन गअलह बवलह. | *arg- Sindhi root (ارج، اڇاڻ، چاندي) meaning "to shine; white," hence "silver" as the shining or white metal. It forms all or part of: argent; Argentina; argentine; Argo; argue; Argus; hydrargyrum; litharge. |
| arid (adj) | 1650s, "dry, parched, without moisture," from French aride "dry" (15c.) or directly from Latin aridus "dry, arid, parched," from arere "to be dry," from PIE root *as- "to burn, glow." Figurative sense of "uninteresting" is from 1827. Related: Aridly; aridness. | آڙھ، سڙيل، سڪل | आड़ह, सड़यल, सकल | *as- also *es-, Sindhi root (اُس، آڙھ) meaning "to burn, glow." It forms all or part of: ardent; ardor; area; arid; aridity; aril; arson; ash (n.1) "powdery remains of fire;" azalea; potash; potassium. |
| aristo- | word-forming element meaning "best," also "of the aristocracy," from Greek aristos "best of its kind, noblest, bravest, most virtuous" (of persons, animals, things), originally "most fitting," from PIE *ar(ə)-isto-, suffixed (superlative) form of root *ar- "to fit together." | ارُ، (شڪتي، طاقت، زور، مٿاھون) ارسٿ، مٿاھون، طاقتور، شڪتي شالي | अर, (शकतय, तअक़त, ज़वर, मथअहवन) अरसथ, मथअहवन, तअक़तवर, शकतय शअलय | *ar- also arə-, Sindhi root (ار، آر،، آڙو، ڏاڍو) meaning "to fit together." It forms all or part of: adorn; alarm; aristarchy; aristo-; aristocracy; arm (n.1) "upper limb of the body;" arm (n.2) "weapon;" armada; armadillo; armament; armature; armilla; armistice; armoire; armor; armory; army; art (n.) "skill as a result of learning or practice;" arthralgia; arthritis; arthro-; arthropod; arthroscopy; article; articulate; artifact; artifice; artisan; artist; coordination; disarm; gendarme; harmony; inert; inertia; inordinate; ordain; order; ordinal; ordinance; ordinary; ordinate; ordnance; ornament; ornate; primordial; subordinate; suborn. |
| arson (n) | "malicious burning of property," 1670s, from Anglo-French arsoun (late 13c.), Old French arsion, from Late Latin arsionem (nominative arsio) "a burning," noun of action from past participle stem of Latin ardere "to burn," from PIE root *as- "to burn, glow." The Old English term was bærnet, literally "burning;" and Coke has indictment of burning (1640). | آڙاھ، آڙھ (سڙڻ) | आड़अह, आड़ह (सड़ण) | *ar- also arə-, Sindhi root (ار، آر،، آڙو، ڏاڍو) meaning "to fit together." |
| art (n) | early 13c., "skill as a result of learning or practice," from Old French art (10c.), from Latin artem (nominative ars) "work of art; practical skill; a business, craft," from PIE *ar(ə)-ti- (source also of Sanskrit rtih "manner, mode;" Greek artizein "to prepare"), suffixed form of root *ar- "to fit together." Etymologically akin to Latin arma "weapons." | ارٿ، رٿ، غرض ، مقصد ، مطلب. بيان ، تفسير ، سمجهاڻي ، معنيٰ. سبب ، ڪارڻ. فائدو ، ڪم، وٿ ، شيءِ. ڪم ڪار ، واسطو. | अरथ, रथ, ग़रज़ , मक़सद , मतलब. बयअन , तफ़सयर , समजहअणय , मअनय. सबब , कअरण. फ़अयदव , कम, वथ , शय. कम कअर , वअसतव. | *ar- also arə-, Sindhi root (ار، آر،، آڙو، ڏاڍو) meaning "to fit together." |
| assault | late 14c., earlier asaut (c. 1200), "physical attack (on a person), sudden violent onslaught (on a place)," from Old French asaut, assaut "an attack, an assault, attacking forces" (12c.), from Vulgar Latin *adsaltus "attack, assault," from ad "to" (see ad-) + Latin saltus "a leap," from salire "to leap, spring" (see salient (adj.)). The -l- was restored, as in fault (n.), vault (n.1). In law by 1580s; historically, assault includes menacing words or actions coupled with present means to effect them; battery is an actual blow. | آڏ + سيسراٽ + ولھو، ڪنھن کي سيسراٽيون ڪري مارڻ | आड + सयसरअट + वलहव, कनहन कय सयसरअटयवन करय मअरण | |
| assemble (v) | early 14c., transitive ("collect into one place") and intransitive ("meet or come together"), from Old French assembler "come together, join, unite; gather" (11c.), from Latin assimulare "to make like, liken, compare; copy, imitate; feign, pretend," later "to gather together," from assimilated form of ad "to" (see ad-) + simulare "to make like," from stem of similis "like, resembling, of the same kind" (see similar). In Middle English and in Old French it also was a euphemism for "to couple sexually." Meaning "to put parts together" in manufacturing is from 1852. Related: Assembled; assembling. Assemble together is redundant. | آڏ + ساڳيا گڏڻ (ھڪ ڪرڻ، ھڪجھڙو ڪرڻ) | आड + सअगयअ गडण (हक करण, हकजहड़व करण) | *sem- (1) Sindhi root (سم، برابر، پورو، ھڪ ڪرو) meaning "one; as one, together with." It forms all or part of: anomalous; anomaly; assemble; assimilate; ensemble; facsimile; fulsome; hamadryad; haplo-; haploid; hendeca-; hendiadys; henotheism; hetero-; heterodox; heterosexual; homeo-; homeopathy; homeostasis; homily; homo- (1) "same, the same, equal, like;" homogenous; homoiousian; homologous; homonym; homophone; homosexual; hyphen; resemble; same; samizdat; samovar; samsara; sangha; Sanskrit; seem; seemly; semper-; sempiternal; similar; simple; simplex; simplicity; simulacrum; simulate; simulation; simultaneous; single; singlet; singular; some; -some (1); -some (2); verisimilitude. |
| associate | mid-15c., "join in company, combine intimately" (transitive), from Latin associatus past participle of associare "join with," from assimilated form of ad "to" (see ad-) + sociare "unite with," from socius "companion, ally," from PIE *sokw-yo-, suffixed form of root *sekw- (1) "to follow." Related: Associated; associating. Intransitive sense of "have intercourse, be associated" is from 1640s. Earlier form of the verb was associen (late 14c.), from Old French associier "associate (with)." | سيکاٽ، سيکڙاٽ، ڪنھن اداري يا لڏي ۾ ھٿ ونڊيندڙ | सयकअट, सयकड़अट, कनहन अदअरय यअ लडय में हथ वनडयनदड़ | *sekw- (1) Sindhi root (سِک) meaning "to follow." It forms all or part of: associate; association; consequence; consequent; dissociate; ensue; execute; extrinsic; intrinsic; obsequious; persecute; persecution; prosecute; pursue; second (adj.) "next after first;" second (n.) "one-sixtieth of a minute;" sect; secundine; segue; sequacious; sequel; sequence; sequester; sociable; social; society; socio-; subsequent; sue; suit; suite; suitor; tocsin. |
| asteroid (adj) | "star-shaped," 1909, from Greek astroeides, from astron "star" (from PIE root *ster- (2) "star") + -oeides (see -oid). Earlier as a noun (1897). | ستاري جيان | सतअरय जयअन | *ster- (2) Sindhi root (ستارو) meaning "star." Buck and others doubt the old suggestion that it is a borrowing from Akkadian istar "venus." The source of the common Balto-Slavic word for "star" (Lithuanian žvaigždė, Old Church Slavonic zvezda, Polish gwiazda, Russian zvezda) is not explained. It forms all or part of: aster; asterisk; asterism; asteroid; astral; astro-; astrobiology; astrobleme; astrognosy; astroid; astrolabe; astrolatry; astrology; astromancy; astronaut; astronomy; AstroTurf; constellation; disaster; Estella; Esther; instellation; interstellar; lodestar; star; stardust; starfish; starlet; starlight; starry; stellar; stellate. |
| astronaut | "space-traveler," 1929 in scientific speculation, popularized from 1961 by U.S. space program, a compound from Greek elements, from astro- "star" + Greek nautes "sailor," from PIE root *nau- "boat." French astronautique (adj.) had been coined 1927 by "J.H. Rosny," pen name of Belgian-born science fiction writer Joseph Henri Honoré Boex, on model of aéronautique, and Astronaut was used in 1880 as the name of a fictional spaceship by English writer Percy Greg in "Across the Zodiac." | ستارن جو راھي، خلاباز | सतअरन जव रअहय, खलअबअज़ | *ster- (2) Sindhi root (ستارو) meaning "star." Buck and others doubt the old suggestion that it is a borrowing from Akkadian istar "venus." The source of the common Balto-Slavic word for "star" (Lithuanian žvaigždė, Old Church Slavonic zvezda, Polish gwiazda, Russian zvezda) is not explained. |
| astronomy | Borrowed from Old French astronomie, from Latin astronomia, from Ancient Greek ἀστρονομία (astronomía), from ἀστήρ (astḗr, “star”), from PIE *h₂stḗr (“star”) + νόμος (nómos, “arranging, regulating”), related to νέμω (némō, “I deal out”). Surface analysis astro- + -nomy. | ستارو، تارو (ستارن بابت، ستارن جا نالا) | सतअरव, तअरव (सतअरन बअबत, सतअरन जअ नअलअ) | *ster- (2) Sindhi root (ستارو) meaning "star." Buck and others doubt the old suggestion that it is a borrowing from Akkadian istar "venus." The source of the common Balto-Slavic word for "star" (Lithuanian žvaigždė, Old Church Slavonic zvezda, Polish gwiazda, Russian zvezda) is not explained. |
| at | From Middle English at, from Old English æt (“at, near, by, toward”), from Proto-Germanic *at (“at, near, to”), from PIE *h₂éd (“near, at”). Cognate with Scots at (“at”), North Frisian äät, äit, et, it (“at”), Danish at (“to”), Swedish åt (“for, toward”), Norwegian åt (“to”), Faroese at (“at, to, toward”), Icelandic að (“to, towards”), Gothic 𐌰𐍄 (at, “at”), Latin ad (“to, near”). | اتي، ات | अतय, अत | *ad- Sindhi root (اڏ، آڏ) meaning "to, near, at." |
| atom | late 15th century: from Old French atome, via Latin from Greek atomos ‘indivisible’, based on a- ‘not’ + temnein ‘to cut’. | اتم، آتم | अतम, आतम | *tem- also *temə-, Sindhi root (تم، پورو، وچ) meaning "to cut." It forms all or part of: anatomy; atom; contemplate; contemplation; diatom; dichotomy; -ectomy; entomolite; entomology; entomophagous; epitome; phlebotomy; temple (n.1) "building for worship;" tmesis; tome; -tomy; tonsorial; tonsure. |
| auction (n) | "public sale in which each bidder offers more than the previous bid," 1590s, from Latin auctionem (nominative auctio) "a sale by increasing bids, public sale," noun of action from past-participle stem of augere "to increase," from PIE root *aug- (1) "to increase." In northern England and Scotland, called a roup. In the U.S., something is sold at auction; in England, by auction. | اگھ، اگھڻ، اگھائڻ | अगह, अगहण, अगहअयण | *aug- (1) Sindhi root (اگه) meaning "to increase." It forms all or part of: auction; augment; augmentative; augur; August; august; Augustus; author; authoritarian; authorize; auxiliary; auxin; eke (v.); inaugurate; nickname; waist; wax (v.1) "grow bigger or greater." |
| autopsy (n) | 1650s, "an eye-witnessing, a seeing for oneself," from Modern Latin autopsia, from Greek autopsia "a seeing with one's own eyes," from autos- "self" (see auto-) + opsis "a sight" (from PIE root *okw- "to see"). Sense of "dissection of a body to determine cause of death" is first recorded 1670s, probably from the same sense in French autopsie (1570s). Related: Autopsic; autoptic. As a verb by 1895. | اکين سان ڏسڻ، سبب لھڻ، موت جا ڪارڻ لھڻ | अकयन सअन डसण, सबब लहण, मवत जअ कअरण लहण | *okw- Sindhi root meaning (اک، ڏسڻ) "to see." |
| autumn | late 14c., autumpne (modern form from 16c.), from Old French autumpne, automne (13c.), from Latin autumnus (also auctumnus, perhaps influenced by auctus "increase"), which is of unknown origin. Perhaps from Etruscan, but Tucker suggests a meaning "drying-up season" and a root in *auq- (which would suggest the form in -c- was the original) and compares archaic English sere-month "August." De Vaan writes, "Although 'summer', 'winter' and 'spring' are inherited IE words in Latin, a foreign origin of autumnus is conceivable, since we cannot reconstruct a PIE word for 'autumn'". | اٺ مونڌر (اٺون مھينو) لاب جي مند | अठ मवनधर (अठवन महयनव) लअब जय मनद | |
| avatar (n) | 1784, "descent of a Hindu deity to earth in an incarnate or tangible form," from Sanskrit avatarana "descent" (of a deity to the earth in incarnate form), from ava- "off, down" (from PIE root *au- (2) "off, away") + base of tarati "(he) crosses over," from PIE root *tere- (2) "cross over, pass through, overcome." Meaning "concrete embodiment of something abstract" is from 1815. In computer use, it seems to trace to the novel "Snowcrash" (1992) by Neal Stephenson. | اوتار | अवतअर | *tere- (2) *terə- Sindhi root (ٿر، ٿر) meaning "cross over, pass through, overcome." It forms all or part of: avatar; caravanserai; nectar; nectarine; nostril; seraglio; thrill; thorough; through; tranche; trans-; transient; transom; trench; truculent; truncate; trunk. |
| avert (v) | mid-15c., transitive, "turn (something) away, cause to turn away," from Old French avertir "turn, direct; avert; make aware" (12c.), from Vulgar Latin *advertire, from Latin avertere "to turn away; to drive away; shun; ward off; alienate," from ab "off, away from" (see ab-) + vertere "to turn" (from PIE root *wer- (2) "to turn, bend"). Meaning "ward off, prevent the occurrence of" is from 1610s. Related: Averted; averting. | ورائڻ | वरअयण | *wer- (2) Sindhi root (ور، ويڙھ) forming words meaning "to turn, bend." |
| aware | From Middle English aware, iwar, iware, ywar, from Old English ġewær (“aware, wary, cautious”), from ġe- (intensifying prefix) (English a-) + wær (English ware), from Proto-Germanic *gawaraz, *waraz (“aware, watchful, heedful, cautious”), from PIE *worós (“attentive”), from *wer- (“to heed; be watchful”). Cognate with Dutch gewaar (“aware, conscious”), German gewahr (“aware”), Swedish var (“watchful, wary, cautious”), Icelandic varr (“aware, watchful”). Replaced plain (unintensified) ware. Non-Germanic cognates include Ancient Greek ὁράω (horáō, “to see”) and Latin vereor (“I revere, fear”). | واهرو | वअहरव | *wer- (3) Sindhi root (ور، وڏو، ڄاڻو) meaning "perceive, watch out for." It forms all or part of: Arcturus; avant-garde; award; aware; beware; Edward; ephor; garderobe; guard; hardware; irreverence; lord; panorama; pylorus; rearward; regard; revere; reverence; reverend; reward; software; steward; vanguard; ward; warden; warder; wardrobe; ware (n.) "manufactured goods, goods for sale;" ware (v.) "to take heed of, beware;" warehouse; wary. |
| awe (n) | c. 1300, aue, "fear, terror, great reverence," earlier aghe, c. 1200, from a Scandinavian source, such as Old Norse agi "fright;" from Proto-Germanic *agiz- (source also of Old English ege "fear," Old High German agiso "fright, terror," Gothic agis "fear, anguish"), from PIE *agh-es- (source also of Greek akhos "pain, grief"), from root *agh- (1) "to be depressed, be afraid" (see ail). Current sense of "dread mixed with admiration or veneration" is due to biblical use with reference to the Supreme Being. To stand in awe (early 15c.) originally was simply to stand awe. Awe-inspiring is recorded from 1814. | آوھ، آوي، آفت، چٽي مصيبت | आवह, आवय, आफ़त, चटय मसयबत | |
| axis (n) | 1540s, "imaginary motionless straight line around which a body (such as the Earth) rotates," from Latin axis "axle, pivot, axis of the earth or sky," from PIE *aks- "axis" (source also of Old English eax, Old High German ahsa "axle;" Greek axon "axis, axle, wagon;" Sanskrit aksah "an axle, axis, beam of a balance;" Lithuanian ašis "axle"). | آڪاسي | आकअसय | |
| bake | From Middle English baken, from Old English bacan (“to bake”), from Proto-Germanic *bakaną (“to bake”), from PIE *bʰeh₃g- (“to roast, bake”). Cognate with West Frisian bakke (“to bake”), Dutch bakken (“to bake”), Low German backen (“to bake”), German backen (“to bake”), Danish bage (“to bake”), Swedish baka (“to bake”), Ancient Greek φώγω (phṓgō, “roast”, verb). | پڪڻ، پچڻ، پچائڻ | पकण, पचण, पचअयण | |
| balance | Middle English (in balance (sense 3 of the noun)): from Old French balance (noun), balancer (verb), based on late Latin (libra) bilanx ‘(balance) having two scale pans’, from bi- ‘twice, having two’ + lanx ‘scale pan’. | ٻيلاس، ٻالاس، برابري، توازن، ٻن پڙن جي ھڪجھڙائي | बयलअस, बअलअस, बरअबरय, तवअज़न, बन पड़न जय हकजहड़अयय | *dwo- Sindhi root (ڏون، ٻن وارو) meaning "two." It forms all or part of: anadiplosis; balance; barouche; between; betwixt; bezel; bi-; binary; bis-; biscuit; combination; combine; deuce; deuterium; Deuteronomy; di- (1) "two, double, twice;" dia-; dichotomy; digraph; dimity; diode; diphthong; diploid; diploma; diplomacy; diplomat; diplomatic; diplodocus; double; doublet; doubloon; doubt; dozen; dual; dubious; duet; duo; duodecimal; duplex; duplicate; duplicity; dyad; epididymis; hendiadys; pinochle; praseodymium; redoubtable; twain; twelfth; twelve; twenty; twi-; twice; twig; twilight; twill; twin; twine; twist; 'twixt; two; twofold; zwieback. |
| band (n) | "a flat strip," also "something that binds," Middle English bende, from Old English bend "bond, fetter, shackle, chain, that by which someone or something is bound; ribbon, ornament, chaplet, crown," with later senses and spelling from cognate Old Norse band and technical senses from Old French bande "strip, edge, side" (12c., Old North French bende), all three ultimately from Proto-Germanic *bindan, from PIE root *bhendh- "to bind." | بند (وارن، چيلھ يا ڪنھن به شيءِ کي بند ڪرڻ لاءِ ھڪ بند) | बनद (वअरन, चयलह यअ कनहन बह शय कय बनद करण लअ हक बनद) | *bhendh- Sindhi root (ٻنڌ) meaning "to bind." It forms all or part of: band; bandanna; bend; bind; bindle; bond; bund; bundle; cummerbund; ribbon; woodbine. |
| band (n) | "an organized group," originally especially of armed men, late 15c., from Middle French bande, which is traceable to the Proto-Germanic root of band (n.1), perhaps via a band of cloth worn as a mark of identification by a group of soldiers or others (compare Gothic bandwa "a sign"). But perhaps from Middle English band, bond in the sense "force that unites, bond, tie" (late 14c.). Also compare Old Norse band "cord that binds; act of binding," also "confederacy." The extension to "group of musicians" is c. 1660, originally musicians attached to a regiment of the army and playing instruments which may be used while marching. To beat the band (1897) is to make enough noise to drown it out, hence to exceed everything. | بند (ڀائي بند) ھڪجھڙي پيشي سان لاڳاپيل چند ماڻھن جو مستحڪم گروھ، | बनद (भअयय बनद) हकजहड़य पयशय सअन लअगअपयल चनद मअणहन जव मसतहकम गरवह, | *bhendh- Sindhi root (ٻنڌ) meaning "to bind." |
| banyan (n) | also banian, "Indian fig tree," 1630s, so called in reference to a specific tree at Gombroon (modern Bandar Abbas) on the Iranian coast of the Persian Gulf, near which the Hindu merchants known as banians had built a pagoda. The word is from Gujarati vaniyo "a man of the trading caste," from Sanskrit vanija "merchant." The banians, based in Bombay and elsewhere, were great traders who trafficked from interior Asia to Africa. The tree develops roots from branches; these and the broad shade of its crown made them natural market places. The banians also were noted as rigorous abstainers from flesh-eating and for their reverence for all animal life, hence banian-hospital (1809) where worn-out domestic animals were cared for. | وڻيو، بڙ، وڻ، | वणयव, बड़, वण, | |
| bar (n) | late 12c., "stake or rod of iron used to fasten a door or gate," from Old French barre "beam, bar, gate, barrier" (12c.), from Vulgar Latin *barra "bar, barrier," which some suggest is from Gaulish *barros "the bushy end" [Gamillscheg, etc.], but OED regards this as "discredited" because it "in no way suits the sense." | ٻاري، لوھي لٺ | बअरय, लवहय लठ | |
| bar (n) | unit of pressure, coined 1903 from Greek baros "weight," which is related to barys "heavy," from PIE root *gwere- (1) "heavy." | بار، ڳرو (سوگه جو ايڪو) | बअर, गरव (सवगह जव अयकव) | *gwere- (1) gwerə-, Sindhi root (ڳري، ڳرو) meaning "heavy." It forms all or part of: aggravate; aggravation; aggrieve; bar (n.4) "unit of pressure;" bariatric; baritone; barium; barometer; blitzkrieg; brig; brigade; brigand; brigantine; brio; brut; brute; charivari; gravamen; grave (adj.); gravid; gravimeter; gravitate; gravity; grief; grieve; kriegspiel; guru; hyperbaric; isobar; quern; sitzkrieg. |
| barbarian | early 15c., in reference to classical history, "a non-Roman or non-Greek," earlier barbar (late 14c.) "non-Roman or non-Greek person; non-Christian; person speaking a language different from one's own," from Medieval Latin barbarinus (source of Old French barbarin "Berber, pagan, Saracen, barbarian"), from Latin barbarus "strange, foreign, barbarous," from Greek barbaros "foreign, strange; ignorant," from PIE root *barbar- echoic of unintelligible speech of foreigners (compare Sanskrit barbara- "stammering," also "non-Aryan," Latin balbus "stammering," Czech blblati "to stammer"). | بربريت، ٻاھرين لوڌ جا ظلم | बरबरयत, बअहरयन लवध जअ ज़लम | |
| barbican (n) | "outer fortification of a city or castle," mid-13c., from Old French barbacane "exterior fortification" (12c.), a general Romanic word, said to be ultimately from Arabic or Persian (compare bab-khanah "gate-house"); according to Watkins from Old Iranian compound *pari-varaka-, from *pari- "around" (from PIE root *per- (1) "forward," hence "in front of, around") + *varaka-, from PIE root *wer- (4) "to cover." | پروراڪي، لوڙھي جيان تارن جي جهل | परवरअकय, लवड़हय जयअन तअरन जय जहल | *wer- (4) Sindhi root (وارڻ، ڍڪڻ) meaning "to cover." |
| bard (n) | "ancient Celtic minstrel-poet," mid-15c., from Scottish, from Old Celtic bardos "poet, singer," from Celtic *bardo-, possibly from PIE *gwredho- "he who makes praises," suffixed form of root *gwere- (2) "to favor." | ڀٽ، ڳائڻو | भट, गअयणव | *gwere- (2) gwerə-, Sindhi root (ڳن ڳار، ڳائڻ) meaning "to favor." It forms all or part of: agree; bard (n.); congratulate; congratulation; disgrace; grace; gracious; grateful; gratify; gratis; gratitude; gratuitous; gratuity; gratulation; ingrate; ingratiate. |
| bare (adj) | Old English bær "naked, uncovered, unclothed," from Proto-Germanic *bazaz (source also of German bar, Old Norse berr, Dutch baar), from PIE *bhoso- "naked" (source also of Armenian bok "naked;" Old Church Slavonic bosu, Lithuanian basas "barefoot"). Meaning "sheer, absolute" (c. 1200) is from the notion of "complete in itself." | ٻسو، ننگو، اگهاڙو | बसव, ननगव, अगहअड़व | |
| bariatrick (adj) | "of or pertaining to obesity," 1976, from Greek baros "weight, a weight, burden," related to barys "heavy," from PIE root *gwere- (1) "heavy" + -iatric. | ڀاري، وزني، ڳري | भअरय, वज़नय, गरय | *gwere- (1) gwerə-, Sindhi root (ڳري، ڳرو) meaning "heavy." |
| baritone (n) | c. 1600, "male voice between tenor and bass," from Italian baritono, from Greek barytonos "deep-toned, deep-sounding," from barys "heavy, deep," also, of sound, "strong, deep, bass" (from PIE root *gwere- (1) "heavy") + tonos "tone," from PIE root *ten- "to stretch." | ڀاري ۽ تڻيل مرداڻو آواز | भअरय ۽ तणयल मरदअणव आवअज़ | *gwere- (1) gwerə-, Sindhi root (ڳري، ڳرو) meaning "heavy." |
| barometer (n) | 1660s, from Greek baros "weight" (from suffixed form of PIE root *gwere- (1) "heavy") + -meter. The name probably was coined (and certainly popularized) by English scientist Robert Boyle (1627-1691). The instrument was invented 1643 by Italian physicist Evangelista Torricelli and was at first known as the Torricelli tube. | ڀار يا ڳرائپ ماترو (ميٽر) | भअर यअ गरअयप मअतरव (मयटर) | *gwere- (1) gwerə-, Sindhi root (ڳري، ڳرو) meaning "heavy." |
| barouche (n) | type of large, four-wheeled carriage, 1801, from dialectal German barutsche, from Italian baroccio "chariot," originally "two-wheeled car," from Latin birotus "two-wheeled," from bi- "two" (from PIE root *dwo- "two") + rotus "wheel," from rotare "go around" (see rotary). Frenchified in English, but the word is not French. | ٻه ولي (ٻن ڦيٿن واري گاڏي) | बह वलय (बन फयथन वअरय गअडय) | *dwo- Sindhi root (ڏون، ٻن وارو) meaning "two." |
| barrow (n) | "mound, hill, grave-mound," Old English beorg (West Saxon), berg (Anglian) "barrow, mountain, hill, mound," from Proto-Germanic *bergaz (source also of Middle Dutch berch, Old Saxon, Old High German berg "mountain," Old Frisian berch, birg "mountain, mountainous area," Old Norse bjarg "rock, mountain"), from PIE root *bhergh- (2) "high," with derivatives referring to hills and hill-forts. | ڀڙو، دڙو | भड़व, दड़व | *bher- (2) Sindhi root (ڀڙو، ڀورو) meaning "bright; brown" (the sense connection might involve polished wooden objects). It forms all or part of: Barnard; bear (n.) "large carnivorous or omnivorous mammal of the family Ursidae;" beaver (n.1) "large amphibious quadruped rodent of the genus Castor;" berserk; brown; Bruin; brunet; brunette; burnish. |
| base (n) | "bottom of anything considered as its support, foundation, pedestal," early 14c., from Old French bas "depth" (12c.), from Latin basis "foundation," from Greek basis "a stepping, a step, that on which one steps or stands, pedestal," from bainein "to go, walk, step," from PIE root *gwa- "to go, come." | پيرين ڀر، بڻياد، اچ وڃ جو | पयरयन भर, बणयअद, अच वञ जव | *gwa- *gwā-, also *gwem-, Sindhi root (گهم، جا، ڳيا) meaning "to go, come." It forms all or part of: acrobat; adiabatic; advent; adventitious; adventure; amphisbaena; anabasis; avenue; base (n.) "bottom of anything;" basis; become; circumvent; come; contravene; convene; convenient; convent; conventicle; convention; coven; covenant; diabetes; ecbatic; event; eventual; hyperbaton; hypnobate; intervene; intervenient; intervention; invent; invention; inventory; juggernaut; katabatic; misadventure; parvenu; prevenient; prevent; provenance; provenience; revenant; revenue; souvenir; subvention; supervene; venire; venue; welcome. |
| basin | Middle English: from Old French bacin, from medieval Latin bacinus, from bacca ‘water container’, perhaps of Gaulish origin. | باسڻ | बअसण | |
| batch (n) | late 15c., probably from a survival of an unrecorded Old English *bæcce "something baked" (compare Old English gebæc) from bacan "bake" (see bake (v.)). Generalized sense of "an aggregation of similar articles" is from 1590s. Batch is to bake as watch (n.) is to wake and match (n.2) "one of a pair" is to make. Extended 1713 to "any quantity produced at one operation." | پڪڻ (پچڻ) جي لڙھي، قطار، ڳڻپ | पकण (पचण) जय लड़हय, क़तअर, गणप | |
| bath (n) | Old English bæð "an immersing of the body in water, mud, etc.," also "a quantity of water, etc., for bathing," from Proto-Germanic *badan (source also of Old Frisian beth, Old Saxon bath, Old Norse bað, Middle Dutch bat, German Bad), from PIE root *bhē- "to warm" + *-thuz, Germanic suffix indicating "act, process, condition" | بدن باھڻ (گرم پاڻيءَ سان وھنجڻ) | बदन बअहण (गरम पअणय सअन वहनजण) | |
| bazaar (n) | 1580s, from Italian bazarra, ultimately from Persian bazar (Pahlavi vacar) "a market," from Old Iranian *vaha-carana "sale, traffic," from suffixed form of PIE root *wes- (1) "to buy, sell" (see venal) + PIE *kwoleno-, suffixed form of root *kwel- (1) "revolve, move round; sojourn, dwell." | بزار، ويچڻ جي جڳھ | बज़अर, वयचण जय जगह | *kwel- (1) also *kwelə-, Sindhi root (ول، ولو) meaning "revolve, move round; sojourn, dwell." It forms all or part of: accolade; ancillary; atelo-; bazaar; bicycle; bucolic; chakra; chukker; collar; collet; colonial; colony; cult; cultivate; culture; cyclamen; cycle; cyclo-; cyclone; cyclops; decollete; encyclical; encyclopedia; entelechy; epicycle; hauberk; hawse; inquiline; Kultur; lapidocolous; nidicolous; palimpsest; palindrome; palinode; pole (n.2) "ends of Earth's axis;" pulley; rickshaw; talisman; teleology; telic; telophase; telos; torticollis; wheel. |
| be (v) | Old English beon, beom, bion "be, exist, come to be, become, happen," from Proto-Germanic *biju- "I am, I will be." This "b-root" is from PIE root *bheue- "to be, exist, grow," and in addition to the words in English it yielded German present first and second person singular (bin, bist, from Old High German bim "I am," bist "thou art"), Latin perfective tenses of esse (fui "I was," etc.), Old Church Slavonic byti "be," Greek phu- "become," Old Irish bi'u "I am," Lithuanian būti "to be," Russian byt' "to be," etc. | ڀاو، ڀو، بيھ، بيھڪ | भअव, भव, बयह, बयहक | *bheue- *bheuə-, also *bheu-, Sindhi root (ڀاوَ، بيھڪ) meaning "to be, exist, grow." It forms all or part of: Bauhaus; be; beam; Boer; bondage; boodle; boom (n.1) "long pole;" boor; booth; bound (adj.2) "ready to go;" bower; bowery; build; bumpkin; busk; bustle (v.) "be active;" byre; bylaw; Eisteddfod; Euphues; fiat; forebear; future; husband; imp; Monophysite; neighbor; neophyte; phyletic; phylo-; phylum; phylogeny; physic; physico-; physics; physio-; physique; -phyte; phyto-; symphysis. |
| beacon | Old English beacen "sign, portent, lighthouse," from West Germanic *baukna "beacon, signal" (source also of Old Frisian baken, Old Saxon bokan, Old High German bouhhan); probably from Proto-Germanic *baukna- "beacon, signal," from suffixed form of PIE root *bha- (1) "to shine." Figurative use from c. 1600. | ڀاکڙو، روشن مينار | भअकड़व, रवशन मयनअर | *bha- (1) *bhā-, Sindhi root (ڀا، چمڪ، لھڪ، روشن) meaning "to shine." |
| bear (n) | "large carnivorous or omnivorous mammal of the family Ursidae," Old English bera "a bear," from Proto-Germanic *bero, literally "the brown (one)" (source also of Old Norse björn, Middle Dutch bere, Dutch beer, Old High German bero, German Bär), usually said to be from PIE root *bher- (2) "bright; brown." There was perhaps a PIE *bheros "dark animal" (compare beaver (n.1) and Greek phrynos "toad," literally "the brown animal"). | ڀالُو، ڀارو، رڇ | भअलव, भअरव, रछ | *bher- (2) Sindhi root (ڀڙو، ڀورو) meaning "bright; brown" (the sense connection might involve polished wooden objects). It forms all or part of: Barnard; bear (n.) "large carnivorous or omnivorous mammal of the family Ursidae;" beaver (n.1) "large amphibious quadruped rodent of the genus Castor;" berserk; brown; Bruin; brunet; brunette; burnish. |
| bear (v) | Old English beran "to carry, bring; bring forth, give birth to, produce; to endure without resistance; to support, hold up, sustain; to wear" (class IV strong verb; past tense bær, past participle boren), from Proto-Germanic *beranan (source also of Old Saxon beran, Old Frisian bera "bear, give birth," Middle Dutch beren "carry a child," Old High German beran, German gebären, Old Norse bera "carry, bring, bear, endure; give birth," Gothic bairan "to carry, bear, give birth to"), from PIE root *bher- (1) "carry a burden, bring," also "give birth" (though only English and German strongly retain this sense, and Russian has beremennaya "pregnant"). | ڀر، بر، ڀرت، ڀرٿ | भर, बर, भरत, भरथ | *bher- (1) Sindhi root (بار، ڀر) meaning "to carry," also "to bear children." It forms all or part of: Aberdeen; amphora; anaphora; aquifer; auriferous; bairn; barrow (n.1) "frame for carrying a load;" bear (v.); bearing; Berenice; bier; birth; bring; burden (n.1) "a load;" carboniferous; Christopher; chromatophore; circumference; confer; conference; conifer; cumber; cumbersome; defer (v.2) "yield;" differ; difference; differentiate; efferent; esophagus; euphoria; ferret; fertile; Foraminifera; forbear (v.); fossiliferous; furtive; indifferent; infer; Inverness; Lucifer; metaphor; odoriferous; offer; opprobrium; overbear; paraphernalia; periphery; pestiferous; pheromone; phoresy; phosphorus; Porifera; prefer; proffer; proliferation; pyrophoric; refer; reference; semaphore; somniferous; splendiferous; suffer; transfer; vociferate; vociferous. |
| bed | From Middle English bed, bedde, from Old English bedd (“bed, couch, resting-place; garden-bed, plot”), from Proto-Germanic *badją (“plot, grave, resting-place, bed”), perhaps (if originally "dug sleeping-place") from PIE *bʰedʰ- (“to dig”). Cognate with Scots bed, bede (“bed”), North Frisian baad, beed (“bed”), West Frisian bêd (“bed”), Low German Bedd, Dutch bed (“bed”), German Bett (“bed”), Danish bed, Swedish bädd (“bed”), Icelandic beður (“bed”), and (through PIE, if the above etymology is correct) with Ancient Greek βοθυρος (bothuros, “pit”), Latin fossa (“ditch”), Latvian bedre (“hole”), Welsh bedd (“grave”), Breton bez (“grave”); and probably also Russian бодать (bodatʹ). | پٽ، پڊن بڊ | पट, पडन बड | |
| beer (n) | alcoholic drink made from grain, generally barley, infused with hops and boiled and fermented, Old English beor "strong drink, beer, mead," cognate with Old Frisian biar, Middle Dutch and Dutch bier, Old High German bior, German Bier; a West Germanic word of much-disputed and ambiguous origin. Probably a 6c. West Germanic monastic borrowing of Vulgar Latin biber "a drink, beverage" (from Latin infinitive bibere "to drink," from PIE root *po(i)- "to drink"). | پيئڻ. (جون مان ٺيھل شراب) پيئڻ مان بيئر ٿيو | पययण. (जवन मअन ठयहल शरअब) पययण मअन बययर थयव | *po(i)- *pō(i)-, Sindhi root (پيڻ) meaning "to drink." It forms all or part of: beer; bever; beverage; bib; bibitory; bibulous; hibachi; imbibe; imbrue; pinocytosis; pirogi; poison; potable; potation; potion; symposium. |
| before (adj, pp) | Old English beforan "in front of, in former times; in the presence of, in front of in time or position," from Proto-Germanic *bi- "by" (see by) + *forana "from the front," adverbial derivative of *fora (from PIE root *per- (1) "forward," hence "in front of, before"). Compare Old Frisian bifara, Old Saxon biforan, Old High German bifora, German bevor. As a conjunction, "previous to the time when," from c. 1200. Contrasting before and after in illustrations is from Hogarth (1768). Before the mast in old sailing ship jargon in reference to the life of a common sailor is from the place of their berths, in front of the fore-mast. | پھرين، ان کان اڳ | पहरयन, अन कअन अग | *per- (1) Sindhi root (پھرين) forming prepositions, etc., meaning "forward," and, by extension, "in front of, before, first, chief, toward, near, against," etc. It forms all or part of: afford; approach; appropriate; approve; approximate; barbican; before; deprive; expropriate; far; first; for; for-; fore; fore-; forefather; foremost; former (adj.); forth; frame; frau; fret; Freya; fro; froward; from; furnish; furniture; further; galore; hysteron-proteron; impervious; improbity; impromptu; improve; palfrey; par (prep.); para- (1) "alongside, beyond; altered; contrary; irregular, abnormal;" paradise; pardon; paramount; paramour; parvenu; pellucid; per; per-; percent; percussion; perennial; perestroika; perfect; perfidy; perform; perfume; perfunctory; perhaps; peri-; perish; perjury; permanent; permeate; permit; pernicious; perpendicular; perpetual; perplex; persecute; persevere; perspective; perspire; persuasion; pertain; peruse; pervade; pervert; pierce; portray; postprandial; prae-; Prakrit; pre-; premier; presbyter; Presbyterian; preterite; pride; priest; primal; primary; primate; primavera; prime; primeval; primitive; primo; primogenitor; primogeniture; primordial; primus; prince; principal; principle; prior; pristine; private; privilege; privy; pro (n.2) "a consideration or argument in favor;" pro-; probably; probe; probity; problem; proceed; proclaim; prodigal; produce; profane; profess; profile; profit; profound; profuse; project; promise; prompt; prone; proof; proper; property; propinquity; prophet; prose; prostate; prosthesis; protagonist; Protean; protect; protein; Proterozoic; protest; proto-; protocol; proton; protoplasm; Protozoa; proud; prove; proverb; provide; provoke; prow; prowess; proximate; Purana; purchase; purdah; reciprocal; rapprochement; reproach; reprove; veneer. |
| beg | "to ask alms," especially to do so habitually as one's way of life, c. 1200, of uncertain origin. Perhaps from the rare Old English bedecian "to beg," from Proto-Germanic *beth-. Or from Anglo-French begger, a back-formation from Old French noun begart (see beggar (n.)) and ultimately from Beguine, which OED considers "perhaps the most likely derivation." The Old English word for "beg" was wædlian, from wædl "poverty." Related: Begged; begging. | بيک | बयक | |
| belief | late 12c., bileave, "confidence reposed in a person or thing; faith in a religion," replacing Old English geleafa "belief, faith," from West Germanic *ga-laubon "to hold dear, esteem, trust" (source also of Old Saxon gilobo, Middle Dutch gelove, Old High German giloubo, German Glaube), from *galaub- "dear, esteemed," from intensive prefix *ga- + PIE root *leubh- "to care, desire, love." The prefix was altered on analogy of the verb believe. The distinction of the final consonant from that of believe developed 15c. Meaning "conviction of the truth of a proposition or alleged fact without knowledge" is by 1530s; it is also "sometimes used to include the absolute conviction or certainty which accompanies knowledge" [Century Dictionary]. From c. 1200 as "a creed, essential doctrines of a religion or church, things held to be true as a matter of religious doctrine;" the general sense of "That which is believed" is by 1714. Related: Beliefs. Belief meant "trust in God," while faith meant "loyalty to a person based on promise or duty" (a sense preserved in keep one's faith, in good (or bad) faith, and in common usage of faithful, faithless, which contain no notion of divinity). But faith, as cognate of Latin fides, took on the religious sense beginning in 14c. translations, and belief had by 16c. become limited to "mental acceptance of something as true," from the religious use in the sense of "things held to be true as a matter of religious doctrine." | لُڀ، لاڀ، کٽيو (جتان ڌرمي عقيدي طرف لفظ موڪليو ويو) | लभ, लअभ, कटयव (जतअन धरमय अक़यदय तरफ़ लफ़ज़ मवकलयव वयव) | *leubh- Sindhi root (لُڀ، لوڀ، لنئون) meaning "to care, desire, love." It forms all or part of: belief; believe; furlough; leave (n.) "permission, liberty granted to do something;" leman; libido; lief; livelong; love; lovely; quodlibet. |
| belly | a general Germanic word for "leather bag, pouch, pod" that in English has evolved to mean a part of the body; from Old English belg, bylig (West Saxon), bælg (Anglian) "leather bag, purse, pouch, pod, husk, bellows," from Proto-Germanic *balgiz "bag" (source also of Old Norse belgr "bag, bellows," bylgja "billow," Gothic balgs "wine-skin"), from PIE *bhelgh- "to swell," extended form of root *bhel- (2) "to blow, swell." By c. 1200 it was being used for "the stomach," especially as a symbol of gluttony, and by late 14c. to mean "abdomen of a human or animal, front part of the body between the breast and the groin or the diaphragm and the pelvis." | بول، پيٽ | बवल, पयट | *bhel- (2) Sindhi root (ڀَلُ، ڦھل) meaning "to blow, swell," "with derivatives referring to various round objects and to the notion of tumescent masculinity" [Watkins]. It forms all or part of: bale (n.) "large bundle or package of merchandise prepared for transportation;" baleen; ball (n.1) "round object, compact spherical body;" balloon; ballot; bawd; bold; bole; boll; bollocks; bollix; boulder; boulevard; bowl (n.) "round pot or cup;" bulk; bull (n.1) "bovine male animal;" bullock; bulwark; follicle; folly; fool; foosball; full (v.) "to tread or beat cloth to cleanse or thicken it;" ithyphallic; pall-mall; phallus. |
| benign (adj) | early 14c., from Old French benigne "kind, benign, merciful, gracious" (12c., Modern French bénin, fem. bénigne), from Latin benignus "kindly, kindhearted, friendly, generous," literally "well born," from bene "well" (see bene-) + gignere "to bear, beget," from genus "birth" (from PIE root *gene- "give birth, beget"). For similar sense evolution, compare gentle, kind (adj.), generous. Related: Benignly. | ٻيڻي ڄڻت (وڌندڙ) | बयणय ॼणत (वधनदड़) | *gene- *genə-, also *gen-, Sindhi root (ڄڻ، جن) meaning "give birth, beget," with derivatives referring to procreation and familial and tribal groups. It forms all or part of: Antigone; autogenous; benign; cognate; congener; congenial; congenital; connate; cosmogony; cryogenic; degenerate; engender; engine; epigone; eugenics; -gen; gendarme; gender; gene; genealogy; general; generate; generation; generic; generous; genesis; -genesis; genial; -genic; genital; genitive; genius; genocide; genotype; genre; gens; gent; genteel; gentile; gentle; gentry; genuine; genus; -geny; germ; german (adj.) "of the same parents or grandparents;" germane; germinal; germinate; germination; gingerly; gonad; gono-; gonorrhea; heterogeneous; homogeneous; homogenize; homogenous; impregnate; indigenous; ingenious; ingenuous; innate; jaunty; kermes; kin; kindergarten; kindred; king; kind (n.) "class, sort, variety;" kind (adj.) "friendly, deliberately doing good to others;" Kriss Kringle; malign; miscegenation; nada; naive; nascent; natal; Natalie; nation; native; nature; nee; neonate; Noel; oncogene; ontogeny; photogenic; phylogeny; pregnant (adj.1) "with child;" primogenitor; primogeniture; progenitor; progeny; puisne; puny; renaissance; theogony; wunderkind. |
| berry | From Middle English berye, from Old English beriġe, from Proto-Germanic *bazją[1] (compare German Beere, Norwegian and Danish bær), from PIE *bʰes- (“to blow, chew, rub”), compare Ancient Greek ψάω (psáō, “I rub”), Sanskrit बभस्ति (bábhasti, “he chews, devours”)[2]. For the semantic development, compare Old Church Slavonic гроуша (gruša, “pear”), from гроушити (grušiti, “to break, destroy”); Latin pirum (“pear”), from *peis- (“to stick, pound” | ٻير | बयर | |
| beverage (n) | "drink of any kind," mid-13c., from Anglo-French beverage, Old French bevrage, from Old French boivre "to drink" (Modern French boire; from Latin bibere "to imbibe;" from PIE root *po(i)- "to drink") + -age, suffix forming mass or abstract nouns (see -age). | پيوڻي، پيئڻ لاءِ | पयवणय, पययण लअ | *po(i)- *pō(i)-, Sindhi root (پيڻ) meaning "to drink." |
| bi- | word-forming element meaning "two, having two, twice, double, doubly, twofold, once every two," etc., from Latin bi- "twice, double," from Old Latin dvi- (cognate with Sanskrit dvi-, Greek di-, dis-, Old English twi-, German zwei- "twice, double"), from PIE root *dwo- "two." | ٻي، ٻئي (ٻن جو) | बय, बयय (बन जव) | *dwo- Sindhi root (ڏون، ٻن وارو) meaning "two." |
| bid (v) | probably an early Middle English mutual influence or confusion of two old words: The sense in bid farewell is from Old English biddan "to ask, entreat, beg, pray, beseech; order" (class V strong verb, past tense bæd, past participle beden), from Proto-Germanic *bedjanan "to pray, entreat" (source also of German bitten "to ask," attested in Old High German from 8c., also Old Saxon biddian, Old Frisian bidda"ask, request command," Old Norse biðja, Gothic bidjan "request"). This, according to Kluge and Watkins, is from a PIE root *gwhedh- "to ask, pray" (see bead (n.)). To bid at an auction, meanwhile, is from Old English beodan "offer, proclaim" (class II strong verb; past tense bead, past participle boden), from Proto-Germanic *beudanan "to stretch out, reach out, offer, present," (source also of German bieten "to offer," Old High German biatan, also Old Saxon biodan, Old Frisian biada, Old Norse bjoða, Gothic anabiudan "to command"). This is (with a shift of meaning) from PIE root *bheudh- "be aware, make aware" (source also of bode (v.)). | ٻُڌ، (واڪ ڏيڻ واري مد ۾) | बध, (वअक डयण वअरय मद में ) | |
| binary (adj) | "dual, twofold, double," mid-15c., from Late Latin binarius "consisting of two," from bini "twofold, two apiece, two-by-two" (used especially of matched things), from bis "double" (from PIE root *dwo- "two"). Binary code in computer terminology was in use by 1952, though the idea itself is ancient. Binary star in astronomy is from 1802. | ٻيڻي (ڏُڪي واري) ٻن واري ٻناري | बयणय (डकय वअरय) बन वअरय बनअरय | *dwo- Sindhi root (ڏون، ٻن وارو) meaning "two." |
| bind | From Middle English binden, from Old English bindan, from Proto-Germanic *bindaną (compare West Frisian bine, Dutch binden, Low German binnen, German binden, Danish binde), from PIE *bʰéndʰ-e-ti, from *bʰendʰ- (“to tie”) (compare Welsh benn (“cart”), Latin offendīx (“knot, band”), Lithuanian beñdras (“partner”), Albanian bend (“servant, henchman”), Ancient Greek πεῖσμα (peîsma, “cable, rope”), Persian بستن (bastan, “to bind”), Sanskrit बन्धति (bándhati)). Doublet of bandana. | ٻنڌ | बनध | *bhendh- Sindhi root (ٻنڌ) meaning "to bind." |
| bio- | word-forming element, especially in scientific compounds, meaning "life, life and," or "biology, biology and," or "biological, of or pertaining to living organisms or their constituents," from Greek bios "one's life, course or way of living, lifetime" (as opposed to zoe "animal life, organic life"), from PIE root *gwei- "to live." The correct usage is that in biography, but since c. 1800 in modern science it has been extended to mean "organic life," as zoo-, the better choice, is restricted in modern use to animal, as opposed to plant, life. Both are from the same PIE root. Compare biology. | جِيو، جيوت، جيون، ڀاءُ | जयव, जयवत, जयवन, भअ | *gwei- also *gweie-, Sindhi root (جيو) meaning "to live." It forms all or part of: abiogenesis; aerobic; amphibian; anaerobic; azo-; azoic; azotemia; bio-; biography; biology; biome; bionics; biopsy; biota; biotic; cenobite; Cenozoic; convivial; couch-grass; epizoic; epizoon; epizootic; macrobiotic; Mesozoic; microbe; Protozoa; protozoic; quick; quicken; quicksand; quicksilver; quiver (v.) "to tremble;" revive; survive; symbiosis; viable; viand; viper; vita; vital; vitamin; victuals; viva; vivace; vivacious; vivarium; vivid; vivify; viviparous; vivisection; whiskey; wyvern; zodiac; Zoe; zoetrope; zoic; zoo-; zoolatry; zoology; zoon; zoophilia; zoophobia; zooplankton. |
| biopsy (n) | "examination of tissue removed from a living body," 1895, from French biopsie, coined by French dermatologist Ernest Besnier (1831-1909) from Greek bi-, combining form of bios "life" (from PIE root *gwei- "to live") + opsis "a sight" (from PIE root *okw- "to see"). As a verb, from 1964. | جيو ڏسڻ (جيو گهرڙا تپاسڻ) | जयव डसण (जयव गहरड़अ तपअसण) | *gwei- (جيو)*okw- Sindhi root meaning (اک، ڏسڻ) "to live & to see." |
| birth | c. 1200, "fact of being born;" mid-13c., "act of giving birth, a bringing forth by the mother, childbirth," sometimes in Middle English also "conception;" also "that which is born, offspring, child;" from a Scandinavian source such as Old Norse *byrðr (replacing cognate Old English gebyrd "birth, descent, race; offspring; nature; fate"), from Proto-Germanic *gaburthis (source also of Old Frisian berd, Old Saxon giburd, Dutch geboorte, Old High German giburt, German geburt, Gothic gabaurþs), from PIE *bhrto past participle of root *bher- (1) "to carry; to bear children" (compare bear (v.)). Suffix -th is for "process" (as in bath, death). Meaning "condition into which a person is born, lineage, descent" is from c. 1200 (also in the Old English word). In reference to non-living things, "any coming into existence" is from 1610s. Birth control is from 1914; birth certificate is from 1842. | ٻار ڄڻڻ (ٻار جو بار لاھڻ) ڄڻڻ | बअर ॼणण (बअर जव बअर लअहण) ॼणण | *bher- (1) Sindhi root (بار، ڀر) meaning "to carry," also "to bear children." |
| biscuit | respelled early 19c. from bisket (16c.), ultimately (besquite, early 14c.) from Old French bescuit "biscuit" (12c.), altered under influence of cognate Old Italian biscotto, both from Medieval Latin biscoctum, literally "twice-baked," from Latin (panis) bis coctus "(bread) twice-baked;" see bis- + cook (v.). Originally a kind of hard, dry bread baked in thin cakes; U.S. sense of "small, round soft bun" is recorded from 1818. | ٻيھر پڪل، بسڪوٽ | बयहर पकल, बसकवट | |
| bisect | "to cut in two," 1640s, from Modern Latin bisectus, from Latin bi- "two" (see bi-) + secare "to cut" (from PIE root *sek- "to cut"). Related: Bisected; bisecting. | ٻه + چاڪ (ڪٽيل) ٻن ڀاڱن ۾ ڪٽيل | बह + चअक (कटयल) बन भअङन में कटयल | *sek- Sindhi root (چاڪ) meaning "to cut." It forms all or part of: bisect; dissect; hacksaw; insect; intersect; resect; saw (n.1) "cutting tool;" Saxon; scythe; secant; secateurs; sect; section; sector; sedge; segment; skin; skinflint; skinny; transect. |
| blank | early 13c., "white, pale, colorless," from Old French blanc "white, shining," from Frankish *blank "white, gleaming," or some other Germanic source (compare Old Norse blakkr, Old English blanca "white horse;" Old High German blanc, blanch; German blank "shining, bright"), from Proto-Germanic *blangkaz "to shine, dazzle," extended form of PIE root *bhel- (1) "to shine, flash, burn," also "shining white." Meaning "having empty spaces" evolved c. 1400. Sense of "void of expression" (a blank look) is from 1550s. Spanish blanco, Italian bianco are said to be from Germanic. Related: Blankly, blankness. | ڀِل، خالي جڳھ، (ڪجھ به نه ھجڻ ڪري چمڪ ڪري) | भल, खअलय जगह, (कजह बह नह हजण करय चमक करय) | *bhel- (1) Sindhi root (ڀا، چمڪ) meaning "to shine, flash, burn," also "shining white" and forming words for bright colors. It forms all or part of: beluga; Beltane; black; blancmange; blanch; blank; blanket; blaze (n.1) "bright flame, fire;" bleach; bleak; blemish; blench; blende; blend; blind; blindfold; blitzkrieg; blond; blue (adj.1); blush; conflagration; deflagration; effulgence; effulgent; flagrant; flambe; flambeau; flamboyant; flame; flamingo; flammable; Flavian; Flavius; fulgent; fulminate; inflame; inflammable; phlegm; phlegmatic; phlogiston; phlox; purblind; refulgent; riboflavin. |
| boat | "small open vessel (smaller than a ship) used to cross waters, propelled by oars, a sail, or (later) an engine," Old English bat, from Proto-Germanic *bait- (source also of Old Norse batr, Dutch boot, German Boot), possibly from PIE root *bheid- "to split," if the notion is of making a boat by hollowing out a tree trunk or from split planking. Or it may be an extension of the name for some part of a ship. | بتي (بتيلو) | बतय (बतयलव) | *bheid- Sindhi root (باٽ) meaning "to split," with derivatives in Germanic "referring to biting (hence also to eating and to hunting) and woodworking" [Watkins]. It forms all or part of: abet; bait (n.) "food used to attract prey;" bait (v.) "to torment, persecute;" bateau; beetle (n.1) "type of insect; bit (n.1) "small piece;" bite; bitter; bitter end; boat; boatswain; -fid; fissile; fission; fissure; giblets; pita; pizza; vent (n.). |
| boil (n) | early 13c. (intransitive) "to bubble up, be in a state of ebullition," especially from heat, from Old French bolir "boil, bubble up, ferment, gush" (12c., Modern French bouillir), from Latin bullire "to bubble, seethe," from PIE *beu- "to swell" (see bull (n.2)). The native word is seethe. Figurative sense, of passions, feelings, etc., "be in an agitated state" is from 1640s. | بوڙيو | बवड़यव | |
| bolt (n) | Old English bolt "short, stout arrow with a heavy head;" also "crossbow for throwing bolts," from Proto-Germanic *bultas (source also of Old Norse bolti, Danish bolt, Dutch bout, German Bolzen), perhaps originally "arrow, missile," and from PIE *bheld- "to knock, strike" (source also of Lithuanian beldžiu "I knock," baldas "pole for striking"). Applied since Middle English to other short metal rods (especially those with knobbed ends): meanings "stout pin for fastening objects together" and "part of a lock which springs out" are both from c. 1400. A bolt of canvas (c. 1400) was so called for its shape. Adverbial phrase bolt upright (like a bolt or arrow) is from late 14c. Meaning "sliding metal rod that thrusts the cartridge into the chamber of a firearm" is from 1859. From the notion of an arrow's flight comes the bolt of lightning (1530s) and the sense of "a sudden spring or start" (1540s). | ڀالو | भअलव | |
| boob | Perhaps from dialectal German Bübbi (teat)[1] (perhaps specifically via Pennsylvania German). Some older references connected the word to French poupe, but this is considered "very doubtful" by the OED | ببا | बबअ | |
| border | late Middle English: from Old French bordeure ; ultimately of Germanic origin and related to board. | باڙ | बअड़ | |
| bore (v) | Old English borian "to bore through, perforate," from bor "auger," from Proto-Germanic *buron (source also of Old Norse bora, Swedish borra, Old High German boron, Middle Dutch boren, German bohren), from PIE root *bhorh- "hole." | ٻِر، ٻِرڙ، ڏرڙڻ | बर, बरड़, डरड़ण | *bhorh- Sindhi root (ٻڙ) meaning "hole," with verbal form *bherh- "to pierce, strike." It forms all or part of: bore (v.1) "to drill through, perforate;" Boris; burin; foramen; Foraminifera; foraminous; interfere; interference; perforate; perforation. |
| botany (n) | "pertaining to the science or study of plants," 1650s, from French botanique (17c.) or directly from Medieval Latin botanicus, from Greek botanikos "of herbs," from botane "a plant, grass, pasture, fodder." The Greek words seems to have more to do with pasturage than plants; compare related botamia "pastures, meadows," boter "herdsman," boton "grazing beast." | ٻوٽن بابت، ٻوٽن جو علم | बवटन बअबत, बवटन जव अलम | |
| both (adj) | "the two, the one and the other," there are several theories, all similar, and deriving the word from the tendency to say "both the." One is that it is Old English begen (masc.) "both" (from Proto-Germanic *bai, from PIE *bho "both") + -þ extended base. Another traces it to the Proto-Germanic formula represented in Old English by ba þa "both these," from ba (feminine nominative and accusative of begen) + þa, nominative and accusative plural of se "that." A third traces it to Old Norse baðir "both," from *bai thaiz "both the," from Proto-Germanic *thaiz, third person plural pronoun. Compare similar formation in Old Frisian bethe, Dutch beide, Old High German beide, German beide, Gothic bajoþs. | ٻئي، ٻن شين جي ڳالھ انھن ٻنھي کي گڏي | बयय, बन शयन जय गअलह अनहन बनहय कय गडय | |
| bottle | From Middle English botel (“bottle, flask, wineskin”), from Old French boteille (Modern French bouteille), from Medieval Latin butticula, ultimately of disputed origin. Probably a diminutive of Late Latin buttis. Compare also Low German Buddel and Old High German būtil (whence German Beutel). | ٻاتلو، ٻاٽلي، ٻاٽو | बअतलव, बअटलय, बअटव | |
| boundry | early 17th century: variant of dialect bounder, from bound2 + -er1, perhaps on the pattern of limitary . | ٻندڻ بندڻ | बनदण बनदण | |
| boy | From Middle English boy, boye (“servant, commoner, knave, boy”), from Old English *bōia (“boy”), from Proto-Germanic *bōjô (“younger brother, young male relation”), from Proto-Germanic *bō- (“brother, close male relation”), from PIE *bʰā-, *bʰāt- (“father, elder brother, brother”). Cognate with Scots boy (“boy”), West Frisian boai (“boy”), Middle Dutch boi, booi (“boy”), Low German Boi (“boy”), and probably to the Old English proper name Bōia. Also related to West Flemish boe (“brother”), Norwegian dialectal boa (“brother”), Dutch boef (“rogue, knave”), German Bube ("boy; knave; jack"; > English bub), Icelandic bófi (“rogue, crook, bandit, knave”). See also bully. | ڀاءُ (جتان نر ڇوڪري جو تصور کنيو ويو | भअ (जतअन नर छवकरय जव तसवर कनयव वयव | *bhrater- bhrāter-, Sindhi root (ڀاتر، ڀاءُ) meaning "brother." It forms all or part of: br'er; brethren; brother; bully (n.); confrere; fraternal; fraternity; fraternize; fratricide; friar; friary; pal. |
| break (v) | Old English brecan "to divide solid matter violently into parts or fragments; to injure, violate (a promise, etc.), destroy, curtail; to break into, rush into; to burst forth, spring out; to subdue, tame" (class IV strong verb; past tense bræc, past participle brocen), from Proto-Germanic *brekanan (source also of Old Frisian breka, Dutch breken, Old High German brehhan, German brechen, Gothic brikan), from PIE root *bhreg- "to break." | ڀور ڀور ڪرڻ، ڀورڻ، ٽوڙڻ | भवर भवर करण, भवरण, टवड़ण | *bhreg- Sindhi root (ڀُر) meaning "to break." It forms all or part of: anfractuous; Brabant; bracken; brake (n.1) "stopping device for a wheel;" brake (n.2) "kind of fern;" brash; breach; break; breccia; breeches; brioche; chamfer; defray; diffraction; fractal; fraction; fractious; fracture; fragile; fragility; fragment; frail; frangible; infraction; infringe; irrefragable; irrefrangible; naufragous; ossifrage; refract; refraction; refrain (n.); refrangible; sassafras; saxifrage; suffragan; suffrage. |
| breast | From Middle English brest, from Old English brēost, from Proto-Germanic *breustą, from PIE *bʰrews- (“to swell”). Compare West Frisian boarst, Danish bryst, Swedish bröst; cf. also Dutch borst, German Brust. | بَر، ٻڙ، ٻيڙ (سجيل لوٿڙو) جنهن مان ببي جو تصور ٿئي ٿو | बर, बड़, बयड़ (सजयल लवथड़व) जनहन मअन बबय जव तसवर थयय थव | |
| bribe | late Middle English: from Old French briber, brimber ‘beg’, of unknown origin. The original sense was ‘rob, extort’, hence (as a noun) ‘theft, stolen goods’, also ‘money extorted or demanded for favours’, later ‘offer money as an inducement’ (early 16th century). | بُڙد | बड़द | |
| brick (n) | "rectangular block of artificial stone (usually clay burned in a kiln) used as a building material," early 15c., from Old French briche "brick," which is probably from a Germanic source akin to Middle Dutch bricke "a tile," etymologically "a bit, a fragment, a piece broken off," from the verbal root of break (v.). | ڀورو، سر | भवरव, सर | *bhreg- Sindhi root (ڀُر) meaning "to break." |
| bride | From Middle English bride, from Old English brȳd (“bride”), from Proto-Germanic *brūdiz (“bride”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian Bräid (“bride”), West Frisian breid (“bride”), Danish brud (“bride”), Dutch bruid (“bride”), French bru (“daughter-in-law”), German Low German Bruut (“bride”), German Braut (“bride”), Swedish brud (“bride”) | ورائتي (ور واري) | वरअयतय (वर वअरय) | *bhreu- also *bhreuə-, *bhreəu-, Sindhi root (ٻڙھ) meaning "to boil, bubble, effervesce, burn," with derivatives referring to cooking and brewing. It forms all or part of: barm; barmy; bourn (n.1) "small stream;" braise; bratwurst; brawn; brawny; braze (v.1) "to expose to the action of fire;" brazier; Brazil; bread; breed; brew; broth; broil (v.2) "to quarrel, brawl;" brood; effervesce; effervescence; effervescent; embroil; ferment; fervent; fervid; fervor; imbroglio. |
| bridge | "any structure that affords passage over a ravine or river," Old English brycge, from Proto-Germanic *brugjo (source also of Old Saxon bruggia, Old Norse bryggja, Old Frisian brigge, Dutch brug, Old High German brucca, German Brücke), from PIE root *bhru "log, beam," hence "wooden causeway" (source also of Gaulish briva "bridge," Old Church Slavonic bruvuno "beam," Serbian brv "footbridge"). | ڀر، ڀڪ، ڪپر، درياھ يا واھ تي ڀراءُ ڪري دڳ ٺاھڻ | भर, भक, कपर, दरयअह यअ वअह तय भरअ करय दग ठअहण | |
| brother | From Middle English brother, from Old English brōþor, from Proto-Germanic *brōþēr (compare North Frisian Bröðer, West Frisian broer, Dutch broeder, German Bruder, Danish broder, Norwegian bror), from PIE *bʰréh₂tēr (compare Irish bráthair, Welsh brawd, Latin frāter, Ancient Greek φράτηρ (phrátēr), Tocharian A pracar, Tocharian B procer, Russian брат (brat), Lithuanian brolis, Persian برادر (barādar), Sanskrit भ्रातृ (bhrātṛ)). | ڀاءُ، ڀراتر | भअ, भरअतर | *bhrater- bhrāter-, Sindhi root (ڀاتر، ڀاءُ) meaning "brother." |
| brow | Middle English browe, from Old English brū, from Proto-Germanic *brūwō, from PIE *h₃bʰrúHs (“brow”) (compare Middle Irish brúad, Tocharian B pärwāne (“eyebrows”), Lithuanian bruvìs, Serbo-Croatian obrva, Russian бровь (brovʹ), Ancient Greek ὀφρύς (ophrús), Sanskrit भ्रू (bhrū)), Persian ابرو (abrū, “eyebrow”)). | ڀرون | भरवन | |
| buck | From Middle English buc, bucke, bukke, from Old English buc, bucc, bucca (“he-goat, stag”), from Proto-Germanic *bukkaz, *bukkô (“buck”) (compare West Frisian bok (“he-goat”), German Bock, Norwegian bukk), from PIE *bʰuǵ- (“ram”) (compare Albanian buzë, Old Armenian բուծ (buc, “sucking lamb”), Persian بز (boz, “goat”), Sanskrit बुक्क (bukka). | ٻڪ، ٻک، ٻڪر (جانور) | बक, बक, बकर (जअनवर) | |
| bundle | Middle English: perhaps originally from Old English byndelle ‘a binding’, reinforced by Low German and Dutch bundel (to which byndelle is related) from Indic *budd | ٻڊ (بندڻ) | बड (बनदण) | *bhendh- Sindhi root (ٻنڌ) meaning "to bind." |
| burden | "a load, that which is borne or carried," Old English byrðen "a load, weight, charge, duty;" also "a child;" from Proto-Germanic *burthinjo- "that which is borne" (source also of Old Norse byrðr, Old Saxon burthinnia, German bürde, Gothic baurþei), from PIE root *bher- (1) "to carry," also "to bear children." | ڀَر، بار | भर, बअर | *bher- (1) Sindhi root (بار، ڀر) meaning "to carry," also "to bear children." |
| burn | From Middle English bernen, birnen, from Old English byrnan, biernan, beornan (“to burn”), metathesis from Proto-Germanic *brinnaną (“to burn”), from PIE *bʰrenw- (compare Middle Irish brennim (“drink up”), bruinnim (“bubble up”)), present stem from *bʰreu-, *bʰru- (compare Middle Irish bréo (“flame”), Albanian burth (“Cyclamen hederifolium, mouth burning”), Sanskrit भुरति (bhurati, “moves quickly, twitches, fidgets”)). | ٻرڻ | बरण | |
| butter | From Middle English buter, butter, from Old English butere (“butter”), from Proto-Germanic *buterǭ (“butter”) (compare West Frisian bûter, Dutch boter, German Butter), from Latin būtȳrum, from Ancient Greek βούτῡρον (boútūron, “cow cheese”), compound of βοῦς (boûs, “ox, cow”) and τῡρός (tūrós, “cheese”) Compare Avestan 𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬏𐬙 (tūiri, “curdled milk, whey”)), from PIE *tuHrós (compare Middle Indic [script needed] (tūra, “cheese”), Russian творо́г (tvoróg, “curds, soft cheese”), Old English þweran (“to churn”), geþweor (“curds”)). | ٿر (کير جي ملائي) | थर (कयर जय मलअयय) | |
| buttock | From Middle English but, butte (“goal, mark, butt of land”), from Old English byt, bytt (“small piece of land”) and *butt (attested in diminutive Old English buttuc (“end, small piece of land”) > English buttock), from Proto-Germanic *buttaz (“end, piece”), from PIE *bʰudnós (“bottom”), later thematic variant of PIE bʰudmḗn ~ bʰudn-, perhaps from PIE *dʰewb- (“deep”). Cognate with Norwegian butt (“stump, block”), Icelandic bútur (“piece, fragment”), Low German butt (“blunt, clumsy”). Influenced by Old French but, butte (“but, mark”), ultimately from the same Germanic source. Compare also Albanian bythë (“buttocks”), Ancient Greek πυθμήν (puthmḗn, “bottom of vessel”), Latin fundus (“bottom”) and Sanskrit बुध्न (budhná, “bottom”), from the same PIE root. | ٻنڊڻ | बनडण | *bhau- Sindhi root (ٻنڊ) meaning "to strike." It forms all or part of: abut; baste (v.3) "beat with a stick, thrash;" battledore; beat; beetle (n.2) "heavy wooden mallet;" botony; boutonniere; butt (n.1) "thick end;" butt (v.) "strike with the head;" buttocks; button; buttress; confute; halibut; rebut; refute; sackbut; turbot. |
| button | Middle English: from Old French bouton, of Germanic origin from Indic *buttorn | ٻُٽڻ | बटण | *bhau- Sindhi root (ٻنڊ) meaning "to strike." It forms all or part of: abut; baste (v.3) "beat with a stick, thrash;" battledore; beat; beetle (n.2) "heavy wooden mallet;" botony; boutonniere; butt (n.1) "thick end;" butt (v.) "strike with the head;" buttocks; button; buttress; confute; halibut; rebut; refute; sackbut; turbot. |
| call (v) | mid-13c., "to cry out; call for, summon, invoke; ask for, demand, order; give a name to, apply by way of designation," from Old Norse kalla "to cry loudly, summon in a loud voice; name, call by name," from Proto-Germanic *kall- (source also of Middle Dutch kallen "to speak, say, tell," Dutch kallen "to talk, chatter," Old High German kallon "to speak loudly, call"), from PIE root *gal- "to call, shout." Related: Called; calling. | ڳالھ، ڳالھائڻ | गअलह, गअलहअयण | *gal- Sindhi root (ڳال) meaning "to call, shout." It forms all or part of: call; clatter; Gallic; gallinaceous; gallium; glasnost; Glagolitic. |
| cancer | Old English cancer "spreading sore, malignant tumor" (also canceradl), from Latin cancer "a crab," later, "malignant tumor," from Greek karkinos, which, like the Modern English word, has three meanings: a crab, a tumor, and the zodiac constellation represented by a crab, from PIE *karkro-, reduplicated form of root *kar- "hard." | کيکڙو، ڪرڙو، سخت، ڪڙو (ھڪ نھ ڇٽندڙ بيماري) | कयकड़व, करड़व, सखत, कड़व (हक नह छटनदड़ बयमअरय) | *kar- also *ker-, Sindhi root (ڪار ڪرت) meaning "hard." It forms all or part of: -ard; Bernard; cancer; canker; carcinogen; carcinoma; careen; chancre; -cracy; Gerard; hard; hardly; hardy; Leonard; Richard; standard. |
| candle | "cylindrical body of tallow, wax, etc., formed on a wick and used as a source of artificial light," Old English candel "lamp, lantern, candle," an early ecclesiastical borrowing from Latin candela "a light, torch, candle made of tallow or wax," from candere "to shine," from PIE root *kand- "to shine." | چنڊ جيان چمڪندڙ، موم بتي (ھتي چنڊ ٻاھر ڪنڊ جي صورت وٺي ٿو) | चनड जयअन चमकनदड़, मवम बतय (हतय चनड बअहर कनड जय सवरत वठय थव) | *kand- also *kend-, Sindhi root (چنڊ) meaning "to shine." It forms all or part of: candela; candelabrum; candescent; candid; candidate; candle; candor; chandelier; chandler; frankincense; incandescence; incandescent; incendiary; incense (n.) "substance producing a sweet smell when burned;" incense (v.1) "to provoke, anger." |
| candy | mid 17th century (as a verb): the noun use is from late Middle English sugar-candy, from French sucre candi ‘crystallized sugar’, from Arabic sukkar ‘sugar’ + qandī ‘candied’, based on Sanskrit khaṇḍa ‘fragment’. | کنڊ | कनड | |
| canto (n) | 1580s, "a section of a long poem," used in Italian by Dante, in English first by Spenser, from Italian canto "song," from Latin cantus "song, a singing; bird-song," from past participle stem of canere "to sing" (from PIE root *kan- "to sing"). In medieval music, canto fermo (1789, from Italian, from Latin cantus firmus "fixed song") was the ancient traditional vocal music of the Church, so called because set by authority and unalterable. After time other voices were added above and below it. | ڪنٺ، ڪانٺو، بر زبان ياد، ڪلام جو ڊگهو حصو | कनठ, कअनठव, बर ज़बअन यअद, कलअम जव डगहव हसव | *kan- Sindhi root (ڪان ڪان، لاتڻ) meaning "to sing." |
| cap | late Old English cæppe "hood, head-covering, cape," a general Germanic borrowing (compare Old Frisian and Middle Dutch kappe, Old High German chappa) from Late Latin cappa "a cape, hooded cloak" (source of Spanish capa, Old North French cape, French chape), a word of uncertain origin. Possibly a shortened from capitulare "headdress," from Latin caput "head" (from PIE root *kaput- "head"). | کوپو | कवपव | *kaput- Sindhi root (ڪيپاٽ) meaning "head." It forms all or part of: achieve; behead; biceps; cabbage; cabochon; caddie; cadet; cap; cap-a-pie; cape (n.1) "garment;" cape (n.2) "promontory;" capital (adj.); capital (n.3) "head of a column or pillar;" capitate; capitation; capitulate; capitulation; capitulum; capo (n.1) "leader of a Mafia family;" capo (n.2) "pitch-altering device for a stringed instrument;" caprice; capsize; captain; cattle; caudillo; chapter; chef; chief; chieftain; corporal (n.); decapitate; decapitation; forehead; head; hetman; kaput; kerchief; mischief; occipital; precipice; precipitate; precipitation; recapitulate; recapitulation; sinciput; triceps. |
| capital | early 13c., "of or pertaining to the head," from Old French capital, from Latin capitalis "of the head," hence "capital, chief, first," from caput (genitive capitis) "head" (from PIE root *kaput- "head"). Meaning "main, principal, chief, dominant, first in importance" is from early 15c. in English. The modern informal sense of "excellent, first-rate" is dated from 1762 in OED (as an exclamation of approval, OED's first example is 1875), perhaps from earlier use of the word in reference to ships, "first-rate, powerful enough to be in the line of battle," attested from 1650s, fallen into disuse after 1918. Related: Capitally. | ڪپاٽ، ڪيپراٽ، انسان جي مک عضوي جي ڪري نالو پيو اٿس | कपअट, कयपरअट, अनसअन जय मक अज़वय जय करय नअलव पयव अथस | *kaput- Sindhi root (ڪيپاٽ) meaning "head." |
| captain | ate 14c., capitayn, "a leader, chief, one who stands at the head of others," from Old French capitaine "captain, leader," from Late Latin capitaneus "chief," noun use of adjective capitaneus "prominent, chief," from Latin caput (genitive capitis) "head" (from PIE root *kaput- "head"). Military sense of "officer who commands a company" (rank between major and lieutenant) is from 1560s; naval sense of "officer who commands a man-of-war" is from 1550s, extended to "master or commander of a vessel of any kind" by 1704. Sporting sense "leader of the players on a team" is recorded by 1823. The other Germanic words also are from French. | ڪپاٽ، ڪپتان. (سڄي جسم جي مک عضوي ديماڪ آڌار، وري پوري سٿ يا ٽولي کي ھلائڻ لاءِ، يا فوج کي ھلائڻ لاءِ مک ماڻھو کي ھن نالي سان سڏجي. | कपअट, कपतअन. (सॼय जसम जय मक अज़वय दयमअक आधअर, वरय पवरय सथ यअ टवलय कय हलअयण लअ, यअ फ़वज कय हलअयण लअ मक मअणहव कय हन नअलय सअन सडजय. | *kaput- Sindhi root (ڪيپاٽ) meaning "head." |
| car | c. 1300, "wheeled vehicle," from Anglo-French carre, Old North French carre, from Vulgar Latin *carra, related to Latin carrum, carrus (plural carra), originally "two-wheeled Celtic war chariot," from Gaulish karros, a Celtic word (compare Old Irish and Welsh carr "cart, wagon," Breton karr "chariot"), from PIE *krsos, from root *kers- "to run." "From 16th to 19th c. chiefly poetic, with associations of dignity, solemnity, or splendour …" [OED]. Used in U.S. by 1826 of railway freight carriages and of passenger coaches on a railway by 1830; by 1862 of streetcars or tramway cars. Extension to "automobile" is by 1896, but from 1831 to the first decade of 20c. the cars meant "railroad train." Car bomb first attested 1972, in reference to Northern Ireland. The Latin word also is the source of Italian and Spanish carro, French char. | ڪار، ڪم ڪار لاءِ چئن ڦيٿن واري گاڏي | कअर, कम कअर लअ चयन फयथन वअरय गअडय | *kers- Sindhi root (ڪاريو) meaning "to run." It forms all or part of: car; career; cargo; caricature; cark; carpenter; carriage; carrier; carry; charabanc; charette; charge; chariot; concourse; concur; concurrent; corral; corridor; corsair; courant; courier; course; currency; current; curriculum; cursive; cursor; cursory; discharge; discourse; encharge; excursion; hussar; incur; intercourse; kraal; miscarry; occur; precursor; recourse; recur; succor. |
| carbo- | before vowels carb-, word-forming element meaning "carbon," abstracted 1810 from carbon. | ڪير، ڪوئلو، ڪارڀان سان لاڳاپيل | कयर, कवयलव, कअरभअन सअन लअगअपयल | *ker- (3) Sindhi root (ڪيري) meaning "heat, fire." It forms all or part of: carbon; carboniferous; carbuncle; cremate; cremation; hearth. |
| carbon | Borrowed from French carbone, coined by Lavoisier, from Latin carbō, carbōnem (“charcoal, coal”), from PIE *ker- (“to burn”), see also Old English heorþ (“hearth”), Old Norse hyrr (“fire”), Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌹 (hauri, “coal”), Old High German harsta (“roasting”), Russian церен (ceren, “brazier”), Old Church Slavonic крада (krada, “hearth, fireplace”), Lithuanian kuriu (“to heat”), karstas (“hot”) and krosnis (“oven”), Sanskrit कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa, “burnt, black”) and कूडयति (kūḍayati, “singes”), Latin cremō (“I consume or destroy by fire, burn; I burn something to ashes; I cremate; I make a burnt offering”). | ڪيري (ڪاري رک) | कयरय (कअरय रक) | *ker- (3) Sindhi root (ڪيري) meaning "heat, fire." |
| carbon | non-metallic element occurring naturally as diamond, graphite, or charcoal, 1789, coined 1787 in French by Lavoisier as charbone, from Latin carbonem (nominative carbo) "a coal, glowing coal; charcoal," from PIE root *ker- (3) "heat, fire." | ڪيريءَ (رک، ڪوئلي) مان ورتل | कयरय (रक, कवयलय) मअन वरतल | *ker- (3) Sindhi root (ڪيري) meaning "heat, fire." |
| cardio- | before vowels cardi-, word-forming element meaning "pertaining to the heart," from Latinized form of Greek kardia "heart," from PIE root *kerd- "heart." | ھردي سان لاڳاپيل | हरदय सअन लअगअपयल | *kerd- Sindhi root (ھردو، ڪردو) meaning "heart." It forms all or part of: accord; cardiac; cardio-; concord; core; cordial; courage; credence; credible; credit; credo; credulous; creed; discord; grant; heart; incroyable; megalocardia; miscreant; myocardium; pericarditis; pericardium; quarry (n.1) "what is hunted;" record; recreant; tachycardia. |
| carpo- | word-forming element meaning "fruit," from Latinized form of Greek karpos "fruit," from PIE root *kerp- "to gather, pluck, harvest." | ھارپو، ھارپي سان لاڳاپيل | हअरपव, हअरपय सअन लअगअपयल | *kerp- Sindhi root (ھارپ، کرپ) meaning "to gather, pluck, harvest." It forms all or part of: carpe diem; carpel; carpet; carpo- (1) "fruit;" excerpt; harvest; scarce; scarcity. |
| cash | From Middle French caisse (“money box”), from Old Occitan caissa, from Old Italian cassa, from Latin capsa (“box, case”), from capiō (“I take, I seize, I receive”), from PIE *keh₂p- (“to grasp”) | کُپ، کُپائي ھٿ وجهڻ، سوگهو ڪرن، وٺڻ، ڪاسو | कप, कपअयय हथ वजहण, सवगहव करन, वठण, कअसव | |
| cave (n) | "a hollow place in the earth, a natural cavity of considerable size and extending more or less horizontally," early 13c., from Old French cave "a cave, vault, cellar" (12c.), from Latin cavea "hollow" (place), noun use of neuter plural of adjective cavus "hollow," from PIE root *keue- "to swell," also "vault, hole." Replaced Old English eorðscrafu. | کَئي، کاھي، کوھ، گفا، سرنگھ | कयय, कअहय, कवह, गफ़अ, सरनगह | *keue- *keuə-, Sindhi root (کئي، کاھي) meaning "to swell," also "vault, hole." It forms all or part of: accumulate; accumulation; cave; cavern; cavity; coeliac; church; codeine; coelacanth; coeliac; coelomate; concave; cumulate; cumulative; cumulus; enceinte; excavate; kirk; kymatology; Kyrie eleison. |
| cell | early 12c., "small monastery, subordinate monastery" (from Medieval Latin in this sense), later "small room for a monk or a nun in a monastic establishment; a hermit's dwelling" (c. 1300), from Latin cella "small room, store room, hut," related to Latin celare "to hide, conceal," from PIE root *kel- (1) "to cover, conceal, save." From "monastic room" the sense was extended to "prison room" (1722). The word was used in 14c., figuratively, of brain "compartments" as the abode of some faculty; it was used in biology by 17c. of various cavities (wood structure, segments of fruit, bee combs), gradually focusing to the modern sense of "basic structure of all living organisms" (which OED dates to 1845). Electric battery sense is from 1828, based on the "compartments" in very early types. Meaning "small group of people working within a larger organization" is from 1925. Cell-body is from 1851, cell-division from 1846, cell-membrane from 1837 (but cellular membrane is 1732), cell wall from 1842. | شِيل چڱو سُڀاءُ سٺي چال ، ست گڻ. عصمت ، آبرو. پاڪدامني ، سَتُرُ ، پرهيزگاري ، ڀَرمُ ، پَتَ. ناموس ، نيڪ رهڻي ، سُپَتِ. لڪل، گمنام بھ ھنن حالتن ۾ مفھوم ٺھي ٿو جتان پوءِ ان جون مختلف مانائون يورپ ۾ جريون. | शयल चङव सभअ सठय चअल , सत गण. असमत , आबरव. पअकदअमनय , सतर , परहयज़गअरय , भरम , पत. नअमवस , नयक रहणय , सपत. लकल, गमनअम बह हनन हअलतन में मफ़हवम ठहय थव जतअन पव अन जवन मखतलफ़ मअनअयवन यवरप में जरयवन. | *kel- (1) Sindhi root (کل) meaning "to cover, conceal, save." It forms all or part of: Anselm; apocalypse; Brussels; caliology; Calypso; calyx; ceiling; cell; cellar; cellular; cellulite; cellulitis; cilia; clandestine; cojones; coleoptera; color; conceal; eucalyptus; hall; hell; helm (n.2) "a helmet;" helmet; hold (n.2) "space in a ship below the lower deck;" hole; hollow; holster; housing (n.2) "ornamental covering;" hull (n.1) "seed covering;" kil-; kleptomania; occult; rathskeller; supercilious; Valhalla; William. |
| cereal (n) | 1832, "grass yielding edible grain and cultivated for food," originally an adjective (1818) "having to do with edible grain," from French céréale (16c., "of Ceres;" 18c. in grain sense), from Latin Cerealis "of grain," originally "of Ceres," from Ceres, Italic goddess of agriculture, from PIE *ker-es-, from root *ker- (2) "to grow." The application to breakfast food cereal made from grain is American English, 1899. | ڪڻڪ، اناج جو وڏو قسم (wheat انگريزيءَ ۾ ھڪ جي رنگ جي ڪري نالو پيو) | कणक, अनअज जव वडव क़सम (wheat अनगरयज़य में हक जय रनग जय करय नअलव पयव) | *ker- (2) Sindhi root (ڪڻ، کڻ) meaning "to grow." It forms all or part of: accretion; accrue; cereal; Ceres; concrete; create; creation; creature; Creole; crescendo; crescent; crew (n.) "group of soldiers;" croissant; cru; decrease; Dioscuri; excrescence; excrescent; griot; increase; Kore; procerity; procreate; procreation; recreate; recreation; recruit; sincere. |
| chant (v) | late 14c., "to sing," from Old French chanter "to sing, celebrate" (12c.), from Latin cantare "to sing," originally frequentative of canere "sing" (which it replaced), from PIE root *kan- "to sing." The frequentative quality of the word was no longer felt in Latin, and by the time French emerged the word had entirely displaced canere. Meaning "to sing as in the church service, in a style between song and recitation" is by 1580s. Related: Chanted; chanting. | ڪان ڪان ڪرڻ | कअन कअन करण | *kan- Sindhi root (ڪان ڪان، لاتڻ) meaning "to sing |
| chess | very ancient game of skill with 32 pieces, played by two on a checkered board of 64 squares, 13c., from Old French esches "chessmen," plural of eschec "game of chess, chessboard; checkmate" (see check (n.1)), from the key move of the game. Modern French distinguishes échec "check, blow, rebuff, defeat," from plural échecs "chess." The original word for "chess" is Sanskrit chaturanga "four members of an army" — elephants, horses, chariots, foot soldiers. This is preserved in Spanish ajedrez, from Arabic (al) shat-ranj, from Persian chatrang, from the Sanskrit word. | چوسر، چوسار، چوپڙ (ھڪ راند) | चवसर, चवसअर, चवपड़ (हक रअनद) | |
| chest | From Middle English cheste, chiste, from Old English ċest, ċist (“chest, casket; coffin; rush basket; box”), from Proto-Germanic *kistō (“chest, box”), from Latin cista (“chest, box”), from Ancient Greek κίστη (kístē, “chest, box, basket, hamper”), from PIE *kisteh₂ (“woven container”). Germanic cognates include Scots kist (“chest, box, trunk, coffer”), West Frisian kiste (“box, chest”), Dutch kist (“box, case, chest, coffin”), German Kiste (“box, crate, case, chest”). | ڇاتي | छअतय | |
| chin | Old English cin, cinn "chin," a general Germanic word (compare Old Saxon and Old High German kinni; Old Norse kinn; German Kinn "chin;" Gothic kinnus "cheek"), from PIE root *genu- (2), probably originally "jaw, jawbone," but also forming words for "chin, cheek." | ڄاڙي، منھن جو ھيٺيون حصو | ॼअड़य, मनहन जव हयठयवन हसव | *genu- (2) Sindhi root (ڄاڙ), probably originally "jaw, jawbone," but also forming words for "chin, cheek." It forms all or part of: chin; Compsognathus; gnathic; gnatho-. |
| chintz | early 17th century (as chints, plural of chint, denoting a stained or painted calico cloth imported from India): from Hindi chīṃṭ ‘spattering, stain’. | ڇيٽ | छयट | |
| chiono- | before vowels chion-, word-forming element meaning "snow," from Latinized form of Greek khion "snow," related to kheima, kheimon "winter," from PIE root *gheim- "winter." | ڇڻ، گهم، سياري سان لاڳاپيل، سيءَ ٿڌ سان لاڳاپيل | छण, गहम, सयअरय सअन लअगअपयल, सय थध सअन लअगअपयल | *gheim- Sindhi root (گهم) meaning "winter." It forms all or part of: chimera; chiono-; hiemal; hibernacle; hibernal; hibernate; hibernation; Himalaya. |
| circle | c. 1300, "figure of a circle, a plane figure whose periphery is everywhere equidistant from its center point," from Old French cercle "circle, ring (for the finger); hoop of a helmet or barrel" (12c.), from Latin circulus "circular figure; small ring, hoop; circular orbit" (also source of Italian cerchio), diminutive of circus "ring" ultimately from PIE *ceeck'el (ring) | چڪر | चकर | *sker- (2) also *ker-, Sindhi root (چڪر) meaning "to turn, bend." It forms all or part of: arrange; circa; circadian; circle; circuit; circum-; circumcision; circumflex; circumnavigate; circumscribe; circumspect; circumstance; circus; cirque; corona; crepe; crest; crinoline; crisp; crown; curb; curvature; curve; derange; flounce (n.) "deep ruffle on the skirt of a dress;" krone; ring (n.1) "circular band;" ranch; range; ranger; rank (n.) "row, line series;" research; recherche; ridge; rink; rucksack; search; shrink. |
| clause | c. 1200, "a sentence, a brief passage of a written composition," from Old French clause "stipulation" (in a legal document), 12c., from Medieval Latin clausa "conclusion," used in the sense of classical Latin clausula "the end, a closing, termination," also "end of a sentence or a legal argument," from clausa, fem. noun from past participle of claudere "to close, to shut, to conclude" (see close (v.)). Grammatical sense "one of the lesser sentences which united form a complex or compound sentence" is from c. 1300. Legal meaning "distinct condition, stipulation, or proviso" is recorded from late 14c. in English. The sense of "ending" mostly faded from the word between Latin and French, but it is occasionally found in Middle English. | ڪلو ھڻي، ھڪ بند ڪر ٻيو ڪرڻ | कलव हणय, हक बनद कर बयव करण | *klau- also *kleu-, klēu-, Sindhi root (ڪلو) meaning "hook, crook," also "crooked or forked branch" (used as a bar or bolt in primitive structures). It forms all or part of: anschluss; autoclave; clause; claustrophobia; claves; clavichord; clavicle; clavier; claviger; clechy; clef; cloison; cloisonne; cloister; close (v.); close (adj.); closet; closure; cloture; clove (n.1) "dried flowerbud of a certain tropical tree, used as a spice;" cloy; conclave; conclude; disclose; enclave; enclose; exclude; foreclose; include; occlude; preclude; recluse; seclude; slot (n.2) "bar or bolt used to fasten a door, window, etc." |
| cleavage (n) | 1805, in geology and mineralogy, "tendency (of rocks or gems) to break cleanly along natural fissures," from cleave (v.1) + -age. General meaning "action or state of cleaving or being cleft" is from 1867. The sense of "cleft between a woman's breasts in low-cut clothing" is first recorded 1946, defined in a "Time" magazine article [Aug. 5] as the "Johnston Office trade term for the shadowed depression dividing an actress' bosom into two distinct sections;" traditionally first used in this sense by U.S. publicist Joseph I. Breen (1888-1965), head of the Production Code Administration (replaced 1945 by Eric Johnston), enforcers of Hollywood self-censorship, in reference to Jane Russell's costumes and poses in "The Outlaw." | ڳليج، (ڳليجي) ڳلي، گلي، گهٽي عورت جي ببن جي وچ ۾ سنھي وٿي (گهپو) | ॻली, गले, गहटी औरत जे बब्बन जे विचु में सन्ही विथी (घप्पू | *gleubh- Sindhi root (ڳل) meaning "to tear apart, cleave." It forms all or part of: cleave (v.1) "to split, part or divide by force;" cleft; clever; clevis; clove (n.2) "slice of garlic;" glyptodon; hieroglyphic; petroglyph. |
| cleave (v) | "to adhere, cling," Middle English cleven, clevien, cliven, from Old English clifian, cleofian "to stick fast, adhere," also figurative, from West Germanic *klibajan (source also of Old Saxon klibon, Old High German kliban, Dutch kleven, Old High German kleben, German kleben "to stick, cling, adhere"), from PIE *gloi- "to stick" | ليئڻ، ليئي، اٽي يا سڻڀي مٽيءَ جو ليئو ٺاھي چنبڙائڻ | लययण, लययय, अटय यअ सणभय मटय जव लययव ठअहय चनबड़अयण | *gleubh- Sindhi root (ڳل) meaning "to tear apart, cleave." It forms all or part of: cleave (v.1) "to split, part or divide by force;" cleft; clever; clevis; clove (n.2) "slice of garlic;" glyptodon; hieroglyphic; petroglyph. |
| close (v) | (klōz), c. 1200, "to shut, cover in," from Old French clos- (past participle stem of clore "to shut, to cut off from"), 12c., from Latin clausus, past participle of claudere "to shut, close; to block up, make inaccessible; put an end to; shut in, enclose, confine" (always -clusus, -cludere in compounds), from PIE root *klau- "hook," also "peg, nail, pin," all things used as locks or bolts in primitive structures. Also partly from Old English beclysan "close in, shut up." Intransitive sense "become shut" is from late 14c. Meaning "draw near to" is from 1520s. Intransitive meaning "draw together, come together" is from 1550s, hence the idea in military verbal phrase close ranks (mid-17c.), later with figurative extensions. Meaning "bring to an end, finish" is from c. 1400; intransitive sense "come to an end" is from 1826. Of stock prices, from 1860. Meaning "bring together the parts of" (a book, etc.) is from 1560s. | ڪِلو ھڻي بند ڪرڻ، بندڻ | कलव हणय बनद करण, बनदण | *klau- also *kleu-, klēu-, Sindhi root (ڪلو) meaning "hook, crook," also "crooked or forked branch" (used as a bar or bolt in primitive structures). |
| clove | dried flowerbud of a certain tropical tree, used as a spice, late 15c., earlier clowes (14c.), from Anglo-French clowes de gilofre (c. 1200), Old French clou de girofle "nail of gillyflower," so called from its shape, from Latin clavus "a nail" (from PIE root *klau- "hook"). For second element, see gillyflower. The two cloves were much confused in Middle English. The clove pink is so called from the scent of the flowers. | ڪِليءَ جي شڪل جھڙو ھڪ وکر، لونگ | कलय जय शकल जहड़व हक वकर, लवनग | *klau- also *kleu-, klēu-, Sindhi root (ڪلو) meaning "hook, crook," also "crooked or forked branch" (used as a bar or bolt in primitive structures). |
| coal | From Middle English cole, from Old English col, from Proto-Germanic *kulą (compare West Frisian koal, Dutch kool, German Kohle, Danish kul), from PIE *gʷol- (compare Old Irish gúal (“coal”), Tocharian B śoliye (“hearth”), Persian زغال (zoġāl, “live coal”)), from *ǵwelH- (“to glow, burn”) (compare Lithuanian žvìlti (“to twinkle, glow”), Sanskrit ज्वलति (jvalati, “to burn, glow”)). | ڪوئلو | कवयलव | |
| coat | From Middle English cote, coate, cotte, from Old French cote, cotte (“outer garment with sleeves”), from Latin cotta (“undercoat, tunic”), from Proto-Germanic *kuttô, *kuttǭ (“cowl, woolen cloth, coat”), from PIE *gʷewd-, *gud- (“woolen clothes”). Cognate with Old High German kozza, kozzo (“woolen coat”) (German Kotze (“coarse woolen blanket; woolen cape”)), Middle Low German kot (“coat”), Ancient Greek βεῦδος (beûdos, “woman's attire”). | گڊو. گڊي، ڪوسو ڪوٽ ڪري کنيو ويو | गडव. गडय, कवसव कवट करय कनयव वयव | |
| cognate (adj) | 1640s, "allied by blood, connected or related by birth, of the same parentage, descended from a common ancestor," from Latin cognatus "of common descent" (source also of Spanish cognado, Italian cognato), from assimilated form of com "together" (see co-) + gnatus, past participle of gnasci, older form of nasci "to be born" (from PIE root *gene- "give birth, beget"). | ساڳي ڄڻت سان، ساڳي پيڙھي | सअगय ॼणत सअन, सअगय पयड़हय | *gene- *genə-, also *gen-, Sindhi root (ڄڻ، جن) meaning "give birth, beget," with derivatives referring to procreation and familial and tribal groups. |
| cohort | early 15c., "company of soldiers, band of warriors," from Middle French cohorte (14c.) and directly from Latin cohortem (nominative cohors) "enclosure," with meaning extended to "infantry company" in the Roman army through the notion of "enclosed group, retinue;" from assimilated form of com "with" (see co-) + a root akin to hortus "garden," from PIE *ghr-ti-, from PIE root *gher- (1) "to grasp, enclose." Sense of "accomplice" is first recorded 1952, American English, from meaning "group united in common cause" (1719). In demographics, "group of persons having a common statistical characteristic" (originally being born in the same year), 1944. | گڏيل گهر، فوج جي باريڪ، (سنڌي لفظ گهر مان کنيل) | गडयल गहर, फ़वज जय बअरयक, (सनधय लफ़ज़ गहर मअन कनयल) | *gher- (1) Sindhi root (گهر) meaning "to grasp, enclose." It forms all or part of: Asgard; carol; choir; choral; chorale; choric; chorister; chorus; cohort; cortege; court; courteous; courtesan; courtesy; courtier; curtilage; curtsy; garden; garth; gird; girdle; girt; girth; -grad; hangar; Hilda; Hildegard; Hortense; horticulture; jardiniere; kindergarten; Midgard; orchard; Terpsichore; Utgard; yard (n.1) "patch of ground around a house." |
| colony | late 14c., "ancient Roman settlement outside Italy," from Latin colonia "settled land, farm, landed estate," from colonus "husbandman, tenant farmer, settler in new land," from colere "to cultivate, to till; to inhabit; to frequent, practice, respect; tend, guard," from PIE root *kwel- (1) "revolve, move round; sojourn, dwell" (source also of Latin -cola "inhabitant"). Also used by the Romans to translate Greek apoikia "people from home." In reference to modern situations, "company or body of people who migrate from their native country to cultivate and inhabit a new place while remaining subject to the mother country," attested from 1540s. Meaning "a country or district colonized" is by 1610s. | ولر، وڳر، وڳ، ويڙھو (رھڻ جي جماعت) | वलर, वगर, वग, वयड़हव (रहण जय जमअअत) | *kwel- (1) also *kwelə-, Sindhi root (ول، ولو) meaning "revolve, move round; sojourn, dwell." |
| comb | Old English camb (later Anglian comb) "thin strip of toothed, stiff material" (for dressing the hair), also "fleshy crest growing on the head of the domestic fowl" (so called for its serrations), hence "crest of a hat, helmet, etc.;" also "honeycomb" (for which see honeycomb (n.)) , from Proto-Germanic *kambaz (source also of Old Saxon and Old High German camb, German Kamm, Middle Dutch cam, Dutch kam, Old Norse kambr), literally "toothed object," from PIE *gombhos, from root *gembh- "tooth, nail." | جنب (ڏند) جنھن مان جنبوري لفظ ٺھيو، جنھن کي ٻھ ڏند ٿين ۽ ڪوڪڻ ڪڍڻ جو اوزار ٿيندي آھي. | जनब (डनद) जनहन मअन जनबवरय लफ़ज़ ठहयव, जनहन कय बह डनद थयन ۽ कवकण कढण जव अवज़अर थयनदय आहय. | *gembh- Sindhi root (جنڀ، ڏند) meaning "tooth, nail." It forms all or part of: cam (n.1) "projecting part of a rotating machinery;" comb; gem; oakum; unkempt. |
| common | c. 1300, "belonging to all, owned or used jointly, general, of a public nature or character," from Old French comun "common, general, free, open, public" (9c., Modern French commun), from Latin communis "in common, public, shared by all or many; general, not specific; familiar, not pretentious." This is from a reconstructed PIE compound *ko-moin-i- "held in common," compound adjective formed from *ko- "together" + *moi-n-, suffixed form of root *mei- (1) "to change, go, move," hence literally "shared by all." | مڙني (ڪو) جو، سڀني جو، عام | मड़नय (कव) जव, सभनय जव, अअम | |
| comply | early 14c., "to carry out, fulfill" (transitive), probably from Old French compli, past participle of complir "to accomplish, fulfill, carry out," from Vulgar Latin *complire, from Latin complere "to fill up," transferred to "fulfill, finish (a task)," from com-, here probably as an intensive prefix (see com-), + plere "to fill" (from PIE root *pele- (1) "to fill"). Intransitive sense of "to consent, act in accordance with another's will or desire" is attested from c. 1600 and might have been influenced by ply (v.2), or perhaps it is a reintroduction from Italian, where complire had come to mean "satisfy by 'filling up' the forms of courtesy" (compare compliment (n.)). | پورو ڪرڻ | पवरव करण | *pele- (1) *pelə-, Sindhi root (ڦل، پور) meaning "to fill," with derivatives referring to abundance and multitude. It forms all or part of: accomplish; complete; compliment; comply; depletion; expletive; fele; fill; folk; full (adj.); gefilte fish; hoi polloi; implement; manipulation; nonplus; plebe; plebeian; plebiscite; pleiotropy; Pleistocene; plenary; plenitude; plenty; plenum; plenipotentiary; pleo-; pleonasm; plethora; Pliocene; pluperfect; plural; pluri-; plus; Pollux; poly-; polyamorous; polyandrous; polyclinic; polydactyl; polydipsia; Polydorus; polyethylene; polyglot; polygon; polygraph; polygyny; polyhedron; polyhistor; polymath; polymer; polymorphous; Polynesia; polyp; Polyphemus; polyphony; polysemy; polysyllabic; polytheism; replenish; replete; supply; surplus; volkslied. |
| conduct | mid-15c., "action of guiding or leading, guide" (in sauf conducte), from Medieval Latin conductus, from past-participle stem of Latin conducere "to lead or bring together," from assimilated form of com "with, together" (see con-) + ducere "to lead" (from PIE root *deuk- "to lead"). Sense of "personal behavior" is first recorded 1670s. A doublet of conduit. | ڌاڪڻ، گڏيل طور تي ڏانءَ ڏسڻ | धअकण, गडयल तवर तय डअन डसण | *deuk- Sindhi root (ڌاڪ، ديوڪ) meaning "to lead." |
| consonant (n) | early 14c., "alphabetic element other than a vowel," from Latin consonantem (nominative consonans) "sounding together, agreeing," as a noun, "a consonant" (consonantem littera), present participle of consonare "to sound together, sound aloud," from assimilated form of com "with, together" (see con-) + sonare "to sound, make a noise," "to sound," from PIE *swene-, from root *swen- "to sound." Consonants were thought of as sounds that are produced only together with vowels. Related: Consonantal. | سڏيندڙ آواز، جيڪو اچار ۾ اچي | सडयनदड़ आवअज़, जयकव अचअर में अचय | *swen- also swenə-, Sindhi root meaning (سيڻ، سڏ) "to sound." It forms all or part of: assonance; consonant; dissonant; resound; sonant; sonata; sone; sonic; sonnet; sonogram; sonorous; sound (n.1) "noise, what is heard;" sound (v.1) "to be audible;" swan; unison. |
| construct | 1660s, "put together the parts of in their proper place and order," from Latin constructus, past participle of construere "pile up together, accumulate; build, make, erect," from assimilated form of com "with, together" (see con-) + struere "to pile up" (from PIE *streu-, extended form of root *stere- "to spread"). Sense of "to devise and form in the mind" is from 1755. Related: Constructed; constructing. | گڏيل استر ڪرڻ (ٺاھڻ) | गडयल असतर करण (ठअहण) | *stere- *sterə-, also *ster-, Sindhi root (اسٿر) meaning "to spread." It forms all or part of: consternate; consternation; construct; construction; destroy; destruction; industry; instruct; instruction; instrument; obstruct; obstruction; perestroika; prostrate; sternum; sternocleidomastoid; strain (n.2) "race, stock, line;" stratagem; strategy; strath; strato-; stratocracy; stratography; stratosphere; stratum; stratus; straw; stray; street; strew; stroma; structure; substrate; substratum; substructure. |
| cooperate | also co-operate, "to act or operate jointly with another or others to the same end," c. 1600, from Late Latin cooperatus, past participle of cooperari "to work together with," from assimilated form of com "with, together" (see com-) + operari "to work," from PIE root *op- "to work, produce in abundance." Cooperator "fellow worker, associate" is attested from early 15c. Related: Cooperated; cooperating. | گڏيل اپت | गडयल अपत | *op- Sindhi root (اپ، اپاءَ) meaning "to work, produce in abundance." It forms all or part of: cooperate; cooperation; copious; copy; cornucopia; hors d'oeuvre; inure; maneuver; manure; oeuvre; office; official; officinal; omni-; omnibus; omnium gatherum; op. cit.; opera; operate; operation; operose; optimism; optimum; opulence; opulent; opus; Oscan. |
| copy | mid-14c., "written account or record," from Old French copie (13c.) and directly from Medieval Latin copia "reproduction, transcript," from Latin copia "an abundance, ample supply, profusion, plenty," from assimilated form of com "with" (see com-) + ops (genitive opis) "power, wealth, resources," from PIE root *op- "to work, produce in abundance." | پوءِ اپائڻ (اصل لفظ اپ، اپائڻ) | पव अपअयण (असल लफ़ज़ अप, अपअयण) | *op- Sindhi root (اپ، اپاءَ) meaning "to work, produce in abundance." |
| Core | early 14c., “heart or inmost part of anything” (especially an apple, pear, etc.), of uncertain origin, probably from Old French cor, oeur “core of fruit, heart of lettuce,” literally “heart,” from Latin cor “heart,” from PIE root *kerd- “heart.” | ھردو، ڪنھن بھ جسم جو مرڪز | हरदव, कनहन बह जसम जव मरकज़ | *kerd- Sindhi root (ھردو، ڪردو) meaning "heart." |
| corn (n) | "grain," Old English corn "single seed of a cereal plant; seeds of cereal plants generally; plants which produce corn when growing in the field," from Proto-Germanic *kurnam "small seed" (source also of Old Frisian and Old Saxon korn "grain," Middle Dutch coren, German Korn, Old Norse korn, Gothic kaurn), from PIE root *gre-no- "grain." | ڪڻو (اناج جو داڻو) | कणव (अनअज जव दअणव) | *gre-no- *grə-no-, Sindhi root (ڳڙو، ڪڻو) meaning "grain." It forms all or part of: corn (n.1); filigree; garner; garnet; grain; granary; grange; granger; granite; granular; granule; grenade; grenadine; kernel; pomegranate. |
| corporate | early 15c., "united in one body, constituted as a legal corporation," as a number of individuals empowered to do business as an individual, in early use often of municipalities, from Latin corporatus, past participle of corporare "make or fashion into a body, furnish with a body," also "to make into a corpse, kill," from corpus (genitive corporis) "body" (from PIE root *kwrep- "body, form, appearance"). The past participle, corporatus, also was used as a noun meaning "member of a corporation." In reference to any body of persons united in a community from c. 1600. Related: Corporately; corporateness. | ڪارپتو، ڪارپت وارو، ڌنڌي ڌاڙيءَ ۾ نيڪ نالي وارو | कअरपतव, कअरपत वअरव, धनधय धअड़य में नयक नअलय वअरव | *kwrep- Sindhi root (ڪارپت) meaning "body, form, appearance," probably a verbal root meaning "to appear." It forms all or part of: corporal (adj.) "of or belonging to the body;" corporate; corporation; corporeal; corps; corpse; corpulence; corpulent; corpus; corpuscle; corsage; corse; corset; incorporeal; incorporate; leprechaun; midriff. |
| cotton | late 13c., "white fibrous substance containing the seeds of the cotton plant," from Old French coton (12c.), ultimately (via Provençal, Italian, or Old Spanish) from Arabic qutn, a word perhaps of Indic origin *kuttin. | ڪتڻ (ڪپھ جي سوءَ، ڪپھ) | कतण (कपह जय सव, कपह) | |
| count | late 14c., "to enumerate, assign numerals to successively and in order; repeat the numerals in order," also "to reckon among, include," from Old French conter "to count, add up," also "tell a story," from Latin computare "to count, sum up, reckon together," from com "with, together" (see com-) + putare "to reckon," originally "to prune," from PIE root *garn *pau- (2) "to cut, strike, stamp." | ڳاڻيٽو | गअणयटव | *pau- (2) Sindhi root (پائڻ، ڳڻڻ) meaning "to cut, strike, stamp." It forms all or part of: account; amputate; amputation; anapest; berate; compute; count (v.); depute; deputy; dispute; impute; pave; pavement; pit (n.1) "hole, cavity;" putative; rate (v.1) "to scold;" reputation; repute. |
| courier | c. 1300, corour, "a swift horse;" mid-14c., "a messenger sent with letters or despatches," from Anglo-French courrier, from Old French coreor "fast-running horse; messenger, scout," ultimately an agent noun from Latin currere "to run" (from PIE root *kers- "to run"). From 1770 as "travelling servant who makes arrangements at hotels and on a journey for his employer." | ڪارڻو، ڪم ڪار ڪندڙ، شيون پھچائيندڙ | कअरणव, कम कअर कनदड़, शयवन पहचअययनदड़ | *kers- Sindhi root (ڪاريو) meaning "to run." |
| cover | mid-12c., "protect or defend from harm," from Old French covrir "to cover, protect, conceal, dissemble" (12c., Modern French couvrir), from Late Latin coperire, from Latin cooperire "to cover over, overwhelm, bury," from assimilated form of com-, here probably an intensive prefix (see com-), + operire "to close, cover," from PIE compound *op-wer-yo-, from *op- "over" (see epi-) + root *wer- (4) "to cover." Sense of "to hide or screen" is from c. 1300, that of "to put something over (something else)" is from early 14c. Sense of "spread (something) over the entire extent of a surface" is from late 14c. Military sense of "aim at" is from 1680s; newspaper sense first recorded 1893; use in U.S. football dates from 1907. Betting sense "place a coin of equal value on another" is by 1857. Of a horse or other large male animal, as a euphemism for "copulate with" it dates from 1530s. Meaning "to include, embrace, comprehend" is by 1868. Meaning "to pass or travel over, move through" is from 1818. Sense of "be equal to, be of the same extent or amount, compensate for" is by 1828. Sense of "take charge of in place of an absent colleague" is attested by 1970. | ڪواڙ، واڙ، بند ڪرڻ، ڍڪڻ | कवअड़, वअड़, बनद करण, ढकण | *wer- (4) Sindhi root (وارڻ، ڍڪڻ) meaning "to cover." |
| cow | From Middle English cou, cu, from Old English cū (“cow”), from Proto-Germanic *kūz (“cow”), from PIE *gʷṓws (“cow”). Cognate with Sanskrit गो (go), Ancient Greek βοῦς (boûs), Persian گاو (gāv)), Proto-Slavic *govędo (Serbo-Croatian govedo), Scots coo (“cow”), North Frisian ko, kø (“cow”), West Frisian ko (“cow”), Dutch koe (“cow”), Low German Koh, Koo, Kau (“cow”), German Kuh (“cow”), Swedish ko (“cow”), Norwegian ku (“cow”), Icelandic kýr (“cow”), Latin bōs (“ox, bull, cow”), Armenian կով (kov, “cow”). | ڳئون | गयवन | *gwou- Sindhi root (ڳئون) meaning "ox, bull, cow," perhaps ultimately imitative of lowing; compare Sumerian gu, Chinese ngu, ngo "ox." It forms all or part of: beef; Boeotian; Bosphorus; boustrophedon; bovine; bugle; Bucephalus; bucolic; buffalo; bugloss; bulimia; butane; butter; butyl; butyric; cow (n.); cowbell; cowboy; cowlick; cowslip; Euboea; Gurkha; hecatomb; kine. |
| cowrie | small, glossy shell, used as money from ancient times to 20c. in parts of Asia, 1660s, from Hindi and Urdu kauri, from Mahrati kavadi, from Sanskrit kaparda, which is perhaps related to Tamil kotu "shell." | ڪوڏي | कवडय | |
| cozy | "snug, comfortable, warm," 1709, colsie, originally Scottish dialect, perhaps of Indic origin (compare Norwegian kose seg "be cozy"). In Britain, usually cosy. Related: Cozily; coziness. As a noun, "padded covering for a teapot to keep the heat in," 1863. | ڪوسي | कवसय | |
| crane (n) | large grallatorial bird with very long legs, beak, and neck, Old English cran, common Germanic (cognates: Old Saxon krano, Old High German krano, German Kranich, and, with unexplained change of consonant, Old Norse trani, Danish trane), from PIE *gere-no-, suffixed form of root *gere- (2) "to cry hoarsely," also the name of the crane (cognates: Greek geranos, Latin grus, Welsh garan, Lithuanian garnys "heron, stork"). Thus the name is perhaps an echo of its cry in ancient ears. | گرڻ پکي | गरण पकय | |
| cream | early 14c., creyme, "the rich and buttery part of milk," from Old French cresme, craime, creme "chrism, holy oil" (13c., Modern French crème). This word is a blend of Late Latin chrisma "ointment" (from Greek khrisma "unguent;" from PIE root *ghrei- "to rub") and Late Latin cramum "cream," which is of uncertain origin, perhaps from Gaulish. The French word replaced Old English ream; it was re-borrowed 19c. as creme. From early 15c. as "dish or confection made from or resembling cream." The figurative sense of "most excellent element or part" is from 1580s. It is attested from 1660s as "any part that separates from the rest and rises to the surface" and also in its application to substances resembling cream. Cream-cheese is from 1580s. Cream-soda is attested by from 1854. Cream-colored (also cream-coloured) "having the pale, yellowish-white color of cream," is from 1707. | ڳري *ڳريم (اھڙي سڻڀي شيءِ جيڪا تپش تي ڳري وڃي) | गरय *गरयम (अहड़य सणभय शय जयकअ तपश तय गरय वञय) | *ghrei- ghrēi-, Sindhi root (ڳاري) meaning "to rub." It forms all or part of: chrism; Christ; christen; Christian; Christmas; cream; grime; grisly; Kriss Kringle. |
| credo | early 13c., "the Creed in the Church service," from Latin credo "I believe," the first word of the Apostles' and Nicene creeds, first person singular present indicative of credere "to believe," from PIE compound *kerd-dhe- "to believe," literally "to put one's heart" (source also of Old Irish cretim, Irish creidim, Welsh credu "I believe," Sanskrit śrad-dhā- "faith, confidence, devotion"), from PIE root *kerd- "heart." The nativized form is creed. General sense of "formula or statement of belief" is from 1580s. | ھردو، ھردي سان مڃيل عقيدو | हरदव, हरदय सअन मञयल अक़यदव | *kerd- Sindhi root (ھردو، ڪردو) meaning "heart." |
| crime | mid-13c., "sinfulness, infraction of the laws of God," from Old French crimne "crime, mortal sin" (12c., Modern French crime), from Latin crimen (genitive criminis) "charge, indictment, accusation; crime, fault, offense," perhaps from cernere "to decide, to sift" (from PIE root *krei- "to sieve," thus "discriminate, distinguish"). | ڪِري ڪيل، نقصان ڏيندڙ | करय कयल, नक़सअन डयनदड़ | *krei- Sindhi root (ڪري، ڪريل) meaning "to sieve," thus "discriminate, distinguish." It forms all or part of: ascertain; certain; concern; concert; crime; criminal; crisis; critic; criterion; decree; diacritic; discern; disconcert; discreet; discriminate; endocrine; excrement; excrete; garble; hypocrisy; incertitude; recrement; recriminate; riddle (n.2) "coarse sieve;" secret; secretary. |
| crisis | early 15c., crise, crisis, "decisive point in the progress of a disease," also "vitally important or decisive state of things, point at which change must come, for better or worse," from Latinized form of Greek krisis "turning point in a disease, that change which indicates recovery or death" (used as such by Hippocrates and Galen), literally "judgment, result of a trial, selection," from krinein "to separate, decide, judge," from PIE root *krei- "to sieve," thus "discriminate, distinguish." | ڪريل حالت، ڪِري (نقصان، ڇيھي) واري حالت | करयल हअलत, करय (नक़सअन, छयहय) वअरय हअलत | *krei- Sindhi root (ڪري، ڪريل) meaning "to sieve," thus "discriminate, distinguish." |
| critic | formerly critick, 1580s, "one who passes judgment, person skilled in judging merit in some particular class of things," from Middle French critique (14c.), from Latin criticus "a judge, literary critic," from Greek kritikos "able to make judgments," from krinein "to separate, decide" (from PIE root *krei- "to sieve," thus "discriminate, distinguish"). The meaning "one who judges merits of books, plays, etc." is from c. 1600. The English word always has had overtones of "censurer, faultfinder, one who judges severely." For "inferior or incompetent critic" 17c. had criticaster; later generations used criticling, critikin, criticule. | ڪِري ڪيل ۽ اڻ ڪري ڪيل شين جي وچ ۾ ويڇو رکندڙ، تفاوت سمجهندڙ، نقاد | करय कयल ۽ अण करय कयल शयन जय वच में वयछव रकनदड़, तफ़अवत समजहनदड़, नक़अद | *krei- Sindhi root (ڪري، ڪريل) meaning "to sieve," thus "discriminate, distinguish." |
| crow | From Middle English crowe, from Old English crāwe, from Proto-Germanic *krāwō (compare West Frisian krie, Dutch kraai, German Krähe), from *krāhaną ‘to crow’. from PIE *ḱro- | ڪارو (رنگ جي ڪري ڪانءَ تي پراڻو نالو) | कअरव (रनग जय करय कअन तय परअणव नअलव) | |
| crude (adj) | late 14c., "in a raw or unprepared state" (of coarse bread or untanned hide), from Latin crudus "rough; not cooked, raw, bloody," from PIE *krue-do-, from PIE root *kreue- "raw flesh." Meaning "lacking grace, socially unrefined" is attested by 1640s. Related: Crudely; crudeness. Crude oil, which is in its natural state and unrefined, is from 1865. | ڪُرڏ، ڪاڙھو، ڪچو خام | करड, कअड़हव, कचव खअम | *kreue- *kreuə-, Sindhi root (ڪرڏ، کرڏ) meaning "raw flesh." It forms all or part of: creatine; creosote; crude; cruel; ecru; pancreas; raw; recrudesce; recrudescence. |
| cruel | c. 1200, "stern;" early 13c., of suffering, death, etc., "attended by much distress;" c. 1300, "inclined or willing to make another suffer, disposed to inflict suffering, mental or physical, on any sentient being," from Old French cruel (12c.), earlier crudel, from Latin crudelis "rude, unfeeling; cruel, hard-hearted," related to crudus "rough, raw, bloody" (see crude). Related: Cruelly. | ڪرڏ، شوم، ڏڏر، ڦڏر، وحشي طبيعت | करड, शवम, डडर, फडर, वहशय तबयअत | *kreue- *kreuə-, Sindhi root (ڪرڏ، کرڏ) meaning "raw flesh." It forms all or part of: creatine; creosote; crude; cruel; ecru; pancreas; raw; recrudesce; recrudescence. |
| culture (n) | mid-15c., "the tilling of land, act of preparing the earth for crops," from Latin cultura "a cultivating, agriculture," figuratively "care, culture, an honoring," from past participle stem of colere "to tend, guard; to till, cultivate" (see colony). Meaning "the cultivation or rearing of a crop, act of promoting growth in plants" (1620s) was transferred to fish, oysters, etc., by 1796, then to "production of bacteria or other microorganisms in a suitable environment" (1880), then "product of such a culture" (1884). The figurative sense of "cultivation through education, systematic improvement and refinement of the mind" is attested by c. 1500; Century Dictionary writes that it was, "Not common before the nineteenth century, except with strong consciousness of the metaphor involved, though used in Latin by Cicero." Meaning "learning and taste, the intellectual side of civilization" is by 1805; the closely related sense of "collective customs and achievements of a people, a particular form of collective intellectual development" is by 1867. | ويڙھي (پاڙي) ۾ رھندڙن جي ريت رواج، پيداوار | वयड़हय (पअड़य) में रहनदड़न जय रयत रवअज, पयदअवअर | *kwel- (1) also *kwelə-, Sindhi root (ويڙھو، ول، ولو) meaning "revolve, move round; sojourn, dwell." |
| cup | From Middle English cuppe, coppe, from Old English cuppe (“cup”), from Late Latin cuppa, probably a form of Latin cūpa (“tub”), from PIE *kewp- (“a hollow”). Reinforced in Middle English by Anglo-Norman cupe, from the same Latin source. Compare Saterland Frisian Kop (“cup”), West Frisian kop, Dutch kop (“cup”), German Low German Koppke, Köppke (“cup”), German Kopf (“head; top”), Danish kop, Swedish kopp. | ڪپو | कपव | |
| curfew | early 14c., curfeu, "evening signal, ringing of a bell at a fixed hour" as a signal to extinguish fires and lights, from Anglo-French coeverfu (late 13c.), from Old French cuevrefeu, literally "cover fire" (Modern French couvre-feu), from cuevre, imperative of covrir "to cover" (see cover (v.)) + feu "fire" (see focus (n.)). Related: Curfew-bell (early 14c.). The medieval practice of ringing a bell (usually at 8 or 9 p.m.) as an order to bank the hearths and prepare for sleep was to prevent conflagrations from untended fires. The modern extended sense of "periodic restriction of movement" had evolved by 1800s. | واڙڻ، ڄر ٻارڻ | वअड़ण, ॼर बअरण | *wer- (4) Sindhi root (وارڻ، ڍڪڻ) meaning "to cover." |
| currency | 1650s, "condition of flowing," a sense now rare or obsolete, from Latin currens, present participle of currere "to run" (from PIE root *kers- "to run"). The notion of "state or fact of flowing from person to person" led to the senses "continuity in public knowledge" (1722) and "that which is current as a medium of exchange, money" (1729). | ڪرڻي، ھلت، ھاج، ڌنڌي جي ڪرڻي | करणय, हलत, हअज, धनधय जय करणय | *kers- Sindhi root (ڪاريو) meaning "to run." |
| cursor | c. 1300 (as a surname) "a running messenger," from Latin cursor "runner," also "errand-boy," from curs-, past-participle stem of currere "to run" (from PIE root *kers- "to run"). From 1590s as "part of aslide rule or other instrument that slides backward and forward upon another part." The computer screen sense is a 1967 extension of this. | ڪرسڻو، ڪرڻو، ڪارڻو | करसणव, करणव, कअरणव | *kers- Sindhi root (ڪاريو) meaning "to run." |
| cut | c. 1300, "to make, with an edged tool or instrument, an incision in; make incisions for the purpose of dividing into two or more parts; remove by means of a cutting instrument;" of an implement, "have a cutting edge," according to Middle English Compendium from a presumed Old English *cyttan, "since ME has the normal regional variants of the vowel." Others suggest a possible Scandinavian etymology from North Germanic *kut- (source also of Swedish dialectal kuta "to cut," kuta "knife," Old Norse kuti "knife"), or that it is from Old French couteau "knife." Ultimately Indic origin *kutt | ڪٽ | कट | |
| cycle | late 14c., cicle, "perpetual circulating period of time, on the completion of which certain phenomena return in the same order," especially and originally in reference to astronomical phenomena, from Old French cicle and directly from Late Latin cyclus, from Greek kyklos "circle, wheel, any circular body," also "circular motion, cycle of events," from PIE kw(e)-kwl-o-, a suffixed, reduplicated form of the root *kwel- (1) "to revolve, move round." | چيڪلو، چڪرو، چڪر | चयकलव, चकरव, चकर | *kwel- (1) also *kwelə-, Sindhi root (ول، ولو) meaning "revolve, move round; sojourn, dwell." |
| daisy (n) | common wildflower of Europe, growing in pastures and on mountainsides and cultivated in gardens, c. 1300, daiseie, from Old English dægesege, from dæges eage "day's eye;" see day (n.) + eye (n.). So called because the petals open at dawn and close at dusk. In Medieval Latin it was solis oculus "sun's eye." The use of dais eye for "the sun" is attested from early 15c. | دءِ وارو، ڏينھن جي اک (گل جو نالو) | द वअरव, डयनहन जय अक (गल जव नअलव) | *dyeu- Sindhi root (دءٌ) meaning "to shine," in derivatives "sky, heaven, god." |
| danger (n) | mid-13c., daunger, "arrogance, insolence;" c. 1300, "power of a lord or master, jurisdiction," from Anglo-French daunger, Old French dangier "power, power to harm, mastery, authority, control" (12c., Modern French danger), alteration (due to association with damnum) of dongier, from Vulgar Latin *dominarium "power of a lord," from Latin dominus "lord, master," from domus "house" (from PIE root *dem- "house, household"). Modern sense of "risk, peril, exposure to injury, loss, pain, etc." (from being in the control of someone or something else) evolved first in French and was in English by late 14c. For this, Old English had pleoh; in early Middle English this sense is found in peril. For sound changes, compare dungeon, which is from the same source. | ڌام ڏڦيڙ، خطرو | धअम डफयड़, खतरव | *dem- Sindhi root (ڌام) meaning "house, household." |
| data | 1640s, "a fact given or granted," classical plural of datum, from Latin datum "(thing) given," neuter past participle of dare "to give" (from PIE root *do- "to give"). In classical use originally "a fact given as the basis for calculation in mathematical problems." From 1897 as "numerical facts collected for future reference." | ڏيت، ديت، ڏيتي، ھتي ڄاڻ جيڪا ڏجي | डयत, दयत, डयतय, हतय ॼअण जयकअ डजय | *do- *dō-, Sindhi root (ڏي وٺ) meaning "to give." It forms all or part of: add; anecdote; antidote; betray; condone; dacha; dado; data; date (n.1) "time;" dative; deodand; die (n.); donation; donative; donor; Dorian; Dorothy; dose; dowager; dower; dowry; edition; endow; Eudora; fedora; Isidore; mandate; Pandora; pardon; perdition; Polydorus; render; rent (n.1) "payment for use of property;" sacerdotal; samizdat; surrender; Theodore; Theodosia; tradition; traitor; treason; vend. |
| dawn (n) | c. 1200, dauen, "to become day, grow light in the morning," shortened or back-formed from dauinge, dauing "period between darkness and sunrise," (c. 1200), from Old English dagung, from dagian "to become day," from Proto-Germanic *dagaz "day" (source also of German tagen "to dawn"), from PIE root *agh- "a day." Probably influenced by Scandinavian cognates (Danish dagning, Old Norse dagan "a dawning"). Related: Dawned; dawning. Figurative sense "begin to develop" is from 1717. Of ideas, etc., "begin to become apparent or evident to the mind," by 1852. | دوءُ، چمڪڻ، سوجهرو | दव, चमकण, सवजहरव | *dyeu- Sindhi root (دءٌ) meaning "to shine," in derivatives "sky, heaven, god." |
| day | From Middle English day, from Old English dæġ (“day”), from Proto-Germanic *dagaz (“day”), from PIE *dʰogʷʰ-o-s, from *dʰegʷʰ- (“to burn”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian Dai (“day”), West Frisian dei (“day”), Dutch dag (“day”), German Low German Dag (“day”), Alemannic German Däi (“day”), German Tag (“day”), Swedish, Norwegian and Danish dag (“day”), Icelandic dagur (“day”). Cognate also with Albanian djeg (“to burn”), Lithuanian degti (“to burn”), Tocharian A tsäk-, Russian жечь (žečʹ, “to burn”) from *degti, дёготь (djógotʹ, “tar, pitch”), Sanskrit दाह (dāhá, “heat”), दहति (dáhati, “to burn”), Latin foveō (“to warm, keep warm, incubate”). Latin diēs is a false cognate; it derives from PIE *dyew- (“to shine”). | ڏينهن، دِئو (سج جي اس) | डयनहन, दयव (सज जय अस) | *dyeu- Sindhi root (دءٌ) meaning "to shine," in derivatives "sky, heaven, god." |
| death | From Middle English deeth, from Old English dēaþ, from Proto-Germanic *dauþuz (compare West Frisian dead, Dutch dood, German Tod, Swedish död), from PIE *dʰówtus. More at die. | ديهانت | दयहअनत | |
| deca- | before a vowel, dec-, word-forming element meaning "ten," from Latinized combining form of Greek deka "ten" (from PIE root *dekm- "ten"). In the metric system, "multiplied by ten;" while deci- means "divided by ten." | ڏھاڪا | डहअकअ | *dekm- Sindhi root (ڏھاڪ) meaning "ten." It forms all or part of: cent; centenarian; centenary; centi-; centime; centurion; century; centennial; cinquecento; dean; deca-; decade; decagon; Decalogue; Decameron; decapod; decathlon; December; decennial; deci-; decile; decimal; decimate; decimation; decuple; decussate; denarius; denier (n.) "French coin;" dicker; dime; dinar; doyen; dozen; duodecimal; duodecimo; eighteen; fifteen; fourteen; hecatomb; hendeca-; hundred; icosahedron; nineteen; nonagenarian; octogenarian; Pentecost; percent; quattrocento; Septuagint; sexagenarian; seventeen; sixteen; ten; tenth; thirteen; thousand; tithe. |
| deci- | in the metric system, word-forming element denoting one-tenth of the standard unit of measure, 1801, from French deci-, taken arbitrarily from Latin decimus "tenth," from decem "ten" (from PIE root *dekm- "ten"). | ڏھين، ڏھ انگ سان لاڳاپيل | डहयन, डह अनग सअन लअगअपयल | *dekm- Sindhi root (ڏھاڪ) meaning "ten." |
| deck | mid-15c., dekke, "covering extending from side to side over part of a ship," from a nautical use of Middle Dutch dec, decke "roof, covering," from Proto-Germanic *thakam (source also of thatch (n.)), from PIE root *(s)teg- "to cover." Sense extended early in English from "covering" to "platform of a ship." Meaning "pack of cards necessary to play a game" is from 1590s, perhaps because they were stacked like decks of a ship. Tape-deck (1949) is in reference to the flat surface of old reel-to-reel tape recorders. | ڍَڪ، ٻيڙي جو مٿيون حصو جيڪو ڍڪي ٿو. | ढक, बयड़य जव मथयवन हसव जयकव ढकय थव. | *(s)teg- Sindhi root (ڍڪ، ٽگھ) meaning "to cover," especially with a roof. It forms all or part of: deck (n.) "covering over part of a ship;" deck (v.) "adorn;" deckle; detect; integument; protect; protection; stegosaurus; tegular; tegument; thatch; thug; tile; Tuileries. |
| decree | "special ordinance or regulation promulgated by authority," early 14c., originally ecclesiastical, secular use is by late 14c., from Old French decre, variant of decret (12c., Modern French décret), from Latin decretum, neuter of decretus, past participle of decernere "to decree, decide, pronounce a decision," from de (see de-) + cernere "to separate" (from PIE root *krei- "to sieve," thus "discriminate, distinguish"). | ڪِري (پرھيز) ڪرڻ جي ھدايت | करय (परहयज़) करण जय हदअयत | *krei- Sindhi root (ڪري، ڪريل) meaning "to sieve," thus "discriminate, distinguish." |
| dedicate | early 15c. (of church buildings) "set apart and consecrate to a deity or a sacred purpose," from Latin dedicatus, past participle of dedicare "consecrate, proclaim, affirm, set apart," from de "away" (see de-) + dicare "proclaim" (from PIE root *deik- "to show," also "pronounce solemnly"). | دايڪ، ڏيڻ وارو | दअयक, डयण वअरव | *deik- Sindhi root (ڏک، ڏيک) meaning "to show," also "pronounce solemnly," "also in derivatives referring to the directing of words or objects" [Watkins]. It forms all or part of: abdicate; abdication; addict; adjudge; apodictic; avenge; benediction; betoken; condition; contradict; contradiction; dedicate; deictic; deixis; dictate; diction; dictionary; dictum; digit; disk; ditto; ditty; edict; Eurydice; index; indicate; indication; indict; indiction; indictive; indite; interdict; judge; judicial; juridical; jurisdiction; malediction; malison; paradigm; policy (n.2) "written insurance agreement;" preach; predicament; predicate; predict; prejudice; revenge; soi-disant; syndic; teach; tetchy; theodicy; toe; token; valediction; vendetta; verdict; veridical; vindicate; vindication; voir dire. |
| deity | Middle English (denoting the divine nature of God): from Old French deite, from ecclesiastical Latin deitas (translating Greek theotēs ), from deus ‘god’. | ديوتا | दयवतअ | *dyeu- Sindhi root (دءٌ) meaning "to shine," in derivatives "sky, heaven, god." |
| dental | Borrowed from Middle French dental, or from Medieval Latin dentālis, from Latin dēns (“tooth”), from PIE *h₁d-ent- (“tooth”), participle of *h₁ed- (“eat”), perhaps from an older sense "bite". | ڏند، ڏاٺ، هوڙ (ڏندن جي باري) | डनद, डअठ, हवड़ (डनदन जय बअरय) | *dent- Sindhi root (ڏند، ڏاٺ) meaning "tooth." It forms all or part of: al dente; dandelion; dental; dentifrice; dentist; dentition; denture; glyptodon; indent (v.1) "to make notches;" mastodon; orthodontia; periodontal; teethe; tooth; toothsome; tusk; trident. |
| deny (v) | Borrowed from Old French denoier (“to deny, to repudiate”) (French dénier), from Latin denegare (“to deny, to refuse”), from de- (“away”) and negare (“to refuse”), the latter ultimately from PIE *ne (“no, not”). | نه (انڪارڻ) | नह (अनकअरण) | *ne- Sindhi root (نه، اڻ) meaning "not." |
| destroy | c. 1200, destruien, later destroien, "to overthrow, lay waste, ruin," from Old French destruire "destroy, ravage, lay waste" (12c., Modern French détruire), from Vulgar Latin *destrugere (source of Italian distruggere), refashioned (influenced by destructus), from Latin destruere "tear down, demolish," literally "un-build," from de "un-, down" (see de-) + struere "to pile, build" (from PIE *streu-, extended form of root *stere- "to spread"). | استر پکيڙ کي برباد ڪرڻ | असतर पकयड़ कय बरबअद करण | *stere- *sterə-, also *ster-, Sindhi root (اسٿر) meaning "to spread." |
| deutrero- | before vowels deuter-, word-forming element meaning "second," from Late Latin deutero-, from Greek deuteros "next, second," a word of uncertain origin. According to some sources from duo "two" (from PIE root *dwo- "two"), but according to Watkins the ground sense is "missing" and the Greek word is from PIE *deu-tero-, suffixed form of *deu- (1) "to lack, be wanting." But Beekes doubts even this. | ڏوئترو، ٻيو | डवयतरव, बयव | *dwo- Sindhi root (ڏون، ٻن وارو) meaning "two." |
| devolve | mid-15c., devolven, "to roll downward or onward" (a sense now archaic or obsolete), from Latin devolvere "to roll down," from de "down" (see de-) + volvere "to roll," from PIE root *wel- (3) "to turn, revolve." Figurative sense of "to cause to pass down, transfer (something) from one person to another" is from 1520s; sense of "be transferred or transmitted" is from 1550s. Meaning "to degenerate" is by 1830. Related: Devolved; devolving. | ھيٺ ورائڻ، واپس ڪرڻ | हयठ वरअयण, वअपस करण | *wel- (3) Sindhi root (ول، ور) meaning "to turn, revolve," with derivatives referring to curved, enclosing objects. It forms all or part of: archivolt; circumvolve; convoluted; convolution; devolve; elytra; evolution; evolve; Helicon; helicopter; helix; helminth; lorimer; ileus; involve; revolt; revolution; revolve; valve; vault (v.1) "jump or leap over;" vault (n.1) "arched roof or ceiling;" volte-face; voluble; volume; voluminous; volute; volvox; volvulus; vulva; wale; walk; wallet; wallow; waltz; well (v.) "to spring, rise, gush;" welter; whelk; willow. |
| dew | From Middle English dew, from Old English dēaw (“dew”), from Proto-Germanic *dawwaz, *dawwą (“dew, moisture”), from PIE *dʰewh₂- (“smoke, haze”). Cognate with West Frisian dau, North Frisian dauw (“dew”), Dutch dauw (“dew”), Low German Dau, German Tau (“dew”), Danish dug (“dew”), Norwegian Bokmål dugg (“dew”), Norwegian Nynorsk dogg (“dew”), Swedish dagg (“dew”), Icelandic dögg (“dew”) and Faroese døgg (“dew”). | ڌنڌ، دونھون | धनध, दवनहवन | |
| di- | word-forming element of Greek origin meaning "two, double, twice, twofold," from Greek di-, shortened form of dis "twice," which is related to duo "two" and cognate with bi-, from PIE root *dwo- "two." In chemistry it indicates a compound containing two units of the element or radical to which it is prefixed. | ڏون، ڏُ (ٻن حصن جو) | डवन, ड (बन हसन जव) | *dwo- Sindhi root (ڏون، ٻن وارو) meaning "two." |
| diameter | late 14c., in geometry, "chord of a circle or sphere which passes through its center; the length of a diameter," from Old French diametre, from Latin diametrus, from Greek diametros (gramme) "diagonal of a circle," from dia "across, through" (see dia-) + metron "a measure" (from PIE root *me- (2) "to measure"). | ٻھ پاسائين + مئڻ، گول جي ماپ | बह पअसअययन + मयण, गवल जय मअप | *me- (2) *mē-, Sindhi root (مئه، مئڻ) meaning "to measure." Some words may belong instead to root *med- "to take appropriate measures." |
| diaphanous (adj) | "transmitting light, transparent," 1610s, from Medieval Latin diaphanus, from Greek diaphanes "transparent," from dia "through" (see dia-) + phainesthai, middle voice form (subject acting on itself) of phainein "bring to light, cause to appear, show," from PIE root *bha- (1) "to shine." Related: Diaphanously; diaphanousness. | جهل مل ڪندڙ، روشني ڏيندڙ | जहल मल कनदड़, रवशनय डयनदड़ | *bha- (1) bhā-, Sindhi root (ڀا، چمڪ) meaning "to shine." |
| diary | 1580s, "an account of daily events, a journal kept by one person of his or her experiences and observations," from Latin diarium "daily allowance," later "a journal," neuter of diarius "daily," from dies "day" (from PIE root *dyeu- "to shine," in derivatives "sky, heaven, god"); also see -ary. | ڏهاڙي | डहअड़य | *dyeu- Sindhi root (دءٌ) meaning "to shine," in derivatives "sky, heaven, god." It forms all or part of: adieu; adios; adjourn; Asmodeus; circadian; deific; deify; deism; deity; deodand; deus ex machina; deva; dial; diary; Diana; Dianthus; diet (n.2) "assembly;" Dioscuri; Dis; dismal; diurnal; diva; Dives; divine; joss; journal; journalist; journey; Jove; jovial; Julia; Julius; July; Jupiter; meridian; Midi; per diem; psychedelic; quotidian; sojourn; Tuesday; Zeus. |
| dictate | 1590s, "positive order or command;" 1610s "authoritative rule, maxim, or precept," from Latin dictatum "a thing said, something dictated," noun use of neuter past participle of dictare "say often, prescribe," frequentative of dicere "to say, speak" (from PIE root *deik- "to show," also "pronounce solemnly"). | ٻُڌائي ۽ ڏيکاري ڪم وٺڻ، دِکاتو | बधअयय ۽ डयकअरय कम वठण, दकअतव | *deik- Sindhi root (ڏک، ڏيک) meaning "to show," also "pronounce solemnly," "also in derivatives referring to the directing of words or objects" [Watkins]. |
| diction | Borrowed from Latin dictiō, dictiōnis, from dictus, past participle of dicere (“to speak”), from PIE *deyḱ- (“to show, point out”). | ڏِک، ڏيک | डक, डयक | *deik- Sindhi root (ڏک، ڏيک) meaning "to show," also "pronounce solemnly," "also in derivatives referring to the directing of words or objects" [Watkins]. |
| die | From Middle English deyen, from Old English dīġan, dīeġan (“to die”) and Old Norse deyja (“to die, pass away”), both from Proto-Germanic *dawjaną (“to die”) (compare Danish and Norwegian Bokmål dø, Norwegian Nynorsk døy, Low German döen, Middle Dutch doyen, douwen, Old High German touwen), from PIE *dʰew- (“to pass away; to die”) (compare Old Norse dá (“catalepsy”), Old Irish díth (“end, death”), Old Church Slavonic давити (daviti, “to strangle”), Albanian vdes (“to die”), vdekje (“death”), Armenian դի (di, “corpse”), Avestan 𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬛𐬍 (duuaidī, “we press”)).[1][2]. Displaced Old English sweltan and partially displaced Old English steorfan (whence Modern English starve). | ڊِهِ، (ديهانت، سڌريل شڪل) ڪري مرڻ | डह, (दयहअनत, सधरयल शकल) करय मरण | |
| dinghy | name for various native boats in the East Indies, 1810, from Hindi dingi "small boat," perhaps from Sanskrit drona-m "wooden trough," related to dru-s "wood, tree," from PIE root *deru- "be firm, solid, steadfast," with specialized senses "wood, "tree" and derivatives referring to objects made of wood. The spelling with -h- is to indicate a hard -g-. | دنگي | दनगय | *deru- also *dreu-, Sindhi root (ڏار، ڪاٺ) meaning "be firm, solid, steadfast," with specialized senses "wood," "tree" and derivatives referring to objects made of wood. It forms all or part of: betroth; Dante; dendrite; dendro-; dendrochronology; dour; Druid; drupe; dryad; dura mater; durable; durance; duration; duress; during; durum; endure; hamadryad; indurate; obdurate; perdurable; philodendron; rhododendron; shelter; tar (n.1) "viscous liquid;" tray; tree; trig (adj.) "smart, trim;" trim; troth; trough; trow; truce; true; trust; truth; tryst. |
| divide | early 14c., "separate into parts or pieces," from Latin dividere "to force apart, cleave, distribute," from assimilated form of dis- "apart" (see dis-) + -videre "to separate," which, according to de Vaan, is from PIE *(d)uid- "to separate, distinguish" (source also of Sanskrit avidhat "allotted," Old Avestan vida- "to devote oneself to"). He writes: "The original PIE verb … (which became thematic in Latin) meant 'to divide in two, separate'. It lost initial *d- through dissimilation in front of the next dental stop, and was reinforced by dis- in Latin …." Also compare devise. | ونڊ، ٽٽڻ، ڀاڱا، تقسيم | वनड, टटण, भअङअ, तक़सयम | |
| divine | "to conjure, to guess," originally "to make out by supernatural insight," mid-14c., divinen, from Old French deviner, from Vulgar Latin *devinare, a dissimilation of *divinare, from Latin divinus "of a god," from divus "of or belonging to a god, inspired, prophetic," related to deus "god, deity" (from PIE root *dyeu- "to shine," in derivatives "sky, heaven, god"). Latin divinus also meant, as a noun, "soothsayer." Related: Divined; divining. Divining rod (or wand) attested from 1650s. | ڏيالو، ديوالو | डयअलव, दयवअलव | *dyeu- Sindhi root (دءٌ) meaning "to shine," in derivatives "sky, heaven, god." |
| dock | "ship's berth, any structure in or upon which a ship may be held for loading, repairing, etc.," late 15c., dokke, from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German docke, which is perhaps ultimately (via Late Latin *ductia "aqueduct") from Latin ducere "to lead," from PIE root *deuk- "to lead;" or possibly from a Scandinavian word for "low ground" (compare Norwegian dokk "hollow, low ground"). The original sense was perhaps "furrow a grounded vessel makes in a mud bank." | ڌاڪ، ٻيڙيءَ کي بيھارڻ جي جڳھ | धअक, बयड़य कय बयहअरण जय जगह | *deuk- Sindhi root (ڌاڪ، ديوڪ) meaning "to lead." |
| doctor | c. 1300, doctour, "Church father," from Old French doctour and directly from Medieval Latin doctor "religious teacher, adviser, scholar," in classical Latin "teacher," agent noun from docere "to show, teach, cause to know," originally "make to appear right," causative of decere "be seemly, fitting," from PIE root *dek- "to take, accept." Meaning "holder of the highest degree in a university, one who has passed all the degrees of a faculty and is thereby empowered to teach the subjects included in it" is from late 14c. Hence "teacher, instructor, learned man; one skilled in a learned profession" (late 14c.). Middle English also used medicin for "a medical doctor" (mid-15c.), from French. Similar usage of the equivalent of doctor is colloquial in most European languages: Italian dottore, French docteur, German doktor, Lithuanian daktaras, though these typically are not the main word in those languages for a medical healer. For similar evolution, compare Sanskrit vaidya- "medical doctor," literally "one versed in science." German Arzt, Dutch arts are from Late Latin archiater, from Greek arkhiatros "chief healer," hence "court physician." French médecin is a back-formation from médicine, replacing Old French miege, from Latin medicus. | ودياتر، ويد، بيد، ڄاڻو، ڏاڪدر | वदयअतर, वयद, बयद, ॼअणव, डअकदर | *dek- Sindhi root (ڏاڪ، ڏس) meaning "to take, accept." It forms all or part of: condign; dainty; decent; decor; decorate; decorous; deign; dignify; dignity; diplodocus; disciple; discipline; disdain; docent; Docetism; docile; docimacy; doctor; doctrine; document; dogma; dogmatic; doxology; heterodox; indignance; indignant; indignation; indignity; orthodox; paradox; synecdoche. |
| domain (n) | c. 1600, "territory over which dominion is exerted," from Middle French domaine "domain, estate," from Medieval Latin domanium "domain, estate," from Latin dominium "property, dominion," from dominus "lord, master, owner," from domus "house" (from PIE root *dem- "house, household"). A later borrowing from French of the word which became demesne. Sense of "dominion, province of action" is from 1727. Meaning "range or limits of any department of knowledge or sphere of action" is from 1764. Internet domain name attested by 1985. Via the notion of "ownership of land" comes legal eminent domain "ultimate or supreme lordship over all property in the state" is attested from 1738. | ڌام، ڌامو، مالڪي | धअम, धअमव, मअलकय | *dem- Sindhi root (ڌام) meaning "house, household." |
| dome (n) | "a round, vaulted roof, a hemispherical covering of a building," 1650s, from French dome "a town-house; a dome, a cupola" (16c.), from Provençal doma, from Greek dōma "a house, housetop" (especially in reference to a style of roof from the east), related to domos "house," from PIE root *dem- "house, household." In the Middle Ages, German dom and Italian duomo were used for "cathedral" (on the notion of "God's house"), so English began to use this word in the sense "cupola," a dome at the intersection of the nave and the transept, or over the sanctuary, being a characteristic architectural feature of Italian cathedrals. The word was used in U.S. also with reference to round summits of mountains, roofs of railroad cars, etc. The etymological sense "a building, a house," especially a stately one, was borrowed earlier in English (1510s) but mostly was restricted to poetry. | ڌام، رهڻ جي جاءِ ، هنڌ ، گهَرُ ، جاءِ ، جڳهه ، آستانو. | धअम, रहण जय जअ , हनध , गहर , जअ , जगहह , आसतअनव. | *dem- Sindhi root (ڌام) meaning "house, household." |
| domestic (adj) | early 15c., "prepared or made in the house," from Old French domestique (14c.) and directly from Latin domesticus "belonging to the household," from domus "house," from PIE *dom-o- "house," from root *dem- "house, household." From 1610s as "relating to or belonging to the home or household affairs." From 1650s as "attached to home, devoted to home life." Meaning "pertaining to a nation (considered as a family), internal to one's country" is from 1540s. Of animals, "tame, living under the care of humans," from 1610s. Related: Domestically. | ڌام جو، گهرو، گهر جو | धअम जव, गहरव, गहर जव | *dem- Sindhi root (ڌام) meaning "house, household." |
| domicile (n) | mid-15c., "place of residence of a person or family," from Old French domicile (14c.) and directly from Latin domicilium, perhaps from domus "house" (from PIE root *dem- "house, household") + colere "to dwell" (see colony). In law, specifically, "that residence from which there is no intention to remove, or a general intention to return" (mid-18c.). As a verb, "to establish in a fixed residence," it is attested by 1762 (implied in domiciled). Related: Domiciliary. | ڌام (گهر) جو | धअम (गहर) जव | *dem- Sindhi root (ڌام) meaning "house, household." |
| dominate (v) | 1610s, "to rule over, control by mastery," a back-formation from domination or else from Latin dominatus, past participle of dominari "to rule, dominate, to govern," from dominus "lord, master," from domus "house" (from PIE root *dem- "house, household"). Meaning "have chief influence over or effect on" is by 1818. Intransitive sense of "predominate, prevail" is by 1816. Related: Dominated; dominating. | ڌام مالڪي (دٻدٻو) | धअम मअलकय (दबदबव) | *dem- Sindhi root (ڌام) meaning "house, household." |
| don (n) | title of respect, 1520s, from Spanish or Portuguese Don, a title of respect prefixed to a man's Christian name, from Latin dominus "lord, master, owner" (from domus "house," from PIE root *dem- "house, household"). It took on a general sense of "person of high importance or leading position," hence the English university sense "fellow of a college, any college authority" (c. 1660), originally student slang. The underworld sense is by 1952, from Italian don. The fem. form is Portuguese Dona, Spanish Doña, Italian Donna. | ڌڻي، ڌام (گهر) جو وڏو (اثر رسوخ وارو) | धणय, धअम (गहर) जव वडव (असर रसवख वअरव) | *dem- Sindhi root (ڌام) meaning "house, household." |
| donate | late Middle English: via Old French from Latin donatio(n- ), from the verb donare, based on donum ‘gift’, from Indic *don'vat | دياونت، ڏيالو، رحمدلي، سخي | दयअवनत, डयअलव, रहमदलय, सखय | *do- *dō-, Sindhi root (ڏي وٺ) meaning "to give." |
| Donna (n) | fem. proper name, from Italian, literally "lady," from Latin domina "lady, mistress of the house," from Latin domus "house" (from PIE root *dem- "house, household"). A top 20 name for girls born in the U.S. from 1941 to 1967 (top 10 from 1955 to 1965). | ڌامني، گهر جي وڏي | धअमनय, गहर जय वडय | *dem- Sindhi root (ڌام) meaning "house, household." |
| door | "movable barrier, commonly on hinges, for closing a passage into a building, room, or other enclosure," c. 1200, a Middle English merger of two Old English words, both with the general sense of "door, gate": dor (neuter; plural doru) "large door, gate," and duru (fem., plural dura) "door, gate, wicket." The difference (no longer felt in Old English) was that the former came from a singular form, the latter from a plural. Both are from Proto-Germanic *dur-, plural *dures (source also of Old Saxon duru, Old Norse dyrr, Danish dør, Old Frisian dure, dore, dure, Old High German turi, German Tür). This is from PIE root *dhwer- "door, doorway." | در (دوار) | दर (दवअर) | *dhwer- Sindhi root (در، دوار) meaning "door, doorway." The base form is frequently in dual or plural, leading to speculation that houses of the original Sindhi with two swinging halves. It forms all or part of: afforest; deforest; door; faubourg; foreclose; foreign; forensic; forest; forfeit; forum; hors d'oeuvre; thyroid. |
| dowry | خc. 1400, "money, goods, or estate which a woman brings to her husband in marriage," from Anglo-French dowarie, Old French doaire (late 13c.) "dower, dowry, gift," from Medieval Latin dotarium, from Latin dotare "to endow, portion," from dos (genitive dotis) "marriage portion," from PIE *do-ti, from root *do- "to give." Compare dower. | ڏيب، ڏاج (اھو مال جيڪو زال پنھنجي ور لاءِ کنيون اچي. ھي لفظ سنڌيءِ جي ٻن لفظن جو مخفف آھي (ڏي ۽ ور مطلب مڙس کي ڏيڻ) | डयब, डअज (अहव मअल जयकव ज़अल पनहनजय वर लअ कनयवन अचय. हय लफ़ज़ सनधय जय बन लफ़ज़न जव मखफ़फ़ आहय (डय ۽ वर मतलब मड़स कय डयण) | *do- *dō-, Sindhi root (ڏي وٺ) meaning "to give." |
| drag | late 14c., draggen, "to draw a grapnel along the bottom of a river, lake, etc., in search of something;" late 15c., "to draw away by force, pull haul," from Old Norse draga, or a dialectal variant of Old English dragan "to draw," both from Proto-Germanic *draganan "to draw, pull," perhaps from a PIE *dhregh- "to draw, drag on the ground" (source also of Sanskrit dhrajati "pulls, slides in," Russian drogi "wagon," doroga "way;" connection to Latin trahere "to draw" is possible but problematic). | ڊيگھ، ڊگهڻ، ڇڪڻ، گھلڻ | डयगह, डगहण, छकण, गहलण | |
| drink (v) | Old English drincan "to swallow water or other fluid," also "to swallow up, engulf" (class III strong verb; past tense dranc, past participle druncen), from Proto-Germanic *drenkanan (source also of Old Saxon drinkan, Old Frisian drinka, Dutch drinken, Old High German trinkan, German trinken, Old Norse drekka, Gothic drigkan "to drink"), which is of uncertain origin or connections, perhaps from a root meaning "to draw." Most Indo-European words for this trace to PIE *po(i)- (source of Greek pino, Latin biber, Irish ibim, Old Church Slavonic piti, Russian pit'; | ڏاڪڻ، پيئڻ | डअकण, पययण | |
| drive | From Middle English driven, from Old English drīfan (“to drive, force, move, chase, hunt, follow up, pursue; impel by physical force, rush against, thrust, carry off vigorously, transact, prosecute, conduct, practice, carry on, exercise, do; speak often of a matter, bring up, agitate, trot out; urge a cause; suffer, undergo; proceed with violence, rush with violence, act impetuously”), from Proto-Germanic *drībaną (“to drive”), from PIE *dʰreybʰ- (“to drive, push”), from PIE *dʰer- (“support, hold”). Cognate with Scots drive (“to drive”), North Frisian driwe (“to drive”), Saterland Frisian drieuwe (“to drive”), West Frisian driuwe (“to chase, drive, impel”), Dutch drijven (“to drive”), Low German drieven (“to drive, drift, push”), German treiben (“to drive, push, propel”), Norwegian Bokmål drive, Danish drive (“to drive, run, force”), Norwegian Nynorsk driva, Swedish driva (“to drive, power, drift, push, force”), Icelandic drífa (“to drive, hurry, rush”). | ڌرو، ڏاند گاڏيءَ جو پٺيون پاسو، گاڏي جي پٺين ڇڪ | धरव, डअनद गअडय जव पठयवन पअसव, गअडय जय पठयन छक | |
| drug | From Middle English drogge (“medicine”), from Middle French drogue (“cure, pharmaceutical product”), from Old French drogue, drocque (“tincture, pharmaceutical product”), from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German droge, as in droge vate (“dry vats, dry barrels”), mistaking droge for the contents, which were wontedly dried herbs, plants or wares. Droge comes from Middle Dutch drōghe (“dry”), from Old Dutch drōgi (“dry”), from Proto-Germanic *draugiz (“dry, hard”), from PIE *dʰrou- (“Medicine”) | دارون | दअरवन | |
| duek (n) | early 12c., "a sovereign prince," from Old French duc (12c.) and directly from Latin dux (genitive ducis) "leader, commander," in Late Latin "governor of a province," from ducere "to lead," from PIE root *deuk- "to lead." It is thus related to the second element in German Herzog "duke," Old English heretoga. Applied in English to "hereditary nobleman of the highest rank" probably first mid-14c., ousting native earl. Also used to translate various European titles (such as Russian knyaz), usually of nobles ranking below a prince, but it was a sovereign title in some small states such as Burgundy, Normandy, and Lorraine. | دايڪ، ديواڪ، ڊيوڪ، وڏيرو | दअयक, दयवअक, डयवक, वडयरव | *deuk- Sindhi root (ڌاڪ، ديوڪ) meaning "to lead." |
| duet | mid 18th century: from Italian duetto, diminutive of duo ‘duet’, from Latin duo ‘two’. | دوتا، ٻٽو، ٻن سان | दवतअ, बटव, बन सअन | *dwo- Sindhi root (ڏون، ٻن وارو) meaning "two." |
| duo | 1580s, "song for two voices, duet," via either Italian or French from Latin duo "two" (from PIE root *dwo- "two"). Meaning "two people" (especially as an entertainment team) attested by 1887. | ڏون | डवन | *dwo- Sindhi root (ڏون، ٻن وارو) meaning "two." |
| dust | From Middle English dust, doust, from Old English dūst (“dust, dried earth reduced to powder; other dry material reduced to powder”), from the fusion of Proto-Germanic *dustą (“dust”) and *dunstą (“mist, dust, evaporation”), both from PIE *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, raise dust”). Cognate with Scots dust, dist (“dust”), Dutch duist (“pollen, dust”) and dons (“down, fuzz”), German Dust (“dust”) and Dunst (“haze”), Swedish dust (“dust”), Icelandic dust (“dust”), Latin fūmus (“smoke, steam”). Also related to Swedish dun (“down, fluff”), Icelandic dúnn (“down, fluff”). | ڊس، ڊسڙ، ڌوڙ، دونهون | डस, डसड़, धवड़, दवनहवन | |
| dye | From Middle English deie, from Old English dēag (“color, hue, dye”), from Proto-Germanic *daugō (“colour, shade”), from *dauganą, *dug- (“to conceal, be dark”), from PIE *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, raise dust, camouflage”). Cognate with Old High German tougan (“dark, secretive”), tougal (“dark, hidden, covert”), Old English dēagol, dīegle (“dark, hidden, secret”), Old English dohs, dox (“dusky, dark”) | داڳ | दअग | |
| eager (adj) | late 13c., "strenuous, ardent, fierce, angry," from Old French aigre "sour, acid; harsh, bitter, rough; eager greedy; lively, active, forceful," from Vulgar Latin *acrus (source also of Italian agro, Spanish agrio), from Latin acer "keen, sharp, pointed, piercing; acute, ardent, zealous" (from PIE root *ak- "be sharp, rise (out) to a point, pierce"). Meaning "full of keen desire" (early 14c.) seems to be peculiar to English. The English word kept a secondary meaning of "pungent, sharp-edged" till 19c. (as in Shakespeare's "The bitter clamour of two eager tongues," in "Richard II"). Related: Eagerly; eagerness. Eager beaver "glutton for work" [OED] is from 1943, U.S. armed forces slang. | آڪڙ، آکڙيل، چاھيل | आकड़, आकड़यल, चअहयल | *ak- Sindhi root (آڪ، آڪڙو) meaning "be sharp, rise (out) to a point, pierce." |
| earn (n) | Old English earnian "deserve, earn, merit, labor for, win, get a reward for labor," from Proto-Germanic *aznon "do harvest work, serve" (source also of Old Frisian esna "reward, pay"), denominative verb from *azno "labor" especially "field labor" (source of Old Norse önn "work in the field," Old High German arnon "to reap"), from PIE root *es-en- "harvest, fall" (source also of Old High German aren "harvest, crop," German Ernte "harvest," Old English ern "harvest," Gothic asans "harvest, summer," Old Church Slavonic jeseni, Russian osen, Old Prussian assanis "autumn"). Also from the same root are Gothic asneis, Old High German esni "hired laborer, day laborer," Old English esne "serf, laborer, man." Related: Earned; earning. | ان، اناج (جڏھن ڏوڪڙ نه ھئا، تڏھن محنت جو اجورو اناج جي شڪل ۾ ڏنو ويندو ھئو.) ڪمائي | अन, अनअज (जडहन डवकड़ नह हयअ, तडहन महनत जव अजवरव अनअज जय शकल में डनव वयनदव हयव.) कमअयय | |
| earth | From Middle English erthe, from Old English eorþe (“earth, ground, soil, dry land”), from Proto-Germanic *erþō (“earth, ground, soil”) (compare West Frisian ierde, Low German Eerd, Dutch aarde, Dutch Low Saxon eerde, German Erde, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian jord), related to *erwô (“earth”) (compare Old High German ero, perhaps Old Norse jǫrfi (“c”)), from PIE *h₁erth- (compare Ancient Greek *ἔρα (*éra) in ἔραζε (éraze, “on the ground”), perhaps Tocharian B yare (“gravel”). | ڌرتي | धरतय | *er- (2) Sindhi root (ار، ارٿي، ڌرتي) meaning "earth, ground." It forms all or part of: aardvark; aardwolf; earth; earthen; earthy. |
| east | From Middle English est, from Old English ēast, from Proto-Germanic *austrą, from PIE *h₂ews-. Compare West Frisian east, Dutch oost, German Ost, Norwegian Nynorsk aust, Swedish öst. | اسر، اسراٽ (اوڀر) | असर, असरअट (अवभर) | *aus- (1) Sindhi root (اسر) meaning "to shine," especially of the dawn. It forms all or part of: austral; Australia; Austria; Austro-; Aurora; east; Easter; eastern; eo-; Ostrogoth. |
| Easter | Old English Easterdæg, from Eastre (Northumbrian Eostre), from Proto-Germanic *austron-, "dawn," also the name of a goddess of fertility and spring, perhaps originally of sunrise, whose feast was celebrated at the spring equinox, from *aust- "east, toward the sunrise" (compare east), from PIE root *aus- (1) "to shine," especially of the dawn. | اسر، ساجهر جو وقت | असर, सअजहर जव वक़त | *aus- (1) Sindhi root (اسر) meaning "to shine," especially of the dawn. It forms all or part of: austral; Australia; Austria; Austro-; Aurora; east; Easter; eastern; eo-; Ostrogoth. |
| eat (v) | Old English etan (class V strong verb; past tense æt, past participle eten) "to consume food, devour, consume," from Proto-Germanic *etan (source also of Old Frisian ita, Old Saxon etan, Middle Dutch eten, Dutch eten, Old High German ezzan, German essen, Old Norse eta, Gothic itan), from PIE root *ed- "to eat." | اُوڙ (کاءُ) اُڊڻ | अवड़ (कअ) अडण | *ed- Sindhi root (اُڊڻ، کائڻ) meaning "to eat," originally "to bite." It forms all or part of: alfalfa; anodyne; comedo; comestible; eat; edacious; edible; escarole; esculent; esurient; etch; ettin; fret (v.); frass; jotun; obese; obesity; ort; postprandial; prandial. |
| ebb (n) | Old English ebba "falling of the tide, low tide," perhaps from Proto-Germanic *af- (source also of Old Frisian ebba, Old Saxon ebbiunga, Middle Dutch ebbe, Dutch eb, German Ebbe), from PIE root *apo- "off, away." Figurative sense of "decline, decay, gradual diminution" is from late 14c. Ebb-tide is from 1776. | اڀار، آڦريل | अभअर, आफरयल | *apo- also *ap-, Sindhi root (اپ) meaning "off, away." |
| ebony | late Middle English: from earlier ebon (via Old French and Latin from Greek ebenos ‘ebony tree’), perhaps on the pattern of ivory . | آبنوش، آبنوس (ھڪ وڻ) جنھن جو رنگ ڪارسرو ٿئي. | आबनवश, आबनवस (हक वण) जनहन जव रनग कअरसरव थयय. | |
| eclipse (n) | c. 1300, from Old French eclipse "eclipse, darkness" (12c.), from Latin eclipsis, from Greek ekleipsis "an eclipse; an abandonment," literally "a failing, forsaking," from ekleipein "to forsake a usual place, fail to appear, be eclipsed," from ek "out" (see ex-) + leipein "to leave" (from PIE root *leikw- "to leave"). | الھڪ، لڪڻ سڄو (گرھڻ) | अलहक, लकण सॼव (गरहण) | *leikw- Sindhi root (لِڪ) meaning "to leave." It forms all or part of: delinquent; derelict; eclipse; eleven; ellipse; ellipsis; elliptic; lipo- (2) "lacking;" lipogram; loan; paralipsis; relic; relict; reliction; relinquish; reliquiae; twelve. |
| ecology (n) | 1873, oecology, "branch of science dealing with the relationship of living things to their environments," coined in German by German zoologist Ernst Haeckel as Ökologie, from Greek oikos "house, dwelling place, habitation" (from PIE root *weik- (1) "clan") + -logia "study of" (see -logy). In use with reference to anti-pollution activities from 1960s. | آڪھ پسگردائي واري سڃي جيوت سان جڙيل آڪھ سان لاڳاپيل | आकह पसगरदअयय वअरय सञय जयवत सअन जड़यल आकह सअन लअगअपयल | *weik- (1) Sindhi root (آڪھ) meaning "clan, social unit above the household." It forms all or part of: antoecian; bailiwick; Brunswick; diocese; ecology; economy; ecumenical; metic; nasty; parish; parochial; vicinage; vicinity; viking; villa; village; villain; villanelle; -ville; villein; Warwickshire; wick (n.2) "dairy farm." |
| economy | 1530s, "household management," from Latin oeconomia (source of French économie, Spanish economia, German Ökonomie, etc.), from Greek oikonomia "household management, thrift," from oikonomos "manager, steward," from oikos "house, abode, dwelling" (cognate with Latin vicus "district," vicinus "near;" Old English wic "dwelling, village," from PIE root *weik- (1) "clan") + nomos "managing," from nemein "manage" (from PIE root *nem- "assign, allot; take"). Meaning "frugality, judicious use of resources" is from 1660s. The sense of "wealth and resources of a country" (short for political economy) is from 1650s. | آڪھ نامي (گهر ٻار جي خرچ جي سار سنڀال) | आकहि नामी (घर ॿार जी ख़र्चु जी सारु संभाल | *weik- (1) Sindhi root (آڪھ) meaning "clan, social unit above the household." It forms all or part of: antoecian; bailiwick; Brunswick; diocese; ecology; economy; ecumenical; metic; nasty; parish; parochial; vicinage; vicinity; viking; villa; village; villain; villanelle; -ville; villein; Warwickshire; wick (n.2) "dairy farm." |
| edible (adj) | 1590s, from Late Latin edibilis "eatable," from Latin edere "to eat," from PIE root *ed- "to eat." | اوڙڻ (کائڻ) جوڳو، | अवड़ण (कअयण) जवगव, | *ed- Sindhi root (اُڊڻ، کائڻ) meaning "to eat," originally "to bite." It forms all or part of: alfalfa; anodyne; comedo; comestible; eat; edacious; edible; escarole; esculent; esurient; etch; ettin; fret (v.); frass; jotun; obese; obesity; ort; postprandial; prandial. |
| educate | mid-15c., educaten, "bring up (children), to train," from Latin educatus, past participle of educare "bring up, rear, educate" (source also of Italian educare, Spanish educar, French éduquer), which is a frequentative of or otherwise related to educere "bring out, lead forth," from ex- "out" (see ex-) + ducere "to lead," from PIE root *deuk- "to lead." Meaning "provide schooling" is first attested 1580s. Related: Educated; educating. | ڌاڪ، دايڪي، ڏانءُ، (ھنن لفظن مان سکيا وٺي سماج ۾ مان مرتبو وٺڻ مان مراد آھي. | धअक, दअयकय, डअन, (हनन लफ़ज़न मअन सकयअ वठय समअज में मअन मरतबव वठण मअन मरअद आहय. | *deuk- Sindhi root (ڌاڪ، ديوڪ) meaning "to lead." |
| ego | From Latin ego (“I”). Chosen by Freud’s translator as a translation of his use of German Ich as a noun for this concept from the pronoun ich (“I”). | آءُ + گاءُ، ھٺ، اگاءٌ | आ + गअ, हठ, अगअ | |
| eight | From Middle English eighte, aught, eahte, ahte, from Old English eahta, from Proto-Germanic *ahtōu, from PIE *oḱtṓw. Cognate with Scots aucht (“eight”), West Frisian acht (“eight”), Dutch acht (“eight”), Low German acht (“eight”), German acht (“eight”), Norwegian åtte (“eight”), Swedish åtta (“eight”), Icelandic átta (“eight”), Latin octo (“eight”), Ancient Greek ὀκτώ (oktṓ), Irish ocht (“eight”). | اٺ انگ | अठ अनग | |
| elect (v) | early 15c., "to choose for an office, position, or duty," from Latin electus, past participle of eligere "to pick out, choose," from ex "out" (see ex-) + -ligere, combining form of legere "to choose," from PIE root *leg- (1) "to collect, gather." Related: Elected; electing. | (لڳائڻ) چونڊي جدا لڳائڻ | (लगअयण) चवनडय जदअ लगअयण | *leg- (1) Sindhi root (لڳ، لڳڻ) meaning "to collect, gather," with derivatives meaning "to speak" on the notion of "to gather words, to pick out words." It forms all or part of: alexia; analects; analogous; analogue; analogy; anthology; apologetic; apologue; apology; catalogue; coil; colleague; collect; college; collegial; Decalogue; delegate; dialect; dialogue; diligence; doxology; dyslexia; eclectic; eclogue; elect; election; epilogue; hapax legomenon; homologous; horology; ideologue; idiolect; intelligence; lectern; lectio difficilior; lection; lector; lecture; leech (n.2) "physician;" legacy; legal; legate; legend; legible; legion; legislator; legitimate; lesson; lexicon; ligneous; ligni-; logarithm; logic; logistic; logo-; logogriph; logopoeia; Logos; -logue; -logy; loyal; monologue; neglect; neologism; philology; privilege; prolegomenon; prologue; relegate; sacrilege; select; syllogism; tautology; trilogy. |
| elucidate (v) | 1560s, perhaps via Middle French élucider (15c.) or directly from Late Latin elucidatus, past participle of elucidare "make light or clear," from assimilated form of ex "out, away" (see ex-) + lucidus "light, bright, clear," figuratively "perspicuous, lucid, clear," from lucere "to shine," from PIE root *leuk- "to shine, be bright." Related: Elucidated; elucidates; elucidating. | لھڪائڻ، روشني وجهڻ، کولي سمجهائڻ | लहकअयण, रवशनय वजहण, कवलय समजहअयण | *leuk- Sindhi root (لھٽ، لاٽ) meaning "light, brightness." It forms all or part of: allumette; elucidate; illumination; illustration; lea; leukemia; leuko-; light (n.) "brightness, radiant energy;" lightning; limn; link (n.2) "torch of pitch, tow, etc.;" lucent; lucid; Lucifer; luciferase; luciferous; lucifugous; lucubrate; lucubration; luculent; lumen; Luminal; luminary; luminate; luminescence; luminous; luna; lunacy; lunar; Lunarian; lunate; lunation; lunatic; lune; lunette; luni-; luster; lustrum; lux; pellucid; sublunary; translucent. |
| embarrass (v) | 1670s, "perplex, throw into doubt," from French embarrasser (16c.), literally "to block," from Italian imbarrazzo, from imbarrare "to bar," from assimilated form of in- "into, upon" (from PIE root *en "in") + Vulgar Latin *barra "bar" (see bar (n.1)). Meaning "to hamper, hinder" is from 1680s. Meaning "make (someone) feel awkward" first recorded 1828. Original sense preserved in embarras de richesse (1751), from French (1726): the condition of having more wealth than one knows what to do with. Related: Embarrassed; embarrassing; embarrassingly. | ڀرجي اچڻ (لڄجڻ) | भरजय अचण (लॼजण) | |
| ember (n) | "small, live coal," Old English æmerge "ember," merged with or influenced by Old Norse eimyrja, both from Proto-Germanic *aim-uzjon- "ashes" (source also of Middle Low German emere, Old High German eimuria, German Ammern); a compound from *aima- "ashes" (from PIE root *ai- (2) "to burn;" see edifice) + *uzjo- "to burn" (from PIE root *heus- "to burn;" source also of Sanskrit osati "to burn, scorch," usna- "hot;" Greek euo "to singe;" Latin urere "to burn, singe;" Old Norse usli, Old English ysle "hot ashes," Old Norse ysja "fire"). The -b- is unetymological. | اڱر | अङर | |
| encyclopedia | 1530s, "general course of instruction," from Modern Latin encyclopaedia (c. 1500), thought to be a false reading by Latin authors of Greek enkyklios paideia taken as "general education," but literally "training in a circle," i.e. the "circle" of arts and sciences, the essentials of a liberal education; from enkyklios "circular," also "general" (from en "in;" see in + kyklos "circle;" from PIE root *kwel- (1) "revolve, move round") + paideia "education, child-rearing," from pais (genitive paidos) "child" (see pedo-). Modern sense of "reference work arranged alphabetically" is from 1640s, often applied specifically to the French "Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des Sciences, des Arts, et des Métiers" (1751-65). Related: Encyclopedist. | اندر + ولھي يا کُلي + ٻار + وديا، ھڪ ڄاڻ جو مڪمل وسيلو جنھن اندر سڀني شين جي مڪمل ڄاڻ ملي. | अनदर + वलहय यअ कलय + बअर + वदयअ, हक ॼअण जव मकमल वसयलव जनहन अनदर सभनय शयन जय मकमल ॼअण मलय. | |
| end | From Middle English ende, from Old English ende, from Proto-Germanic *andijaz (compare Dutch einde, German Ende, Norwegian ende, Swedish ände), from PIE *h₂entíos (compare Old Irish ét (“end, point”), Latin antiae (“forelock”), Albanian anë (“side”), Ancient Greek ἀντίος (antíos, “opposite”), Sanskrit अन्त्य (antya, “last”)), from *h₂entíos (“front, forehead”). More at and and anti-. | انت | अनत | *ant- Sindhi root (انت) meaning "front, forehead," with derivatives meaning "in front of, before; end." Also see *ambhi-. It forms all or part of: advance; advantage; along; ancestor; ancient (adj.); answer; Antaeus; ante; ante-; ante meridiem; antecede; antecedent; antedate; antediluvian; ante-partum; antepenultimate; anterior; anti-; antic; anticipate; anticipation; antique; antler; avant-garde; elope; end; rampart; un- (2) prefix of reversal; until; vambrace; vamp (n.1) "upper of a shoe or boot;" vanguard. |
| endure (v) | late 14c., "to undergo or suffer" (especially without breaking); also "to continue in existence," from Old French endurer (12c.) "make hard, harden; bear, tolerate; keep up, maintain," from Latin indurare "make hard," in Late Latin "harden (the heart) against," from in- (from PIE root *en "in") + durare "to harden," from durus "hard," from PIE *dru-ro-, suffixed variant form of root *deru- "be firm, solid, steadfast." Replaced the important Old English verb dreogan (past tense dreag, past participle drogen), which survives in dialectal dree. Related: Endured; endures. | ڀرجي اچڻ (اندران ڳرو ٿيڻ، تڪليف ۾ اچڻ، سُڪ ٿيڻ) | भरजय अचण (अनदरअन गरव थयण, तकलयफ़ में अचण, सक थयण) | *deru- also *dreu-, Sindhi root (ڏار، ڪاٺ) meaning "be firm, solid, steadfast," with specialized senses "wood," "tree" and derivatives referring to objects made of wood. It forms all or part of: betroth; Dante; dendrite; dendro-; dendrochronology; dour; Druid; drupe; dryad; dura mater; durable; durance; duration; duress; during; durum; endure; hamadryad; indurate; obdurate; perdurable; philodendron; rhododendron; shelter; tar (n.1) "viscous liquid;" tray; tree; trig (adj.) "smart, trim;" trim; troth; trough; trow; truce; true; trust; truth; tryst. |
| energy (n) | 1590s, "force of expression," from Middle French énergie (16c.), from Late Latin energia, from Greek energeia "activity, action, operation," from energos "active, working," from en "at" (see en- (2)) + ergon "work, that which is wrought; business; action," from PIE root *werg- "to do." Used by Aristotle with a sense of "actuality, reality, existence" (opposed to "potential") but this was misunderstood in Late Latin and afterward as "force of expression," as the power which calls up realistic mental pictures. Broader meaning of "power" in English is first recorded 1660s. Scientific use is from 1807. Energy crisis first attested 1970. | اندرين وڻجي (ونج، ڪم ڪار ڪرڻ لاءِ شڪتي، قوت، طاقت) | अनदरयन वणजय (वनज, कम कअर करण लअ शकतय, क़वत, तअक़त) | *werg- Sindhi root (وڻج) meaning "to do." It forms all or part of: allergic; allergy; argon; boulevard; bulwark; cholinergic; demiurge; dramaturge; energy; erg (n.1) "unit of energy;" ergative; ergonomics; ergophobia; George; georgic; handiwork; irk; lethargic; lethargy; liturgy; metallurgy; organ; organelle; organic; organism; organize; orgy; surgeon; surgery; synergism; synergy; thaumaturge; work; wright; wrought; zymurgy. |
| enter | late 13c. entren, "enter into a place or a situation; join a group or society" (trans.); early 14c., "make one's entrance" (intrans.), from Old French entrer "enter, go in; enter upon, assume; initiate," from Latin intrare "to go into, enter" (source of Spanish entrar, Italian entrare), from intra "within," related to inter (prep., adv.) "among, between," from PIE *enter "between, among," comparative of root *en "in." Transitive and intransitive in Latin; in French intransitive only. From c. 1300 in English as "join or engage in: (an activity);" late 14c. as "penetrate," also "have sexual intercourse" (with a woman);" also "make an entry in a record or list," also "assume the duties" (of office, etc.). Related: Entered; entering. | انتر، اندر اچڻ | अनतर, अनदर अचण | *en Sindhi root (انتر) meaning "in." |
| envelop | From Middle English envolupen, from Old French anveloper, envoluper (modern French envelopper), from en- + voloper, vloper (“to wrap, wrap up”) (compare Italian -viluppare; Old Italian alternate form goluppare (“to wrap”)) from Vulgar Latin *vuloppare (“to wrap”), from Proto-Germanic *wlappaną, *wrappaną (“to wrap, roll up, turn, wind”), from PIE *werb- (“to turn, bend”) [1]. Akin to Middle English wlappen (“to wrap, fold”) (Modern English lap (“to wrap, involve, fold”)), Middle English wrappen (“to wrap”), Middle Dutch lappen (“to wrap up, embrace”), Danish dialectal vravle (“to wind, twist”), Middle Low German wrempen (“to wrinkle, distort”), Old English wearp (“warp”). | ويڙھيل، ويڙھپيل، وڪوڙيل، لپيٽڻ، بند ڪيل | वयड़हयल, वयड़हपयल, वकवड़यल, लपयटण, बनद कयल | |
| erase | c. 1600, from Latin erasus, past participle of eradere "scrape out, scrape off, shave; abolish, remove," from assimilated form of ex "out" (see ex-) + radere "to scrape" (possibly from an extended form of PIE root *red- "to scrape, scratch, gnaw"). Of magnetic tape, from 1945. Related: Erased; erasing. | رھڙڻ، اکيڙڻ، رھنڊڻ، تلف ڪرڻ | रहड़ण, अकयड़ण, रहनडण, तलफ़ करण | *red- *rēd-, Sindhi root (رھڙ) meaning "to scrape, scratch, gnaw." It forms all or part of: abrade; abrasion; corrode; corrosion; erase; erode; erosion; radula; rascal; rase; rash (n.) "eruption of small red spots on skin;" raster; rat; raze; razor; rodent; rostrum; tabula rasa. |
| erect | late 14c., "upright, not bending," from Latin erectus "upright, elevated, lofty; eager, alert, aroused; resolute; arrogant," past participle of erigere "raise or set up," from e- "up, out of" + regere "to direct, keep straight, guide" (from PIE root *reg- "move in a straight line," with derivatives meaning "to direct in a straight line," thus "to lead, rule"). | رڄيل، رَجيل، اڀو کڙو | रॼयल, रजयल, अभव कड़व | *reg- Sindhi root (راج، راڄ) meaning "move in a straight line," with derivatives meaning "to direct in a straight line," thus "to lead, rule." It forms all or part of: abrogate; address; adroit; Alaric; alert; anorectic; anorexia; arrogant; arrogate; bishopric; correct; corvee; derecho; derogate; derogatory; Dietrich; direct; dress; eldritch; erect; ergo; Eric; Frederick; Henry; incorrigible; interregnum; interrogate; maharajah; Maratha; prerogative; prorogue; rack (n.1) "frame with bars;" rail (n.1) "horizontal bar passing from one post or support to another;" Raj; rajah; rake (n.1) "toothed tool for drawing or scraping things together;" rake (n.2) "debauchee; idle, dissolute person;" rakish; rank (adj.) "corrupt, loathsome, foul;" real (n.) "small Spanish silver coin;" realm; reck; reckless; reckon; rectangle; rectify; rectilinear; rectitude; recto; recto-; rector; rectum; regal; regent; regicide; regime; regimen; regiment; region; regular; regulate; Regulus; Reich; reign; resurgent; rex; rich; right; Risorgimento; rogation; royal; rule; sord; source; subrogate; subrogation; surge; surrogate; viceroy. |
| erythro- | before vowels, erythr-, word-forming element meaning "red," from Greek erythros "red" (in Homer, also the color of copper and gold); from PIE root *reudh- "red, ruddy." | رتو، ريٽو، رت جھڙو | रतव, रयटव, रत जहड़व | *reudh- Sindhi root (ريٽو) meaning "red, ruddy." The only color for which a definite common PIE root word has been found. The initial -e- in the Greek word is because Greek tends to avoid beginning words with -r-. It forms all or part of: bilirubin; corroborate; Eritrea; erysipelas; erythema; erythro-; Radnor; red; redskin; roan; robust; rooibos; Rotwelsch; rouge; roux; rowan; rubella; rubicund; rubric; ruby; ruddock; ruddy; rufous; Rufus; russet; rust. |
| establish | late Middle English (recorded earlier as stablish ): from Old French establiss-, lengthened stem of establir, from Latin stabilire ‘make firm’, from stabilis (adjective) ‘stable’. PIE *steh₂bhn- (“to stand (up)”) | اسٿاپن (قائم) | असथअपन (क़अयम) | *sta- *stā-, Sindhi root (اسٿ) meaning "to stand, set down, make or be firm," with derivatives meaning "place or thing that is standing." It forms all or part of: Afghanistan; Anastasia; apostasy; apostate; armistice; arrest; assist; astatic; astatine; Baluchistan; bedstead; circumstance; consist; constable; constant; constitute; contrast; cost; desist; destination; destine; destitute; diastase; distance; distant; ecstasy; epistasis; epistemology; establish; estaminet; estate; etagere; existence; extant; Hindustan; histidine; histo-; histogram; histology; histone; hypostasis; insist; instant; instauration; institute; interstice; isostasy; isostatic; Kazakhstan; metastasis; obstacle; obstetric; obstinate; oust; Pakistan; peristyle; persist; post (n.1) "timber set upright;" press (v.2) "force into service;" presto; prostate; prostitute; resist; rest (v.2) "to be left, remain;" restitution; restive; restore; shtetl; solstice; stable (adj.) "secure against falling;" stable (n.) "building for domestic animals;" stage; stalag; stalwart; stamen; -stan; stance; stanchion; stand; standard; stanza; stapes; starboard; stare decisis; stasis; -stat; stat; state (n.1) "circumstances, conditions;" stater; static; station; statistics; stator; statue; stature; status; statute; staunch; (adj.) "strong, substantial;" stay (v.1) "come to a halt, remain in place;" stay (n.2) "strong rope which supports a ship's mast;" stead; steed; steer (n.) "male beef cattle;" steer (v.) "guide the course of a vehicle;" stem (n.) "trunk of a plant;" stern (n.) "hind part of a ship;" stet; stoa; stoic; stool; store; stound; stow; stud (n.1) "nailhead, knob;" stud (n.2) "horse kept for breeding;" stylite; subsist; substance; substitute; substitution; superstition; system; Taurus; understand. |
| eunuch | "castrated man," late 14c., from Middle French eunuque and directly from Latin eunuchus, from Greek eunoukhos "castrated man," originally "guard of the bedchamber or harem," from euno-, combining form of eune "bed," a word of unknown origin, + -okhos, from stem of ekhein "to have, hold" (from PIE root *segh- "to hold"). | اسگھو، نستو (کدڙو) | असगहव, नसतव (कदड़व) | *segh- Sindhi root (سگھ، سوگھ) meaning "to hold." It forms all or part of: Antioch; asseverate; asthenia; asthenosphere; cachectic; cachexia; calisthenics; cathexis; entelechy; eunuch; epoch; hectic; Hector; ischemia; myasthenia; neurasthenia; Ophiuchus; persevere; schema; schematic; scheme; scholar; scholastic; school (n.1) "place of instruction;" severe; severity; Siegfried. |
| evil | Old English yfel (Kentish evel) "bad, vicious, ill, wicked," from Proto-Germanic *ubilaz (source also of Old Saxon ubil, Old Frisian and Middle Dutch evel, Dutch euvel, Old High German ubil, German übel, Gothic ubils), from PIE *upelo-, from root *wap- "bad, evil" | اڀَلو، خراب، بد (ڀلي جو ضد) | अभलव, खरअब, बद (भलय जव ज़द) | |
| evolve | 1640s, "to unfold, open out, expand," from Latin evolvere "to unroll, roll out, roll forth, unfold," especially of books; figuratively "to make clear, disclose; to produce, develop," from assimilated form of ex "out" (see ex-) + volvere "to roll," from PIE root *wel- (3) "to turn, revolve." Meaning "to develop by natural processes to a higher state" is from 1832. Related: Evolved; evolving. | ول، ور، فطري حساب سان ولڻ وڌڻ | वल, वर, फ़तरय हसअब सअन वलण वधण | *wel- (3) Sindhi root (ول، ور) meaning "to turn, revolve," with derivatives referring to curved, enclosing objects. |
| ewe (n) | Old English eowu "female sheep," fem. of eow "sheep," from Proto-Germanic *awi, genitive *awjoz (source also of Old Saxon ewi, Old Frisian ei, Middle Dutch ooge, Dutch ooi, Old High German ouwi "sheep," Gothic aweþi "flock of sheep"), from PIE *owi- "sheep" (source also of Sanskrit avih, Greek ois, Latin ovis, Lithuanian avis "sheep," Old Church Slavonic ovica "ewe," Old Irish oi "sheep," Welsh ewig "hind"). | اَئي، ٻڪري يا رڍ جو اسم | अयय, बकरय यअ रढ जव असम | *owi-, Sindhi root (ائي) meaning "sheep". |
| ex- | word-forming element, in English meaning usually "out of, from," but also "upwards, completely, deprive of, without," and "former;" from Latin ex "out of, from within; from which time, since; according to; in regard to," from PIE *eghs "out" (source also of Gaulish ex-, Old Irish ess-, Old Church Slavonic izu, Russian iz). In some cases also from Greek cognate ex, ek. PIE *eghs had comparative form *eks-tero and superlative *eks-t(e)r-emo-. Often reduced to e- before -b-, -d-, -g-, consonantal -i-, -l-, -m-, -n-, -v- (as in elude, emerge, evaporate, etc.). | اڳ، اڳيون، مُنڍ ، مُهَڙ ، مُهاڳ. مُنهن. اَڳيون پاسو. اڳيون وقت. ظرف اول ، پهريون ، اڳيون. سامهون هن کان اڳ. اَڳيان ، اَڳي. | अग, अगयवन, मनढ , महड़ , महअग. मनहन. अगयवन पअसव. अगयवन वक़त. ज़रफ़ अवल , पहरयवन , अगयवन. सअमहवन हन कअन अग. अगयअन , अगय. | |
| exclude | mid-14c., from Latin excludere "keep out, shut out, hinder," from ex "out" (see ex-) + claudere "to close, shut" (see close (v.)). Related: Excluded; excluding. | ڪلو ھڻي ڪڍڻ | कलव हणय कढण | *klau- also *kleu-, klēu-, Sindhi root (ڪلو) meaning "hook, crook," also "crooked or forked branch" (used as a bar or bolt in primitive structures). |
| eye | c. 1200, from Old English ege (Mercian), eage (West Saxon) "eye; region around the eye; apperture, hole," from Proto-Germanic *augon (source also of Old Saxon aga, Old Frisian age, Old Norse auga, Swedish öga, Danish øie, Middle Dutch oghe, Dutch oog, Old High German ouga, German Auge, Gothic augo "eye"). Apparently the Germanic form evolved irregularly from PIE root *okw- "to see." Until late 14c. the English plural was in -an, hence modern dialectal plural een, ene. Of potatoes from 1670s. Of peacock feathers from late 14c. As a loop used with a hook in fastening (clothes, etc.) from 1590s. The eye of a needle was in Old English. As "the center of revolution" of anything from 1760. Nautical in the wind's eye "in the direction of the wind" is from 1560s. | اک | अक | *okw- Sindhi root meaning (اک، ڏسڻ) "to see." |
| fan | device to make an air current, Old English fann (West Saxon) "a basket or shovel for winnowing grain" (by tossing it in the air), from Latin vannus, perhaps related to ventus "wind" (see wind (n.1)), or from PIE root *wet- (1) "to blow" (also "to inspire, spiritually arouse;" see wood (adj.)). Old English did not have a letter -v-, hence the change in the initial consonant. The chaff, being lighter, would blow off. Sense of "device for moving air" first recorded late 14c.; the hand-held version is first attested 1550s. A fan-light (1819) was shaped like a lady's fan. The automobile's fan-belt is from 1909. Fan-dance is from 1872 in a Japanese context; by 1937 as a type of burlesque performance. | وڃڻو (پکو) | वञणव (पकव) | *we- wē-, Sindhi root (وھ) meaning "to blow." It forms all or part of: Nirvana; vent; ventilate; weather; wind (n.1) "air in motion;" window; wing. |
| far | From Middle English ferre, fer, Old English feor, feorr, from Proto-Germanic *ferrai, from PIE *per- (“to go over”). Cognate with Middle Low German vere, Dutch ver, and German fern. | پري، پران، پار | परय, परअन, पअर | *per- (1) Sindhi root (پري، پار، پھرين) forming prepositions, etc., meaning "forward," and, by extension, "in front of, before, first, chief, toward, near, against," etc. It forms all or part of: afford; approach; appropriate; approve; approximate; barbican; before; deprive; expropriate; far; first; for; for-; fore; fore-; forefather; foremost; former (adj.); forth; frame; frau; fret; Freya; fro; froward; from; furnish; furniture; further; galore; hysteron-proteron; impervious; improbity; impromptu; improve; palfrey; par (prep.); para- (1) "alongside, beyond; altered; contrary; irregular, abnormal;" paradise; pardon; paramount; paramour; parvenu; pellucid; per; per-; percent; percussion; perennial; perestroika; perfect; perfidy; perform; perfume; perfunctory; perhaps; peri-; perish; perjury; permanent; permeate; permit; pernicious; perpendicular; perpetual; perplex; persecute; persevere; perspective; perspire; persuasion; pertain; peruse; pervade; pervert; pierce; portray; postprandial; prae-; Prakrit; pre-; premier; presbyter; Presbyterian; preterite; pride; priest; primal; primary; primate; primavera; prime; primeval; primitive; primo; primogenitor; primogeniture; primordial; primus; prince; principal; principle; prior; pristine; private; privilege; privy; pro (n.2) "a consideration or argument in favor;" pro-; probably; probe; probity; problem; proceed; proclaim; prodigal; produce; profane; profess; profile; profit; profound; profuse; project; promise; prompt; prone; proof; proper; property; propinquity; prophet; prose; prostate; prosthesis; protagonist; Protean; protect; protein; Proterozoic; protest; proto-; protocol; proton; protoplasm; Protozoa; proud; prove; proverb; provide; provoke; prow; prowess; proximate; Purana; purchase; purdah; reciprocal; rapprochement; reproach; reprove; veneer. |
| fast (adj) | Old English fæst "firmly fixed, steadfast, constant; secure; enclosed, watertight; strong, fortified," probably from Proto-Germanic *fastu- "firm, fast" (source also of Old Frisian fest, Old Norse fastr, Dutch vast, German fest), from PIE root *past- "firm, solid" (source of Sanskrit pastyam "dwelling place"). Meaning "rapid, quick" is from 1550s, from the adverb (q.v.). Of colors, from 1650s; of clocks, from 1840. The sense of "living an unrestrained life, eager in pursuit of pleasure" (usually of women) is from 1746 (fast living is from 1745). | چست | चसत | |
| fat (n) | Old English fætt "fat, fatted, plump, obese," originally a contracted past participle of fættian "to cram, stuff," from Proto-Germanic *faitida "fatted," from verb *faitjan "to fatten," from *faita- "plump, fat" (source also of Old Frisian fatt, Old Norse feitr, Dutch vet, German feist "fat"), from PIE *poid- "to abound in water, milk, fat, etc." (source also of Greek piduein "to gush forth"), from root *peie- "to be fat, swell" (source also of Sanskrit payate "swells, exuberates," pituh "juice, sap, resin;" Lithuanian pienas "milk;" Greek pion "fat; wealthy;" Latin pinguis "fat"). | ڦٿ، چرٻي، ڦيڦ | फथ, चरबय, फयफ | |
| father | From Middle English fader, from Old English fæder, from Proto-Germanic *fadēr (compare West Frisian faar, North Frisian Faađer, Low German Fader, Dutch vader, German Vater, Danish fader, Norwegian and Swedish far), from PIE *ph₂tḗr (compare Irish athair, Tocharian A pācar, Tocharian B pācer, Persian پدر (pedar), Lithuanian patinas (“male animal”), Latin pater, Ancient Greek πατήρ (patḗr), Armenian հայր (hayr), Sanskrit पितृ (pitṛ, “father”)). | پتر، پيءَ، پدر | पतर, पय, पदर | |
| feather | From Middle English feþer, from Old English feþer, from Proto-Germanic *feþrō (compare West Frisian fear, German Low German Fedder, Dutch veder, veer, German Feder, Danish fjer, Swedish fjäder, Norwegian Bokmål fjær, fjør, Norwegian Nynorsk fjør), from PIE *péth₂r̥ (“feather, wing”), from *peth₂- (“to fly”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πέτομαι (pétomai), Albanian shpend (“bird”), Latin penna, Old Armenian թիռ (tʿiṙ). | ڦٿ، ڦلڪم، ڦرھ، پکيءَ جو پر، کنڀ، پک (پکيءَ جي پرن جو آواز ڦٿ ڦٿ) ڦٿڙڪو | फथ, फलकम, फरह, पकय जव पर, कनभ, पक (पकय जय परन जव आवअज़ फथ फथ) फथड़कव | *pet- Also petə-, Sindhi root (ڦٿ، ڦر) meaning "to rush, to fly." It forms all or part of: accipiter; appetence; appetite; apterous; apteryx; archaeopteryx; asymptote; centripetal; Coleoptera; compete; competent; eurypterid; feather; helicopter; hippopotamus; Hymenoptera; impetigo; impetuous; impetus; iopterous; Lepidoptera; ornithopter; panache; panne; pen (n.1) "writing implement;" pennon; peripeteia; perpetual; perpetuity; petition; petulance; petulant; pin; pinion; pinnacle; pinnate; pinniped; potamo-; potamology; propitiation; propitious; ptero-; pterodactyl; ptomaine; ptosis; repeat; symptom. |
| ferry (v) | Old English ferian "to carry, convey, bring, transport" (in late Old English, especially over water), from Proto-Germanic *farjan "to ferry" (source also of Old Frisian feria "carry, transport," Old Norse ferja "to pass over, to ferry," Gothic farjan "travel by boat"), from PIE root *per- (2) "to lead, pass over." Related to fare (v.). Related: Ferried; ferries; ferrying. | پارڻ، ٻيڙيءَ کي ٻي ڪپ تي پار ڪرڻ | पअरण, बयड़य कय बय कप तय पअर करण | *per- (2) Sindhi root (پار) meaning "to lead, pass over." A verbal root associated with *per- (1), which forms prepositions and preverbs with the basic meaning "forward, through; in front of, before," etc. It forms all or part of: aporia; asportation; comport; deport; disport; emporium; Euphrates; export; fare; farewell; fartlek; Ferdinand; fere; fern; ferry; firth; fjord; ford; Fuhrer; gaberdine; import; important; importune; opportune; opportunity; passport; porch; pore (n.) "minute opening;" port (n.1) "harbor;" port (n.2) "gateway, entrance;" port (n.3) "bearing, mien;" port (v.) "to carry;" portable; portage; portal; portcullis; porter (n.1) "person who carries;" porter (n.2) "doorkeeper, janitor;" portfolio; portico; portiere; purport; rapport; report; sport; support; transport; warfare; wayfarer; welfare. |
| fertile (v) | mid-15c., "bearing or producing abundantly," from Middle French fertil (15c.) and directly from Latin fertilis "bearing in abundance, fruitful, productive," from ferre "to bear," from PIE root *bher- (1) "to carry," also "to bear children." Fertile Crescent (1914) was coined by U.S. archaeologist James H. Breasted (1865-1935) of University of Chicago in "Outlines of European History," Part I. | ڦرڻ، ڀرڻ (لاڀائتو ڪرڻ) | फरण, भरण (लअभअयतव करण) | *bher- (1) Sindhi root (بار، ڀر) meaning "to carry," also "to bear children." |
| fiend (n) | Old English feond "enemy, foe, adversary," originally present participle of feogan "to hate," from Proto-Germanic *fijand- "hating, hostile" (source also of Old Frisian fiand "enemy," Old Saxon fiond, Middle Dutch viant, Dutch vijand "enemy," Old Norse fjandi, Old High German fiant, Gothic fijands), from suffixed form of PIE root *pe(i)- "to hurt" (source also of Sanskrit pijati "reviles, scorns;" Avestan paman-, name of a skin disease; Greek pema "disaster, sorrow, misery, woe;" Gothic faian "to blame"). | ويري، دشمن | वयरय, दशमन | |
| film | From Middle English filme, from Old English filmen (“film, membrane, thin skin, foreskin”), from Proto-Germanic *filminją (“thin skin, membrane”) (compare Proto-Germanic *felma- (“skin, hide”)), from PIE *pélno-mo (“membrane”), from *pel- (“to cover, skin”). Cognate with Old Frisian filmene (“thin skin, human skin”), Dutch vel (“sheet, skin”), German Fell (“skin, hide, fur”), Swedish fjäll (“fur blanket, cloth, scale”), Norwegian fille (“rag, cloth”), Lithuanian plėvē (“membrane, scab”), Russian плева́ (plevá, “membrane”), Ancient Greek πέλμα (pélma, “sole of the foot”). More at fell. Sense of a thin coat of something is 1577, extended by 1845 to the coating of chemical gel on photographic plates. By 1895 this also meant the coating plus the paper or celluloid. | ڦلوڻو | फलवणव | *pel- (3) Sindhi root (ڦلڻ) meaning "skin, hide." It forms all or part of: erysipelas; fell (n.2) "skin or hide of an animal;" film; pell; pellagra; pellicle; pelt (n.) "skin of a fur-bearing animal;" pillion; surplice. It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Greek pella, Latin pellis "skin;" Old English filmen "membrane, thin skin, foreskin." |
| fin | From Middle English fin, from Old English finn, from Proto-Germanic *finnō, *finǭ (“dorsal fin”) (compare Dutch vin, German Finne, Swedish finne, fena), from PIE *(s)pīn- (“backbone, dorsal fin”) (compare Old Irish ind (“end, point”), Latin pinna (“feather, wing”), Tocharian A spin (“hook”), Sanskrit स्फ्य (sphyá, “splinter, staff”). | ڦڻ، ڦڻي (ڪرنگهي جي ھڏي) | फण, फणय (करनगहय जय हडय) | |
| find (v) | Old English findan "come upon, meet with; discover; obtain by search or study" (class III strong verb; past tense fand, past participle funden), from Proto-Germanic *findan "to come upon, discover" (source also of Old Saxon findan, Old Frisian finda, Old Norse finna, Middle Dutch vinden, Old High German findan, German finden, Gothic finþan), originally "to come upon." The Germanic word is from PIE root *pent- "to tread, go" (source also of Old High German fendeo "pedestrian;" Sanskrit panthah "path, way;" Avestan panta "way;" Greek pontos "open sea," patein "to tread, walk;" Latin pons (genitive pontis) "bridge;" Old Church Slavonic pǫti "path," pęta "heel;" Russian put' "path, way"). The prehistoric sense development in Germanic would be from "to go" to "to find (out)," but Boutkan has serious doubts about this. Germanic *-th- in English tends to become -d- after -n-. The change in the Germanic initial consonant is from Grimm's Law. To find out "to discover by scrutiny" is from 1550s (Middle English had a verb, outfinden, c. 1300). | پنٿ، ڪنھن خاص مقصد جي ڳولا، واٽ ، رستو ، دڳ ، مارڳ. طريقو ،سليڪو. ڪنهن ڌرمي اڳواڻ جو اختيار ڪيل عبادت يا پوڄا پاٺ جو خاص طريقو. | पनथ, कनहन खअस मक़सद जय गवलअ, वअट , रसतव , दग , मअरग. तरयक़व ,सलयकव. कनहन धरमय अगवअण जव अखतयअर कयल अबअदत यअ पवॼअ पअठ जव खअस तरयक़व. | |
| finger | "terminal or digital member of the hand" (in a restricted sense not including the thumb), Old English finger, fingor "finger," from Proto-Germanic *fingraz (source also of Old Saxon fingar, Old Frisian finger, Old Norse fingr, Dutch vinger, German Finger, Gothic figgrs "finger"), with no cognates outside Germanic; perhaps ultimately from PIE root *penkwe- "five." As a unit of measure for liquor and gunshot (late Old English) it represents the breadth of a finger, about three-quarters of an inch. They generally are numbered from the thumb outward, and named index finger, fool's finger, leech- or physic-finger, and ear-finger. | آڱر، پنجو | आङर, पनजव | *penkwe- Sindhi root (پنج) meaning "five." It forms all or part of: cinquain; cinque; cinquecento; cinquefoil; fifteen; fifth; fifty; fin (n.) "five-dollar bill;" finger; fist; five; foist; keno; parcheesi; penta-; pentacle; pentad; Pentateuch; Pentecost; pentagon; pentagram; pentameter; pentathlon; Pentothal; Pompeii; Punjab; punch (n.2) "type of mixed drink;" quinary; quincunx; quinella; quinque-; quinquennial; quint; quintain; quintet; quintile; quintessence; quintillion; quintuple. |
| fire | Old English fyr "fire, a fire," from Proto-Germanic *fūr- (source also of Old Saxon fiur, Old Frisian fiur, Old Norse fürr, Middle Dutch and Dutch vuur, Old High German fiur, German Feuer "fire"), from PIE *perjos, from root *paewr- "fire." Current spelling is attested as early as 1200, but did not fully displace Middle English fier (preserved in fiery) until c. 1600. PIE apparently had two roots for fire: *paewr- and *egni- (source of Latin ignis). | پڄر، ڄَرَ، آڳ، آڱري، باھ | पॼर, ॼर, आग, आङरय, बअह | *paewr- *paəwr-, Sindhi root (پڄر) meaning "fire." It forms all or part of: antipyretic; burro; empyreal; empyrean; fire; pyracanth; pyre; pyretic; pyrexia; pyrite; pyro-; pyrolusite; pyromania; pyrrhic; sbirro. |
| first | From Middle English first, furst, ferst, fyrst, from Old English fyrst, fyrest (“first, foremost, principal, chief, original”), from Proto-Germanic *furistaz (“foremost, first”), superlative of Proto-Germanic *fur, *fura, *furi (“before”), from PIE *per-, *pero- (“forward, beyond, around”), equivalent to fore + -est. Cognate with North Frisian foarste (“first”), Dutch voorste (“foremost, first”), German Fürst (“chief, prince”, literally “first (born)”), Swedish första (“first”), Norwegian Nynorsk fyrst (“first”), Icelandic fyrstur (“first”). | پھريون، پھرين | पहरयवन, पहरयन | |
| fist | Old English fyst "fist, clenched hand," from West Germanic *fusti- (source also of Old Saxon fust, Old High German fust, Old Frisian fest, Middle Dutch vuust, Dutch vuist, German Faust), from Proto-Germanic *funhstiz, probably ultimately from a PIE "hand" word that is ultimately cognate with the root *penkwe- "five" (compare Old Church Slavonic pesti, Russian piasti "fist"), in reference to the five fingers. | پنجو، مُڪ، ٺونشو | पनजव, मक, ठवनशव | *penkwe- Sindhi root (پنج) meaning "five." It forms all or part of: cinquain; cinque; cinquecento; cinquefoil; fifteen; fifth; fifty; fin (n.) "five-dollar bill;" finger; fist; five; foist; keno; parcheesi; penta-; pentacle; pentad; Pentateuch; Pentecost; pentagon; pentagram; pentameter; pentathlon; Pentothal; Pompeii; Punjab; punch (n.2) "type of mixed drink;" quinary; quincunx; quinella; quinque-; quinquennial; quint; quintain; quintet; quintile; quintessence; quintillion; quintuple. |
| flat | From Middle English flat, a borrowing from Old Norse flatr[1] (compare Norwegian and Swedish flat, Danish flad), from Proto-Germanic *flataz, from PIE *pleth₂- (“flat”); akin to Saterland Frisian flot (“smooth”), German Flöz (“a geological layer”), Ancient Greek πλατύς (platús), Latvian plats, Sanskrit प्रथस् (prathas, “extension”) | پلٿ، پلٿي (سڌو ويهڻ) مان نڪتل | पलथ, पलथय (सधव वयहण) मअन नकतल | *plat- also *pletə-, Sindhi root (پلٿ، ڦلت) meaning "to spread;" extension of root *pele- (2) "flat; to spread." It forms all or part of: clan; flan; flat (adj.) "without curvature or projection;" flat (n.) "a story of a house;" flatter (v.); flounder (n.) "flatfish;" implant; piazza; place; plaice; plane; (n.4) type of tree; plant; plantain (n.2); plantar; plantation; plantigrade; plat; plate; plateau; platen; platform; platinum; platitude; Platonic; Plattdeutsch; platter; platypus; plaza; supplant; transplant. |
| flow | Old English flowan "to flow, stream, issue; become liquid, melt; abound, overflow" (class VII strong verb; past tense fleow, past participle flowen), from Proto-Germanic *flowan "to flow" (source also of Middle Dutch vloyen, Dutch vloeien, vloeijen "to flow," Old Norse floa "to deluge," Old High German flouwen "to rinse, wash"), from PIE root *pleu- "to flow." The weak form predominated from 14c., but strong past participle flown is occasionally attested through 18c. Related: Flowed; flowing. | ڦھلو، ڦھلاءُ | फहलव, फहलअ | *pleu- Sindhi root (ڦھل) meaning "to flow." It forms all or part of: fletcher; fledge; flee; fleet (adj.) "swift;" fleet (n.2) "group of ships under one command;" fleet (v.) "to float, drift; flow, run;" fleeting; flight (n.1) "act of flying;" flight (n.2) "act of fleeing;" flit; float; flood; flotsam; flotilla; flow; flue; flugelhorn; fluster; flutter; fly (v.1) "move through the air with wings;" fly (n.) "winged insect;" fowl; plover; Pluto; plutocracy; pluvial; pneumo-; pneumonia; pneumonic; pulmonary. |
| flower | c. 1200, flour, also flur, flor, floer, floyer, flowre, "the blossom of a plant; a flowering plant," from Old French flor "flower, blossom; heyday, prime; fine flour; elite; innocence, virginity" (12c., Modern French fleur), from Latin florem (nominative flos) "flower" (source of Italian fiore, Spanish flor), from PIE root *bhel- (3) "to thrive, bloom." From late 14c. in English as "blossoming time," also, figuratively, "prime of life, height of one's glory or prosperity, state of anything that may be likened to the flowering state of a plant." As "the best, the most excellent; the best of its class or kind; embodiment of an ideal," early 13c. (of persons, mid-13c. of things); for example flour of milk "cream" (early 14c.); especially "wheat meal after bran and other coarse elements have been removed, the best part of wheat" (mid-13c.). Modern spelling and full differentiation from flour (n.) is from late 14c. | ڀيلار، ڦلار، ڦل. گل ڦل | भयलअर, फलअर, फल. गल फल | *bhel- (3) Sindhi root (ڦلڻ) meaning "to thrive, bloom," possibly a variant of PIE root *bhel- (2) "to blow, swell." It forms all or part of: blade; bleed; bless; blood; blow (v.2) "to bloom, blossom;" bloom (n.1) "blossom of a plant;" bloom (n.2) "rough mass of wrought iron;" blossom; cauliflower; chervil; cinquefoil; deflower; defoliation; effloresce; exfoliate; feuilleton; flora; floral; floret; florid; florin; florist; flour; flourish; flower; foil (n.) "very thin sheet of metal;" foliage; folio; folium; gillyflower; Phyllis; phyllo-; portfolio; trefoil. |
| foam | Middle English fom, fome (c. 1300), from Old English fam "foam, saliva froth; sea," from West Germanic *faimo- (source also of Old High German veim, German Feim), from PIE root *(s)poi-mo- "foam, froth" (source also of Sanskrit phenah; Latin pumex "pumice," spuma "foam;" Old Church Slavonic pena "foam;" Lithuanian spainė "a streak of foam"). The plastic variety used in packaging, etc., so called from 1937. | ڦيڻ | फयण | |
| foreign | c. 1300, ferren, foran, foreyne, in reference to places, "outside the boundaries of a country;" of persons, "born in another country," from Old French forain "strange, foreign; outer, external, outdoor; remote, out-of-the-way" (12c.), from Medieval Latin foraneus "on the outside, exterior," from Latin foris (adv.) "outside," literally "out of doors," related to foris "a door," from PIE *dhwor-ans-, suffixed form of root *dhwer- "door, doorway." | ٻاھر، (اندر جو ضد) ھتي در کان ٻاھر، اندروني جو ابتڙ طور لفظ ورتل آھي. ڌاريو | बअहर, (अनदर जव ज़द) हतय दर कअन बअहर, अनदरवनय जव अबतड़ तवर लफ़ज़ वरतल आहय. धअरयव | *dhwer- Sindhi root (در، دوار) meaning "door, doorway." The base form is frequently in dual or plural, leading to speculation that houses of the original Sindhi had doors with two swinging halves. |
| fort (n) | mid-15c., "fortified place, stronghold," from Old French fort "fort, fortress; strong man," noun use of adjective meaning "strong, stout, sturdy; hard, severe, difficult; hard to understand; dreadful, terrible; fortified" (10c.), from Latin fortis "strong, mighty; firm, steadfast; brave, spirited," from Old Latin forctus, which is of unknown etymology. Possibly from PIE root *bhergh- (2) "high, elevated," with derivatives referring to hills and hill-forts, or possibly from *dher- "to hold firmly, support." Figurative use of hold the fort attested from 1590s. | ڀِڙو، ڪوٽ، وڏو دڙو | भड़व, कवट, वडव दड़व | *bhergh- (2) Sindhi root (ڀڙو) meaning "high," with derivatives referring to hills and hill-forts. It forms all or part of: barrow (n.2) "mound, hill, grave-mound;" belfry; borough; bourgeoisie; burg; burgess; burgher; burglar; faubourg; iceberg. |
| four | Old English feower "four; four times," from Proto-Germanic *fedwores (source also of Old Saxon fiuwar, Old Frisian fiower, fiuwer, Frankish *fitter-, Dutch vier, Old High German fior, German vier, Old Norse fjorir, Danish fire, Swedish fyra, Gothic fidwor "four"), from PIE root *kwetwer- "four." The phonetic evolution of the Germanic forms has not been fully explained; Watkins explains the -f- as being from the following number (Modern English five). | چار | चअर | *kwetwer- Sindhi root (چار) meaning "four." |
| free | From Middle English free, fre, freo, from Old English frēo (“free”), from Proto-Germanic *frijaz (“beloved, not in bondage”), from PIE *priHós (“dear, beloved”), from *preyH- (“to love, to please”). Related to friend. Cognate with West Frisian frij (“free”), Dutch vrij (“free”), Low German free (“free”), German frei (“free”), Friede (“peace”), Danish, Swedish and Norwegian fri (“free”), Sanskrit प्रिय (priyá). Germanic and Celtic are the only Indo-European language branches in which the PIE word with the meaning of "dear, beloved" acquired the additional meaning of "free" in the sense of "not in bondage". This was an extension of the idea of "characteristic of those who are dear and beloved", in other words friends and tribe members (in contrast to unfree inhabitants from other tribes and prisoners of war, many of which were among the slaves – compare the Latin use of liberi to mean both "free persons" and "children of a family") | پري، پرين، پريه (آزاد) | परय, परयन, परयह (आज़अद) | *pri- prī-, Sindhi root (پري، پرين) meaning "to love." In some languages (notably Germanic and Celtic) it developed derivatives with the sense "free, not in bondage," perhaps via "beloved" or "friend" being applied to the free members of one's clan (as opposed to slaves). It forms all or part of: afraid; affray; filibuster; Frederick; free; freebooter; freedom; friend; Friday; Frigg; Godfrey; Geoffrey; Siegfried; Winfred. |
| Friday | sixth day of the week, Old English frigedæg "Friday, Frigga's day," from Frige, genitive of *Frigu (see Frigg), Germanic goddess of married love. The day name is a West Germanic translation of Latin dies Veneris "day of (the planet) Venus," which itself translated Greek Aphrodites hemera. Compare Old Norse frijadagr, Old Frisian frigendei, Middle Dutch vridach, Dutch vrijdag, German Freitag "Friday," and the Latin-derived cognates Old French vendresdi, French vendredi, Spanish viernes. In Germanic religion, Freya (q.v.) corresponds more closely in character to Venus than Frigg does, and some early Icelandic writers used Freyjudagr for "Friday." A fast-day in the Church, hence Friday face (17c.) for a gloomy countenance. Black Friday as the name for the busy shopping day after U.S. Thanksgiving holiday is said to date from 1960s and perhaps was coined by those who had the job of controlling the crowds, not by the merchants; earlier it was used principally of Fridays when financial markets crashed (1866, 1869, 1873). | پرِين (پيار) جو ڏينھن، شڪروار، جمع جو ڏينھن | परयन (पयअर) जव डयनहन, शकरवअर, जमअ जव डयनहन | *pri- prī-, Sindhi root (پري، پرين) meaning "to love." In some languages (notably Germanic and Celtic) it developed derivatives with the sense "free, not in bondage," perhaps via "beloved" or "friend" being applied to the free members of one's clan (as opposed to slaves). It forms all or part of: afraid; affray; filibuster; Frederick; free; freebooter; freedom; friend; Friday; Frigg; Godfrey; Geoffrey; Siegfried; Winfred. |
| friend | From Middle English frend, freend, from Old English frēond (“friend, relative, lover”, literally “loving[-one]”), from Proto-Germanic *frijōndz (“lover, friend”), from PIE *prēy-, *prāy- (“to like, love”), equivalent to free + -nd. Cognate with Saterland Frisian Früünd (“friend”), West Frisian freon, froen, freondinne (“friend”), Dutch vriend (“friend”), Low German Frund, Fründ (“friend, relative”), German Freund (“friend”), Danish frænde (“kinsman”), Swedish frände (“kinsman, relative”), Icelandic frændi (“kinsman”), Gothic 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐌳𐍃 (frijōnds, “friend”). | پي، پِري، پِرين (دوست يار) | पय, परय, परयन (दवसत यअर) | *pri- prī-, Sindhi root (پري، پرين) meaning "to love." In some languages (notably Germanic and Celtic) it developed derivatives with the sense "free, not in bondage," perhaps via "beloved" or "friend" being applied to the free members of one's clan (as opposed to slaves). It forms all or part of: afraid; affray; filibuster; Frederick; free; freebooter; freedom; friend; Friday; Frigg; Godfrey; Geoffrey; Siegfried; Winfred. |
| Frigg (n) | in Germanic religion, queen of heaven and goddess of married love, wife of Odin; the name is in Old English, but only in compounds such as Frigedæg "Friday," Frigeæfen (what we would call "Thursday evening"). The modern English word is from Old Norse Frigg, a noun use of the feminine of an adjective meaning "beloved, loving," also "wife," from Proto-Germanic *frijjo "beloved, wife," from PIE *priy-a- "beloved," from PIE root *pri- "to love." | پرين، پريه | परयन, परयह | *pri- prī-, Sindhi root (پري، پرين) meaning "to love." In some languages (notably Germanic and Celtic) it developed derivatives with the sense "free, not in bondage," perhaps via "beloved" or "friend" being applied to the free members of one's clan (as opposed to slaves). |
| from (adj, prep) | Old English fram, preposition denoting departure or movement away in time or space, from Proto-Germanic *fra "forward, away from" (source also of Old Saxon, Old High German, Gothic fram "from, away," Old Norse fra "from," fram "forward"), from PIE *pro-mo-, suffixed form of *pro (see pro-), extended form of root *per- (1) "forward." The Germanic sense of "moving away" apparently evolved from the notion of "forward motion." It is related to Old English fram "forward; bold; strong," and fremian "promote, accomplish" (see frame (v.)). | پاران (ڀران) | पअरअन (भरअन) | *per- (1) Sindhi root (پاران) forming prepositions, etc., meaning "forward," and, by extension, "in front of, before, first, chief, toward, near, against," etc. It forms all or part of: afford; approach; appropriate; approve; approximate; barbican; before; deprive; expropriate; far; first; for; for-; fore; fore-; forefather; foremost; former (adj.); forth; frame; frau; fret; Freya; fro; froward; from; furnish; furniture; further; galore; hysteron-proteron; impervious; improbity; impromptu; improve; palfrey; par (prep.); para- (1) "alongside, beyond; altered; contrary; irregular, abnormal;" paradise; pardon; paramount; paramour; parvenu; pellucid; per; per-; percent; percussion; perennial; perestroika; perfect; perfidy; perform; perfume; perfunctory; perhaps; peri-; perish; perjury; permanent; permeate; permit; pernicious; perpendicular; perpetual; perplex; persecute; persevere; perspective; perspire; persuasion; pertain; peruse; pervade; pervert; pierce; portray; postprandial; prae-; Prakrit; pre-; premier; presbyter; Presbyterian; preterite; pride; priest; primal; primary; primate; primavera; prime; primeval; primitive; primo; primogenitor; primogeniture; primordial; primus; prince; principal; principle; prior; pristine; private; privilege; privy; pro (n.2) "a consideration or argument in favor;" pro-; probably; probe; probity; problem; proceed; proclaim; prodigal; produce; profane; profess; profile; profit; profound; profuse; project; promise; prompt; prone; proof; proper; property; propinquity; prophet; prose; prostate; prosthesis; protagonist; Protean; protect; protein; Proterozoic; protest; proto-; protocol; proton; protoplasm; Protozoa; proud; prove; proverb; provide; provoke; prow; prowess; proximate; Purana; purchase; purdah; reciprocal; rapprochement; reproach; reprove; veneer. |
| fry | late 13c., "cook (something) in a shallow pan over a fire," from Old French frire "to fry" (13c.), from Latin frigere "to roast or fry," from PIE *bher- "to cook, bake" (source also of Sanskrit bhrjjati "roasts," bharjanah "roasting;" Persian birishtan "to roast;" perhaps also Greek phrygein "to roast, bake"). Intransitive sense is from late 14c. U.S. slang meaning "execute in the electric chair" is U.S. slang from 1929. As a noun, "fried meat," from 1630s. Related: Fried; frying. Frying pan recorded from mid-14c. | ڀڙڪ، ڀڄڪ، رڌڪو | भड़क, भॼक, रधकव | |
| fund | 1670s, "a bottom, the bottom; foundation, groundwork," from French fond "a bottom, floor, ground" (12c.), also "a merchant's basic stock or capital," from Latin fundus "bottom, foundation, piece of land," from PIE root *bhudh- "bottom, base" (source also of Sanskrit budhnah, Greek pythmen "foundation, bottom," Old English botm "lowest part;" see bottom (n.)). Meaning "stock of money or wealth available for some purpose" is from 1690s; sense of "store of anything to be drawn upon" is from 1704. Funds "money at one's disposal" is from 1728. | ٻنڊ، جيڪو پاڻ وٽ ھجي، جنھن کي پنھنجي مڏي سمجهجي | बनड, जयकव पअण वट हजय, जनहन कय पनहनजय मडय समजहजय | |
| fundamental | From Late Latin fundamentalis, from Latin fundamentum (“foundation”), from fundare (“to lay the foundation (of something), to found”), from fundus (“bottom”), from PIE *bʰundʰ-mn. | بُڻ بڻياد، بڻيادو | बण बणयअद, बणयअदव | |
| fusion (n) | 1550s, "act of melting by heat," from Middle French fusion or directly from Latin fusionem (nominative fusio) "an outpouring, effusion," noun of action from fusus, past participle of fundere "to pour, melt" (from nasalized form of PIE root *gheu- "to pour"). Meaning "union or blending of different things; state of being united or blended" is by 1776; used especially in 19c, of politics, in early 20c. of psychology, atoms, and jazz (in nuclear physics sense, first recorded 1947; in musical sense, by 1972). | گھڻ، گهيڙڻ، گهيڙي ملائي ڇڏڻ | गहण, गहयड़ण, गहयड़य मलअयय छडण | *gheu- Sindhi root (گهئه، گهتڻ) meaning "to pour, pour a libation." It forms all or part of: alchemy; chyle; chyme; confound; confuse; diffuse; diffusion; effuse; effusion; effusive; fondant; fondue; font (n.2) "complete set of characters of a particular face and size of type;" found (v.2) "to cast metal;" foundry; funnel; fuse (v.) "to melt, make liquid by heat;" fusible; fusion; futile; futility; geyser; gush; gust (n.) "sudden squall of wind;" gut; infuse; ingot; parenchyma; perfuse; perfusion; profuse; refund; refuse (v.) "reject, disregard, avoid;" refuse (n.) "waste material, trash;" suffuse; suffusion; transfuse; transfusion. |
| fuss (n) | "trifling bustle," 1701, originally colloquial, perhaps an alteration of force (n.), or "echoic of the sound of something sputtering or bubbling" [OED], or from Danish fjas "foolery, nonsense." First attested in Anglo-Irish writers, but there are no obvious connections to words in Irish. To make a fuss was earlier to keep a fuss (1726). Fuss and feathers "bustle and display" is from 1848, American English, suggestive of a game cock or a peacock, originally of U.S. Army Gen. Winfield Scott (1786-1866) in the Mexican war. | ڦش، ڦشري | फश, फशरय | |
| gain | 1520s, "obtain as profit," from Middle French gagner, from Old French gaaignier "to earn, gain; trade; capture, win," also "work in the fields, cultivate land," from Frankish *waidanjan "hunt, forage," also "graze, pasture," from Proto-Germanic *waithanjan "to hunt, plunder," from *waithjo- "pursuit, hunting" (source also of Old English waþ "hunting," German Weide "pasture, pasturage," Old Norse veiðr "hunting, fishing, catch of fish"). This is from PIE root *weie- "to go after, strive after, pursue vigorously, desire," with noun derivatives indicating "force, power" (related to *wi-ro- "man;" see virile). Cognates include Sanskrit padavi- "track, path, trail," veti- "follows, strives, leads, drives;" Avestan vateiti "follows, hunts;" Greek hiemai "move oneself forward, strive, desire;" Lithuanian vyti "to chase, pursue;" Old Norse veiðr "chase, hunting, fishing;" Old English OE wað "a chase, hunt." | وٺڻ، حاصلات | वठण, हअसलअत | |
| gamete (n) | "sexual protoplasmic body," 1880, coined 1878 by German cytologist Eduard Strasburger (1844-1912), the widespread attribution of the word's coinage to Mendel being apparently erroneous. From Greek gamete "a wife," gametes "a husband," from gamein "to take to wife, to marry," from PIE root *gem(e)- "to marry" (source also of Greek gambros "son-in-law, father-in-law, brother-in-law;" Sanskrit jamih "brother, sister," jama daughter-in-law;" Avestan zama-tar "son-in-law;" Latin gener "son-in-law"). See also -gamy. The seventh month of the ancient Attic calendar (corresponding to late January and early February) was Gamelion, "Month of Marriages." Related: Gametal. | ڄامي، ڄڻڻ جي سگه | ॼअमय, ॼणण जय सगह | |
| gang | from Old English gang "a going, journey, way, passage," and Old Norse gangr "a group of men, a set," both from Proto-Germanic *gangaz (source also of Old Saxon, Old Frisian, Danish, Dutch, Old High German, German gang, Old Norse gangr, Gothic gagg "act of going"), of uncertain origin, perhaps from PIE root *ghengh- "to step" (source also of Sanskrit jangha "shank," Avestan zanga- "ankle," Lithuanian žengiu "I stride"). Not considered to be related to go. | ڄنگھ (ھتي ڄنگه جي مراد ھڪ ٽولي جو ھڪ ٿيڻ آھي) | ॼनगह (हतय ॼनगह जय मरअद हक टवलय जव हक थयण आहय) | |
| dinosaur | one of the Dinosauria, a class of extinct Mesozoic reptiles often of enormous size, 1841, coined in Modern Latin by Sir Richard Owen, from Greek deinos "terrible" (see dire) + sauros "lizard" (see -saurus). Figurative sense of "person or institution not adapting to change" is from 1952. Related: Dinosaurian. | ڏائڻ | डअयण | |
| garden | late 13c. (late 12c. in surnames), from Old North French gardin "(kitchen) garden; orchard; palace grounds" (Old French jardin, 13c., Modern French jardin), from Vulgar Latin *hortus gardinus "enclosed garden," via Frankish *gardo or some other Germanic source, from Proto-Germanic *gardan- (source also of Old Frisian garda, Old Saxon gardo, Old High German garto, German Garten "a garden," Old English geard, Gothic gards "enclosure"), from PIE root *gher- (1) "to grasp, enclose." Italian giardino, Spanish jardin are from French. | گهر اندر پوک، باغ | गहर अनदर पवक, बअग़ | *gher- (1) Sindhi root (گهر) meaning "to grasp, enclose." |
| gate | From Middle English gate, gat, ȝate, ȝeat, from Old English gæt, gat, ġeat (“a gate, door”), from Proto-Germanic *gatą (“hole, opening”) (compare Old Norse gat, Swedish and Dutch gat, Low German Gaat, Gööt), from PIE *ǵʰed- (“to defecate”) (compare Albanian dhjes, Ancient Greek χέζω (khézō), Old Armenian ձետ (jet, “tail”), Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬵 (zadah, “rump”)). | گھٽ | गहट | |
| gather | Old English gadrian, gædrian "unite, agree, assemble; gather, collect, store up" (transitive and intransitive), used of flowers, thoughts, persons; from Proto-Germanic *gaduron "come or bring together, unite" (source also of Old English gæd "fellowship, companionship," gædeling "companion;" Middle Low German gadderen; Old Frisian gaderia; Dutch gaderen "to gather," gade "spouse;" German Gatte "husband;" Gothic gadiliggs), perhaps from PIE *ghedh- "to unite, join" (see good (adj.)). Change of spelling from -d- to -th- is 1500s, reflecting earlier change in pronunciation (as in father). Related: Gathered; gathering. | گڏڻ، گڏجڻ | गडण, गडजण | |
| gene | early 20th century: from German Gen, from Pangen, a supposed ultimate unit of heredity (from Greek pan- ‘all’ + genos ‘race, kind, offspring’), from Indic *jenrn | ڄَڻِ | ॼण | *gene- *genə-, also *gen-, Sindhi root (ڄڻ، جن) meaning "give birth, beget," with derivatives referring to procreation and familial and tribal groups. |
| general (adj) | c. 1200, "of wide application, generic, affecting or involving all" (as opposed to special or specific), from Old French general (12c.) and directly from Latin generalis "relating to all, of a whole class, generic" (contrasted with specialis), from genus (genitive generis) "stock, kind" (from PIE root *gene- "give birth, beget," with derivatives referring to procreation and familial and tribal groups). | ڄڻ (سڄي) لاءِ، عام | ॼण (सॼय) लअ, अअम | *gene- *genə-, also *gen-, Sindhi root (ڄڻ، جن) meaning "give birth, beget," with derivatives referring to procreation and familial and tribal groups. |
| genesis | Borrowed from Latin genesis (“generation, nativity”), from Ancient Greek γένεσις (génesis, “origin, source, beginning, nativity, generation, production, creation”), from PIE *ǵénh₁tis (“birth, production”), from *ǵenh₁-. Related to Ancient Greek γίγνομαι (gígnomai, “to be produced, become, be”). | ڄڻت، جتان لفظ ڄڻ نڪري تو | ॼणत, जतअन लफ़ज़ ॼण नकरय तव | *gene- *genə-, also *gen-, Sindhi root (ڄڻ، جن) meaning "give birth, beget," with derivatives referring to procreation and familial and tribal groups. |
| genocide (n) | 1944, apparently coined by Polish-born U.S. jurist Raphael Lemkin (1900-1959) in his work "Axis Rule in Occupied Europe" [p.19], in reference to Nazi extermination of Jews, literally "killing a tribe," from Greek genos "race, kind" (from PIE root *gene- "give birth, beget," with derivatives referring to procreation and familial and tribal groups) + -cide "a killing." The proper formation would be *genticide. | ڄڻ ڪوس (نسل ڪشي) | ॼण कवस (नसल कशय) | *gene- *genə-, also *gen-, Sindhi root (ڄڻ، جن) meaning "give birth, beget," with derivatives referring to procreation and familial and tribal groups. |
| get | c. 1200, from Old Norse geta (past tense gatum, past participle getenn) "to obtain, reach; to be able to; to beget; to learn; to be pleased with," a word of very broad meaning, often used almost as an auxilliary verb, also frequently in phrases (such as geta rett "to guess right"). This is from Proto-Germanic *getan (source also of Old Swedish gissa "to guess," literally "to try to get"), from PIE root *ghend- "to seize, take." | ڳِڌ، وٺڻ (اوائلي لفظ ڳڌ معنا وٺڻ) | गध, वठण (अवअयलय लफ़ज़ गध मअनअ वठण) | *ghend- also *ghed-, Sindhi root (ڳڌ) meaning "to seize, to take." It forms all or part of: apprehend; apprentice; apprise; beget; comprehend; comprehension; comprehensive; comprise; depredate; depredation; emprise; enterprise; entrepreneur; forget; get; guess; impresario; misprision; osprey; predatory; pregnable; prehensile; prehension; prey; prison; prize (n.2) "something taken by force;" pry (v.2) "raise by force;" reprehend; reprieve; reprisal; reprise; spree; surprise. |
| geyser (n) | 1780, extended from Icelandic Geysir, name of a specific hot spring in the valley of Haukadal, literally "the gusher," from Old Norse geysa "to gush," from Proto-Germanic *gausjan, suffixed form of PIE *gheus-, extended form of the root *gheu- "to pour." Taken by foreign writers as the generic name for spouting hot springs, for which the native Icelandic words are hverr "a cauldron," laug "a hot bath." | گَھُ، پاڻيءَ جي وھڪ، پاڻيءَ جي اڇل (جتان گيزر لفظ نڪتو) | गह, पअणय जय वहक, पअणय जय अछल (जतअन गयज़र लफ़ज़ नकतव) | *gheu- Sindhi root (گهئه، گهتڻ) meaning "to pour, pour a libation." |
| girl | c. 1300, gyrle "child, young person" (of either sex but most frequently of females), of unknown origin. One guess [OED] leans toward an unrecorded Old English *gyrele, from Proto-Germanic *gurwilon-, diminutive of *gurwjoz (apparently also represented by Low German gære "boy, girl," Norwegian dialectal gorre, Swedish dialectal gurre "small child," though the exact relationship, if any, between all these is obscure), from PIE *ghwrgh-, also found in Greek parthenos "virgin." But this involves some objectionable philology. Liberman (2008) writes: | ڳوري، ننگري، ڇوڪري (گُوَر) پنجابيءَ ۾ ڪور، ڪٿي ڪٿي وري گوري بھ لفظ استعمال ٿئي. | गवरय, ननगरय, छवकरय (गवर) पनजअबय में कवर, कथय कथय वरय गवरय बह लफ़ज़ असतअमअल थयय. | |
| girth | c. 1300, "belt around a horse's body," from Old Norse gjorð "girdle, belt, hoop," from Proto-Germanic *gertu- (cf Gothic gairda "girdle"), from the same source as girdle and gird. Sense of "measurement around an object" first recorded 1640s. | گرٿ، گرنٿي = ڳنڍ. ڪپڙي جي ڇيڙي يا پَلاَندَ ۾ پيسن ٻڌڻ جي ڳنڍ. ناڻي جي ڳوٿري ، سمر ، همياڻي ، کيڪ ، نورو ، ٻٽون. پئسا ، زر ، ڏوڪڙ ، دولت ، رقم ، دام ، ملهه جنهن سان ڪا شيءِ ڳِنهجي. چيلهه ، ڪمر. | गरथ, गरनथय = गनढ. कपड़य जय छयड़य यअ पलअनद में पयसन बधण जय गनढ. नअणय जय गवथरय , समर , हमयअणय , कयक , नवरव , बटवन. पयसअ , ज़र , डवकड़ , दवलत , रक़म , दअम , मलहह जनहन सअन कअ शय गनहजय. चयलहह , कमर. | |
| glad | From Middle English glad, gled, from Old English glæd (“shining; bright; cheerful; glad”), from Proto-Germanic *gladaz (“shiny; gleaming; radiant; happy; glossy; smooth; flat”), from PIE *gʰladʰ-, from *gʰel- (“to shine”). | جهلڻ، چمڪڻ، ملي ٻھڪي اٿڻ | जहलण, चमकण, मलय बहकय अथण | *ghel- (2) Sindhi root (جهل، چلڪڻ) meaning "to shine;" it forms words for "gold" (the "bright" metal), words denoting colors, especially "yellow" and "green," also "bile, gall," for is color, and a large group of Germanic gl- words having to do with shining and glittering and, perhaps, sliding. Buck says the interchange of words for yellow and green is "perhaps because they were applied to vegetation like grass, cereals, etc., which changed from green to yellow." It forms all or part of: arsenic; Chloe; chloral; chloride; chlorinate; chlorine; chloro-; chloroform; chlorophyll; chloroplast; cholecyst; choler; cholera; choleric; cholesterol; cholinergic; Cloris; gall (n.1) "bile, liver secretion;" gild; glad; glance; glare; glass; glaze; glazier; gleam; glee; glib; glide; glimmer; glimpse; glint; glissade; glisten; glister; glitch; glitter; glitzy; gloaming; gloat; gloss (n.1) "glistening smoothness, luster;" glow; glower; gold; guilder; jaundice; melancholic; melancholy; yellow; zloty. |
| glass (adj) | Old English glæs, from glass (v.). Middle English also had an adjective glazen, from Old English glæsen. The glass snake (1736, actually a limbless lizard) is so called for the fragility of its tail. The glass slipper in "Cinderella" perhaps is an error by Charles Perrault, translating in 1697, mistaking Old French voir "ermine, fur" for verre "glass." In other versions of the tale it is a fur slipper. The proverb about people in glass houses throwing stones is attested by 1779, but earlier forms go back to 17c.: | جهل، جهلمڻ، چمڪڻ | जहल, जहलमण, चमकण | *ghel- (2) Sindhi root (جهل، چلڪڻ) meaning "to shine;" it forms words for "gold" (the "bright" metal), words denoting colors, especially "yellow" and "green," also "bile, gall," for is color, and a large group of Germanic gl- words having to do with shining and glittering and, perhaps, sliding. Buck says the interchange of words for yellow and green is "perhaps because they were applied to vegetation like grass, cereals, etc., which changed from green to yellow." It forms all or part of: arsenic; Chloe; chloral; chloride; chlorinate; chlorine; chloro-; chloroform; chlorophyll; chloroplast; cholecyst; choler; cholera; choleric; cholesterol; cholinergic; Cloris; gall (n.1) "bile, liver secretion;" gild; glad; glance; glare; glass; glaze; glazier; gleam; glee; glib; glide; glimmer; glimpse; glint; glissade; glisten; glister; glitch; glitter; glitzy; gloaming; gloat; gloss (n.1) "glistening smoothness, luster;" glow; glower; gold; guilder; jaundice; melancholic; melancholy; yellow; zloty. |
| glass (n) | Old English glæs "glass; a glass vessel," from Proto-Germanic *glasam "glass" (source also of Old Saxon glas, Middle Dutch and Dutch glas, German Glas, Old Norse gler "glass, looking glass," Danish glar), from PIE root *ghel- (2) "to shine," with derivatives denoting bright colors or materials. The PIE root also is the ancestor of widespread words for gray, blue, green, and yellow, such as Old English glær "amber," Latin glaesum "amber" (which might be from Germanic), Old Irish glass "green, blue, gray," Welsh glas "blue." Restricted sense of "drinking glass" is from early 13c. and now excludes other glass vessels. Meaning "a glass mirror" is from 14c. Meaning "glass filled with running sand to measure time" is from 1550s; meaning "observing instrument" is from 1610s. | گلاس، چمڪندڙ شيشو، اصل لفظ ”جهالو، جهل مل، جهرمر تان کنيل) | गलअस, चमकनदड़ शयशव, असल लफ़ज़ ”जहअलव, जहल मल, जहरमर तअन कनयल) | *ghel- (2) Sindhi root (جهل، چلڪڻ) meaning "to shine;" it forms words for "gold" (the "bright" metal), words denoting colors, especially "yellow" and "green," also "bile, gall," for is color, and a large group of Germanic gl- words having to do with shining and glittering and, perhaps, sliding. Buck says the interchange of words for yellow and green is "perhaps because they were applied to vegetation like grass, cereals, etc., which changed from green to yellow." It forms all or part of: arsenic; Chloe; chloral; chloride; chlorinate; chlorine; chloro-; chloroform; chlorophyll; chloroplast; cholecyst; choler; cholera; choleric; cholesterol; cholinergic; Cloris; gall (n.1) "bile, liver secretion;" gild; glad; glance; glare; glass; glaze; glazier; gleam; glee; glib; glide; glimmer; glimpse; glint; glissade; glisten; glister; glitch; glitter; glitzy; gloaming; gloat; gloss (n.1) "glistening smoothness, luster;" glow; glower; gold; guilder; jaundice; melancholic; melancholy; yellow; zloty. |
| glow | Old English glowan "to glow, shine as if red-hot," from Proto-Germanic *glo- (source also of Old Saxon gloian, Old Frisian gled "glow, blaze," Old Norse gloa, Old High German gluoen, German glühen "to glow, glitter, shine"), from PIE root *ghel- (2) "to shine," with derivatives referring to bright materials and gold. Figuratively from late 14c. Related: Glowed; glowing. Swedish dialectal and Danish glo also have the extended sense "stare, gaze upon," which is found in Middle English. | جهالو، چمڪندڙ | जहअलव, चमकनदड़ | *ghel- (2) Sindhi root (جهل، چلڪڻ) meaning "to shine;" it forms words for "gold" (the "bright" metal), words denoting colors, especially "yellow" and "green," also "bile, gall," for is color, and a large group of Germanic gl- words having to do with shining and glittering and, perhaps, sliding. Buck says the interchange of words for yellow and green is "perhaps because they were applied to vegetation like grass, cereals, etc., which changed from green to yellow." It forms all or part of: arsenic; Chloe; chloral; chloride; chlorinate; chlorine; chloro-; chloroform; chlorophyll; chloroplast; cholecyst; choler; cholera; choleric; cholesterol; cholinergic; Cloris; gall (n.1) "bile, liver secretion;" gild; glad; glance; glare; glass; glaze; glazier; gleam; glee; glib; glide; glimmer; glimpse; glint; glissade; glisten; glister; glitch; glitter; glitzy; gloaming; gloat; gloss (n.1) "glistening smoothness, luster;" glow; glower; gold; guilder; jaundice; melancholic; melancholy; yellow; zloty. |
| god | From Middle English god, from Old English god (“deity”), originally neuter, then changed to masculine to reflect the change in religion to Christianity, from Proto-Germanic *gudą n, from PIE *ǵʰutós (“invoked (one)”), from PIE *ǵʰewH- (“to call, to invoke”) or *ǵʰew- (“to pour”). Not related to the word good. | گود (پناھ واري شڪل ۾ ورتل) گهَو (طاقتور، شڪتي شالي، لفظ اگهو ان جو ضد آھي مانا ڪمزور ناچاڪ وغيرھ) سڪون ۽ انتھائيءَ خوش حالت جي ڪري وري اتان گهوٽ ٺھيو | गवद (पनअह वअरय शकल में वरतल) गहव (तअक़तवर, शकतय शअलय, लफ़ज़ अगहव अन जव ज़द आहय मअनअ कमज़वर नअचअक वग़यरह) सकवन ۽ अनतहअयय खवश हअलत जय करय वरय अतअन गहवट ठहयव | |
| gold | "precious metal noted for its color, luster, malleability, and freedom from rust or tarnish," Old English gold, from Proto-Germanic *gulthan "gold" (source also of Old Saxon, Old Frisian, Old High German gold, German Gold, Middle Dutch gout, Dutch goud, Old Norse gull, Danish guld, Gothic gulþ), from PIE root *ghel- (2) "to shine," with derivatives denoting gold (the "bright" metal). The root is the general Indo-European one for "gold," found in Germanic, Balto-Slavic (compare Old Church Slavonic zlato, Russian zoloto, "gold"), and Indo-Iranian. Finnish kulta is from German; Hungarian izlot is from Slavic. For Latin aurum see aureate. Greek khrysos probably is from Semitic. | جِھل، جهلڻ، جهرمر، (چمڪڻ جي ڪري لفظ ٿيو) | जहल, जहलण, जहरमर, (चमकण जय करय लफ़ज़ थयव) | *ghel- (2) Sindhi root (جهل، چلڪڻ) meaning "to shine;" it forms words for "gold" (the "bright" metal), words denoting colors, especially "yellow" and "green," also "bile, gall," for is color, and a large group of Germanic gl- words having to do with shining and glittering and, perhaps, sliding. Buck says the interchange of words for yellow and green is "perhaps because they were applied to vegetation like grass, cereals, etc., which changed from green to yellow." It forms all or part of: arsenic; Chloe; chloral; chloride; chlorinate; chlorine; chloro-; chloroform; chlorophyll; chloroplast; cholecyst; choler; cholera; choleric; cholesterol; cholinergic; Cloris; gall (n.1) "bile, liver secretion;" gild; glad; glance; glare; glass; glaze; glazier; gleam; glee; glib; glide; glimmer; glimpse; glint; glissade; glisten; glister; glitch; glitter; glitzy; gloaming; gloat; gloss (n.1) "glistening smoothness, luster;" glow; glower; gold; guilder; jaundice; melancholic; melancholy; yellow; zloty. |
| gono- | before vowels gon-, word-forming element from Greek gonos "seed, that which engenders," from PIE *gon-o-, suffixed form of root *gene- "give birth, beget." | ڄڻ (ڄڻڻ بابت) | ॼण (ॼणण बअबत) | *gene- *genə-, also *gen-, Sindhi root (ڄڻ، جن) meaning "give birth, beget," with derivatives referring to procreation and familial and tribal groups. |
| good | Old English gōd (with a long "o") "excellent, fine; valuable; desirable, favorable, beneficial; full, entire, complete;" of abstractions, actions, etc., "beneficial, effective; righteous, pious;" of persons or souls, "righteous, pious, virtuous;" probably originally "having the right or desirable quality," from Proto-Germanic *gōda- "fitting, suitable" (source also of Old Norse goðr, Dutch goed, Old High German guot, German gut, Gothic goþs), a word of uncertain origin, perhaps originally "fit, adequate, belonging together," from PIE root *ghedh- "to unite, be associated, suitable" (source also of Old Church Slavonic godu "pleasing time," Russian godnyi "fit, suitable," Old English gædrian "to gather, to take up together"). | گڏ، ڀلو، ايڪي ۾ رھندڙ، ايڪائي برقرار رکندڙ | गड, भलव, अयकय में रहनदड़, अयकअयय बरक़रअर रकनदड़ | |
| goose | Old English gos "a goose," from Proto-Germanic *gans- "goose" (source also of Old Frisian gos, Old Norse gas, Old High German gans, German Gans "goose"), from PIE *ghans- (source also of Sanskrit hamsah (masc.), hansi (fem.), "goose, swan;" Greek khen; Latin anser; Polish gęś "goose;" Lithuanian žąsis "goose;" Old Irish geiss "swan"), probably imitative of its honking. | ڪاز (پراڻو نالو گهڻس) بعد ۾ ھنس | कअज़ (परअणव नअलव गहणस) बअद में हनस | |
| gorge | mid-14c., "throat," from Old French gorge "throat; a narrow passage" (12c.), from Late Latin gurges "gullet, throat, jaws," also "gulf, whirlpool," which probably is related to Latin gurgulio "gullet, windpipe," from a reduplicated form of PIE root *gwora- "food, devouring." Transferred sense of "deep, narrow valley" was in Old French. From 1520s as "what has been swallowed," hence in figurative phrases indicating nauseating disgust. | گرھ، ڪاڪڙو جتان گرھ جو گذر ٿئي، | गरह, कअकड़व जतअन गरह जव गज़र थयय, | *gwora- also *gwera-, Sindhi root (گرھ) meaning "food, devouring." It forms all or part of: carnivorous; devour; gorge; gurges; hellebore; herbivore; herbivorous; insectivore; locavore; omnivorous; voracious; voracity; -vorous. |
| grace | late 12c., "God's unmerited favor, love, or help," from Old French grace "pardon, divine grace, mercy; favor, thanks; elegance, virtue" (12c., Modern French grâce), from Latin gratia "favor, esteem, regard; pleasing quality, good will, gratitude" (source of Italian grazia, Spanish gracia; in Church use translating Greek kharisma), from gratus "pleasing, agreeable," from PIE *gwreto-, suffixed form of root *gwere- (2) "to favor." Sense of "virtue" is early 14c., that of "beauty of form or movement, pleasing quality" is mid-14c. In classical sense, "one of the three sister goddesses (Latin Gratiæ, Greek Kharites), bestowers of beauty and charm," it is first recorded in English 1579 in Spenser. In music, "an embellishment not essential to the melody or harmony," 1650s. As the name of the short prayer that is said before or after a meal (early 13c.; until 16c. usually graces) it has a sense of "gratitude." As a title of honor, c. 1500. | ڳڻ، ڳائڻ جوڳو | गण, गअयण जवगव | *gwere- (2) gwerə-, Sindhi root (ڳن ڳار، ڳائڻ) meaning "to favor." |
| grade | 1510s, "degree of measurement," from French grade "grade, degree" (16c.), from Latin gradus "a step, a pace, gait; a step climbed (on a ladder or stair);" figuratively "a step toward something, a degree of something rising by stages," from gradi (past participle gressus) "to walk, step, go," from PIE root *ghredh- "to walk, go." It replaced Middle English gree "a step, degree in a series," from Old French grei "step," from Latin gradus. | گهِڙڻ جو ڏاڪو يا ماپو | गहड़ण जव डअकव यअ मअपव | *ghredh- Sindhi root (ڳر، گهڙ) meaning "to walk, go." |
| grain | early 14c., "a small, hard seed," especially of one of the cereal plants, also as a collective singular, "seed of wheat and allied grasses used as food;" also "something resembling grain; a hard particle of other substances" (salt, sand, later gunpowder, etc.), from Old French grain, grein (12c.) "seed, grain; particle, drop; berry; grain as a unit of weight," from Latin granum "seed, a grain, small kernel," from PIE root *gre-no- "grain." From late 14c. as "a species of cereal plant." In the U.S., where corn has a specialized sense, it is the general word (used of wheat, rye, oats, barley, etc.). | ڪڻو، اناج جو ڪڻو، داڻو | कणव, अनअज जव कणव, दअणव | *gre-no- *grə-no-, Sindhi root (ڳڙو، ڪڻو) meaning "grain." |
| gram | From French gramme, from Ancient Greek γράμμα (grámma, “a small weight, a scruple”), a semantic calque of Latin scripulum (cf. scrupulus), erroneously thought to be derived from scribo (“to write”), from Indo European *gr'am | گرام، آواز جو ماپو، ماپو | गरअम, आवअज़ जव मअपव, मअपव | |
| granite (n) | 1640s, from French granit(e) (17c.) or directly from Italian granito "granite," originally "grained," past-participle adjective from granire "granulate, make grainy," from grano "grain," from Latin granum "grain" (from PIE root *gre-no- "grain"). In reference to the appearance of the rock. Used figuratively for "hardness" (of the heart, head, etc.) from 1839. New Hampshire, U.S., has been the Granite State at least since 1825. | گرينائيٽ (پٿر) ڪڻي (داڻي) مان نڪتل لفظ | गरयनअययट (पथर) कणय (दअणय) मअन नकतल लफ़ज़ | *gre-no- *grə-no-, Sindhi root (ڳڙو، ڪڻو) meaning "grain." |
| granule (n) | 1650s, from French granule or directly from Late Latin granulum "small grain," diminutive of Latin granum "grain," from PIE root *gre-no- "grain." | ڪڻو، داڻو | कणव, दअणव | *gre-no- *grə-no-, Sindhi root (ڳڙو، ڪڻو) meaning "grain." |
| grass | from Proto-Germanic *grasan (source also of Old Frisian gers "grass, turf, kind of grass," Old Norse, Old Saxon, Dutch, Old High German, German, Gothic gras, Swedish gräs "grass"), which, according to Watkins, is from PIE *ghros- "young shoot, sprout," from root *ghre- "to grow, become green," thus related to grow and green, but not to Latin grāmen "grass, plant, herb." But Boutkan considers grāmen the only reliable cognate and proposes a substrate origin. | گھاس، گاه | गहअस, गअह | |
| gratitude | mid-15c., "good will," from Middle French gratitude (15c.) or directly from Medieval Latin gratitudinem (nominative gratitudo) "thankfulness," from Latin gratus "thankful, pleasing" (from suffixed form of PIE root *gwere- (2) "to favor"). Meaning "thankfulness" is from 1560s. | ڳائڻ جھڙو ٿورو (احسان) | गअयण जहड़व थवरव (अहसअन) | *gwere- (2) gwerə-, Sindhi root (ڳن ڳار، ڳائڻ) meaning "to favor." |
| gravity | c. 1500, "weight, dignity, seriousness, solemnity of deportment or character, importance," from Old French gravité "seriousness, thoughtfulness" (13c.) and directly from Latin gravitatem (nominative gravitas) "weight, heaviness, pressure," from gravis "heavy" (from PIE root *gwere- (1) "heavy"). The scientific sense of "downward acceleration of terrestrial bodies due to gravitation of the Earth" first recorded 1620s. | ڳراوت، ڳري، وزني | गरअवत, गरय, वज़नय | *gwere- (1) gwerə-, Sindhi root (ڳري، ڳرو) meaning "heavy." |
| greedy (adj) | Old English grædig (West Saxon), gredig (Anglian) "voracious, hungry," also "covetous, eager to obtain," from Proto-Germanic *grædagaz (source also of Old Saxon gradag "greedy," Old Norse graðr "greed, hunger," Danish graadig, Dutch gretig, Old High German gratag "greedy," Gothic gredags "hungry"), from *græduz (source also of Gothic gredus "hunger," Old English grædum "eagerly"), possibly from PIE root *gher- (2) "to like, want" (source of Sanskrit grdh "to be greedy"). In Greek, the word was philargyros, literally "money-loving." A German word for it is habsüchtig, from haben "to have" + sucht "sickness, disease," with sense tending toward "passion for." | گهرڻو، لالچي | गहरणव, लअलचय | *gher- (2) Sindhi root (گهُر) meaning "to like, want." It forms all or part of: catachresis; charisma; chervil; chrestomathy; Eucharist; exhort; exhortation; greedy; hortative; hortatory; yearn. |
| grief | from Old French grief "wrong, grievance, injustice, misfortune, calamity" (13c.), from grever "afflict, burden, oppress," from Latin gravare "make heavy; cause grief," from gravis "weighty" (from PIE root *gwere- (1) "heavy"). Meaning "mental pain, sorrow" is from c. 1300. Good grief as an exclamation of surprise, dismay, etc., is from 1912. | گاڙو | गअड़व | *gwere- (1) gwerə-, Sindhi root (ڳري، ڳرو) meaning "heavy." |
| grind (v) | Old English grindan "to rub together, crush into powder, grate, scrape," forgrindan "destroy by crushing" (class III strong verb; past tense grand, past participle grunden), from Proto-Germanic *grindanan (source also of Dutch grenden), related to ground (v.), from PIE *ghrendh- "to grind" (source also of Latin frendere "to gnash the teeth," Greek khondros "corn, grain," Lithuanian grendu, gręsti "to scrape, scratch"). Meaning "to make smooth or sharp by friction" is from c. 1300. Most other Germanic languages use a verb cognate with Latin molere (compare Dutch malen, Old Norse mala, German mahlen). | گيڙ، گڙ، نار کي ڦيرائڻ جي حالت ، گهمرو ، ڦيرو. پيهڻ، گهڻي مار ، گُڏَ ، پِڃَ، ڊينبَ ، ڏاڱورَ ، سَٽِڪو ، ڦيههَ. | गीड़, गड़ि, नारु खे फेराइणु जी हालति , गहमरो , फेरो पीहणु, घणी मार , गुॾ , पुञु, डेंब , ॾाङोर , सटिको , फीहह | |
| groove | From Middle English grov, grove, groof, grofe (“cave; pit; mining shaft”), from Old English *grōf (“trench, furrow, something dug”), from Proto-Germanic *grōbō (“groove, furrow”), from PIE *gʰrebʰ- (“to dig, scrape, bury”). Cognate with Dutch groef, groeve (“groove; pit, grave”), German Grube (“ditch, pit”), Norwegian grov (“brook, riverbed”), Serbo-Croatian grèbati (“scratch, dig”). Directly descended from Old English grafan (“to dig”). | جهري. ڪنھن شيءِ ۾ جهر ڪري کٻي | जहरय. कनहन शय में जहर करय कबय | |
| guest | Old English gæst, giest (Anglian gest) "an accidental guest, a chance comer, a stranger," from Proto-Germanic *gastiz (source also of Old Frisian jest, Dutch gast, German Gast, Gothic gasts "guest," originally "stranger"), from PIE root *ghos-ti- "stranger, guest, host" (source also of Latin hostis, in earlier use "a stranger," in classical use "an enemy"); the root sense, according to Watkins, probably is "someone with whom one has reciprocal duties of hospitality." | گست، سَياح ، گهمندڙ ، سيلاني. (عام طور تي جيڪو ھروڀرو ويجهو پوي ان کي گستو بھ سڏجي ٿو) | गसत, सयअह , गहमनदड़ , सयलअनय. (अअम तवर तय जयकव हरवभरव वयजहव पवय अन कय गसतव बह सडजय थव) | *ghos-ti- Sindhi root (گستو) meaning "stranger, guest, host," properly "someone with whom one has reciprocal duties of hospitality," representing "a mutual exchange relationship highly important to ancient Indo-European society" [Watkins]. But as strangers are potential enemies as well as guests, the word has a forked path. It forms all or part of: Euxine; guest; hospice; hospitable; hospital; hospitality; hospodar; host (n.1) "person who receives guests;" host (n.2) "multitude;" hostage; hostel; hostile; hostility; hostler; hotel; Xenia; xeno-; xenon. |
| guide | late 14c., "to lead, direct, conduct," from Old French guider "to guide, lead, conduct" (14c.), earlier guier, from Frankish *witan "show the way" or a similar Germanic source, from Proto-Germanic *witanan "to look after, guard, ascribe to, reproach" (source also of German weisen "to show, point out," Old English witan "to reproach," wite "fine, penalty"), from PIE root *weid- "to see." The form of the French word influenced by Old Provençal guidar (n.) "guide, leader," or Italian guidare, both from the same source. Related: Guided; guiding. Guided missile, one capable of altering course in flight, is from 1945. | ڄاڻ ڏيڻ، (ويد، بيد) سمجهائڻ | ॼअण डयण, (वयद, बयद) समजहअयण | *weid- Sindhi root (ويد، وديا) meaning "to see." It forms all or part of: advice; advise; belvedere; clairvoyant; deja vu; Druid; eidetic; eidolon; envy; evident; guide; guidon; guise; guy (n.1) "small rope, chain, wire;" Gwendolyn; Hades; history; idea; ideo-; idol; idyll; improvisation; improvise; interview; invidious; kaleidoscope; -oid; penguin; polyhistor; prevision; provide; providence; prudent; purvey; purview; review; revise; Rig Veda; story (n.1) "connected account or narration of some happening;" supervise; survey; twit; unwitting; Veda; vide; view; visa; visage; vision; visit; visor; vista; voyeur; wise (adj.) "learned, sagacious, cunning;" wise (n.) "way of proceeding, manner;" wisdom; wiseacre; wit (n.) "mental capacity;" wit (v.) "to know;" witenagemot; witting; wot. |
| gulf (n) | late 14c., "profound depth," from Old French golf "a gulf, whirlpool," from Italian golfo "a gulf, a bay," from Late Latin colfos, from Greek kolpos "bay, gulf of the sea," earlier "trough between waves, fold of a loose garment," originally "bosom," the common notion being "curved shape." This is from PIE *kuolp- "arch, curve, vault" (compare Old English hwealf"vault," a-hwielfan "to overwhelm," Old Norse holfinn "vaulted," Old High German welban "to vault"). | ڪولانڀ، سامونڊي پاڻيءَ جو ڏکيو پيچرو | कवलअनभ, सअमवनडय पअणय जव डकयव पयचरव | |
| gullet (n) | "passage from the mouth of an animal to the stomach," c. 1300 (as a surname), from Old French golet "neck (of a bottle); gutter; bay, creek," diminutive of gole "throat, neck" (Modern French gueule), from Latin gula "throat," also "appetite," which is related to gluttire "to gulp down, devour," glutto "a glutton." De Vaan writes, "We seem to be dealing with an onomatopoeic formation of the form *gul- / *glu-." Compare Old English ceole "throat;" Old Church Slavonic glutu "gullet," Russian glot "draught, gulp;" Old Irish gelim "I devour." | ڳلو (ڳچي) | गलव (गचय) | |
| gunny | early 18th century: from Marathi gōnī, from Sanskrit goṇī ‘sack’. | ڳوڻ | गवण | |
| guru | 1806, gooroo, from Hindi guru "teacher, priest," from Sanskrit guru-s "one to be honored, teacher," from guru- "venerable, worthy of honor," literally "heavy, weighty," from PIE root *gwere- (1) "heavy." Generalized sense of "mentor" is from 1940 (in H.G. Wells); sense of "expert in something" first recorded c. 1966 in Canadian English in reference to Marshall McLuhan. | گرو، استاد | गरव, असतअद | *gwere- (1) gwerə-, Sindhi root (ڳري، ڳرو) meaning "heavy." |
| gut | From Middle English gut, gutte, gotte, from Old English gutt (usually in plural guttas (“guts, entrails”)), from Proto-Germanic *gut-, from PIE *ǵʰewd- (“to pour”). Related to English gote (“drain”), Old English ġēotan (“to pour”). More at gote, yote.The verb is from Middle English gutten, gotten (“to gut”). | گهَت، اٽڪل، رمز، طور طريقو | गहत, अटकल, रमज़, तवर तरयक़व | *gheu- Sindhi root (گهئه، گهتڻ) meaning "to pour, pour a libation." |
| gymno- | before vowels gymn-, word-forming element meaning "naked, stripped, bare," from Greek gymnos "naked, unclad; bare, mere," from a metathesis of PIE *nogw-mo-, suffixed form of *nogw- "naked" (see naked). | ننگو | ननगव | |
| gyno- | word-forming element especially in modern medical and botanical words equivalent to gyneco-. | ڄڻي (نارين سان لاڳاپيل) | ॼणय (नअरयन सअन लअगअपयल) | *gwen- Sindhi root (ڄڻي، ناري) meaning "woman." It forms all or part of: androgynous; banshee; gynarchy; gyneco-; gynecology; gynecomastia; gyno-; misogyny; polygyny; quean; queen. |
| hagio- | before vowels hagi-, word-forming element meaning "of a saint, saintly, holy," from Greek hagios "sacred, devoted to the gods" (of things), "holy, pure" (of persons), in Ecclesiastical Greek, "a saint," which is perhaps from PIE *yag- "to worship, reverence" (source also of Greek agnos "chaste," Sanskrit yajati "reveres (a god) with sacrifices, worships," Old Persian ayadana "temple"). | جوڳين، سامين، پوتر اسمن بابت | जवगयन, सअमयन, पवतर असमन बअबत | |
| hair | Old English hær "hair, a hair," from Proto-Germanic *hēran (source also of Old Saxon, Old Norse, Old High German har, Old Frisian her, Dutch and German haar "hair"), perhaps from PIE *ghers- "to stand out, to bristle, rise to a point" (source also of Lithuanian šerys "bristle;" | وار | वअर | |
| hap | c. 1200, "chance, a person's luck, fortune, fate;" also "unforeseen occurrence," from Old Norse happ "chance, good luck," from Proto-Germanic *hap- (source of Old English gehæp "convenient, fit"), from PIE *kob- "to suit, fit, succeed" (source also of Sanskrit kob "good omen; congratulations, good wishes," Old Irish cob "victory," Norwegian heppa "lucky, favorable, propitious," Old Church Slavonic kobu "fate, foreboding, omen"). Meaning "good fortune" in English is from early 13c. Old Norse seems to have had the word only in positive senses. | کُپُ، ٺيڪ ، پورو ، برابر ، بيهڪ ظرف. مضبوط ، ڏاڍو ، سوگهو ، پڪو. خوب | कप, ठयक , पवरव , बरअबर , बयहक ज़रफ़. मज़बवत , डअढव , सवगहव , पकव. खवब | |
| harass | 1610s, "to lay waste, devastate" (obsolete); 1620s, "to vex by repeated attacks," from French harasser "tire out, vex" (16c.), which is of uncertain origin; possibly from Old French harer "stir up, provoke; set a dog on" (according to Watkins, from Frankish *hara "over here, hither," from Proto-Germanic *hi‑, from PIE *ki-, variant form of root *ko-, the stem of demonstrative pronoun meaning "this"), and perhaps blended with Old French harier "to harry, draw, drag" [Barnhart]. Related: Harassed; | هرس، هراس (خوف، ڊڄ، ڀئو) | हरस, हरअस (खवफ़, डॼ, भयव) | |
| hard | Old English heard "solid and firm, not soft," also, "difficult to endure, carried on with great exertion," also, of persons, "severe, rigorous, harsh, cruel," from Proto-Germanic *hardu- (source also of Old Saxon hard, Old Frisian herd, Dutch hard, Old Norse harðr "hard," Old High German harto "extremely, very," German hart, Gothic hardus "hard"), from PIE *kortu-, suffixed form of root *kar- "hard." | هاڙ، ڪڙھ، ڪاڙھ | हअड़, कड़ह, कअड़ह | *kar- also *ker-, Sindhi root (ڪار ڪرت) meaning "hard." |
| harvest | From Middle English harvest, hervest, from Old English hærfest (“autumn, harvest-time; August”), from Proto-Germanic *harbistaz (“harvest-time, autumn, fall”), from *harbaz, from PIE *kerp-. Cognate with Sylt Hārefst, West Frisian hjerst, Dutch herfst, German Herbst, Low German Harvst, Danish and Norwegian Bokmål høst, Norwegian Nynorsk haust; further with Latin carpere 'to seize', Greek καρπός (karpós, “fruit”), κείρω (keírō, “to cut off”). | هارپو کرپو جنھن سان ٻني ٺاھبي آھي | हअरपव करपव जनहन सअन बनय ठअहबय आहय | *kerp- Sindhi root (ھارپ، کرپ) meaning "to gather, pluck, harvest." |
| head (n) | Old English heafod "top of the body," also "upper end of a slope," also "chief person, leader, ruler; capital city," from Proto-Germanic *haubid (source also of Old Saxon hobid, Old Norse hofuð, Old Frisian haved, Middle Dutch hovet, Dutch hoofd, Old High German houbit, German Haupt, Gothic haubiþ "head"), from PIE root *kaput- "head." | ڪپاٽ، مٿو | कपअट, मथव | *kaput- Sindhi root (ڪيپاٽ) meaning "head." |
| health | Old English hælþ "wholeness, a being whole, sound or well," from Proto-Germanic *hailitho, from PIE *kailo- "whole, uninjured, of good omen" (source also of Old English hal "hale, whole;" Old Norse heill "healthy;" Old English halig, Old Norse helge "holy, sacred;" Old English hælan "to heal"). With Proto-Germanic abstract noun suffix *-itho (see -th (2)). | ڪائلي، ڪائلاڻو، ڪائلاتا، سنڀال، بچائيل (صحت) | कअयलय, कअयलअणव, कअयलअतअ, सनभअल, बचअययल (सहत) | |
| heart | From Middle English herte, from Old English heorte (“heart”), from Proto-Germanic *hertô (“heart”), from PIE *ḱḗr (“heart”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian Haat, West Frisian hert, Dutch hart, German Low German Hart, German Herz, Icelandic hjarta, Latin cor, cordis, Ancient Greek καρδία (kardía), Sanskrit हृद् (hṛ́d), Welsh craidd, Irish croí, Armenian սիրտ (sirt), Russian се́рдце (sérdce), and Lithuanian širdis. | هردو، دل (خرد) | हरदव, दल (खरद) | *kerd- Sindhi root (ھردو، ڪردو) meaning "heart." |
| hearth | Old English heorð "hearth, fireplace, part of a floor on which a fire is made," also in transferred use "house, home, fireside," from Proto-Germanic *hertha- "burning place" (source also of Old Saxon and Old Frisian herth, Middle Dutch hert, Dutch haard, German Herd "floor, ground, fireplace"), from PIE *kerta-, from root *ker- (3) "heat, fire." Hearth-rug is from 1824. Hearth-stone is from early 14c | ڪيريءَ، ڪوئلي سڙڻ واري جڳھ | कयरय, कवयलय सड़ण वअरय जगह | *ker- (3) Sindhi root (ڪيري) meaning "heat, fire." |
| hectic | late 14c., etik (in fever etik "hectic fever"), from Old French etique "consumptive," from Late Latin hecticus, from Greek hektikos "continuous, habitual," also used of slow, continued diseases or fevers. The Greek adjective is from hexis "a habit (of mind or body)," from ekhein "have, hold, continue" (from PIE root *segh- "to hold"). The Latin -h- was restored in English 16c. | سوگهو رھڻ، سگھوار | सवगहव रहण, सगहवअर | *segh- Sindhi root (سگھ، سوگھ) meaning "to hold." |
| helix | "a spiral thing," 1560s, originally of the volutes of Corinthian capitals, from Latin helix "spiral, a volute in architecture," from Greek helix (genitive helikos), a word used of anything in a spiral shape (an armlet, a curl of hair, the tendril of a vine, a serpent's coil), which is related to eilein "to turn, twist, roll," from PIE *wel-ik-, from root *wel- (3) "to turn, revolve," from PIE root *wel- (3) "to turn, revolve." The classical plural is helices. | ولڻ، ولھٽڻ | वलण, वलहटण | *wel- (3) Sindhi root (ول، ور) meaning "to turn, revolve," with derivatives referring to curved, enclosing objects. |
| hermit (n) | early 12c., "religious recluse, one who dwells apart in a solitary place for religious meditation," from Old French hermit, ermit "hermit, recluse," from Late Latin eremita, from Greek eremites, literally "person of the desert," from eremia "a solitude, an uninhabited region, a waste," from erēmos "uninhabited, empty, desolate, bereft," from PIE *erem- "to rest, be quiet" (source also of Sanskrit ramate "to rest;" Lithuanian rimti "to be quiet," Gothic rimis "rest," Old Irish fo-rimim "to set, lay"). The unetymological h- first appeared in Medieval Latin heremite. Transferred sense of "person living in solitude" is from 1799. Related: Hermitic; hermitical. The hermit crab (1735) is said to be so called for its seeking out and dwelling in a solitary cell. | آرامي (شانت واري حالت) وٿيرڪو رھي پوڄا پاٺ ڪندڙ يوگي | आरअमय (शअनत वअरय हअलत) वथयरकव रहय पवॼअ पअठ कनदड़ यवगय | |
| hexa- | before vowels and in certain chemical compound words hex-, word-forming element meaning "six," from Greek hexa-, combining form of hex "six," from PIE root *sweks- (see six). | ڇڪا، ڇھ انگن جا يا جو | छकअ, छह अनगन जअ यअ जव | |
| histo- | medical word-forming element, from Greek histos "warp, web," literally "anything set upright," from histasthai "to stand," from PIE root *sta- "to stand, make or be firm." Taken by 19c. medical writers as the best Greek root from which to form terminology for "tissue, structural element of the animal body." | اسٿي، اسٿان، ٿان | असथय, असथअन, थअन | *sta- *stā-, Sindhi root (اسٿ) meaning "to stand, set down, make or be firm," with derivatives meaning "place or thing that is standing." |
| history | late 14c., "relation of incidents" (true or false), from Old French estoire, estorie "story; chronicle, history" (12c., Modern French histoire), from Latin historia "narrative of past events, account, tale, story," from Greek historia "a learning or knowing by inquiry; an account of one's inquiries, history, record, narrative," from historein "inquire," from histōr "wise man, judge," from PIE *wid-tor-, from root *weid- "to see." | *ودوري، ود مان نڪتل، اتھاس، تاريخ، گذريل لقائن جو دستاويز | *वदवरय, वद मअन नकतल, अतहअस, तअरयख, गज़रयल लक़अयन जव दसतअवयज़ | *weid- Sindhi root (ويد، وديا) meaning "to see." |
| holy | Old English halig "holy, consecrated, sacred; godly; ecclesiastical," from Proto-Germanic *hailaga- (source also of Old Norse heilagr, Danish hellig, Old Frisian helich "holy," Old Saxon helag, Middle Dutch helich, Old High German heilag, German heilig, Gothic hailags "holy"), from PIE *kailo- "whole, uninjured" (see health). Adopted at conversion for Latin sanctus. | ڪائلو، سنڀاليل، محفوظ، پوتر | कअयलव, सनभअलयल, महफ़वज़, पवतर | |
| homeo- | also homoeo-, word-forming element meaning "similar to," Latinized from Greek homio-, from homoios "like, resembling, of the same kind; equal," related to or an expanded form of homos "one and the same," from PIE root *sem- (1) "one; as one, together with." | سم، برابر ، پورو ، هم وزن ، هڪ جهڙو ، يَڪسان ، هَمسَر ، مَٽ ، ثاني ، هڪ جيترو ، هڪ جيڏو ، سڀ. | सम, बरअबर , पवरव , हम वज़न , हक जहड़व , यकसअन , हमसर , मट , सअनय , हक जयतरव , हक जयडव , सभ. | *sem- (1) Sindhi root (سم، برابر، پورو، ھڪ ڪرو) meaning "one; as one, together with." |
| homo- | before vowels hom-, word-forming element meaning "same, the same, equal, like" (opposed to hetero-), from Greek homos "one and the same," also "belonging to two or more jointly," from PIE *somo-, from root *sem- (1) "one; as one, together with." | سم، ساڳيو، ھم | सम, सअगयव, हम | *sem- (1) Sindhi root (سم، برابر، پورو، ھڪ ڪرو) meaning "one; as one, together with." |
| horn | Old English horn "horn of an animal; projection, pinnacle," also "wind instrument" (originally one made from animal horns), from Proto-Germanic *hurni- (source also of German Horn, Dutch horen, Old Frisian horn, Gothic haurn), from PIE root *ker- (1) "horn; head." | سڱ (ھي بڻيادي طور تي سڱر آھي. جيڪو يورپ ۾ ڱر مان ھر ۽ پوءِ ھارن ٿيو آھي.) | सङ (हय बणयअदय तवर तय सङर आहय. जयकव यवरप में ङर मअन हर ۽ पव हअरन थयव आहय.) | *ker- (1) Sindhi root (سڱ) meaning "horn; head," with derivatives referring to horned animals, horn-shaped objects, and projecting parts. It forms all or part of: alpenhorn; Capricorn; carat; carotid; carrot; carotene; cerato-; cerebellum; cerebral; cerebrum; cervical; cervix; charivari; cheer; chelicerae; corn (n.2) "hardening of the skin;" cornea; corner; cornet; cornucopia; cranium; flugelhorn; hart; hartebeest; horn; hornbeam; hornblende; hornet; keratin; kerato-; migraine; monoceros; reindeer; rhinoceros; saveloy; serval; triceratops; unicorn. |
| hospital | mid-13c., "shelter for the needy," from Old French hospital, ospital "hostel, shelter, lodging" (Modern French hôpital), from Late Latin hospitale "guest-house, inn," noun use of neuter of Latin adjective hospitalis "of a guest or host" (as a noun, "a guest; the duties of hospitality"), from hospes (genitive hospitis) "guest; host;" see host (n.1). The sense of "charitable institution to house and maintain the needy" in English is from early 15c.; meaning "institution for sick or wounded people" is first recorded 1540s. The same word, contracted, is hostel and hotel. The sense shift in Latin from duties to buildings might have been via the common term cubiculum hospitalis "guest-chamber." The Latin adjective use continued in Old French, where ospital also could mean "hospitable" and ospitalite could mean "hospital." | پت واري، پتيءَ (وارثي) واري جڳھ، جتي چاڪ چوبند ڪيو وڃي | पत वअरय, पतय (वअरसय) वअरय जगह, जतय चअक चवबनद कयव वञय | *poti- Sindhi root (پت) meaning "powerful; lord." It forms all or part of: bashaw; compos mentis; despot; hospodar; host (n.1) "person who receives guests;" idempotent; impotent; omnipotent; pasha; plenipotentiary; posse; possess; possible; patience; potency; potent; potentate; potential; potentiate; potentiometer; power; totipotent. |
| host | from Old French oste, hoste "guest, host, hostess, landlord" (12c., Modern French hôte), from Latin hospitem (nominative hospes) "guest, stranger, sojourner, visitor (hence also 'foreigner')," also "host; one bound by ties of hospitality." This appears to be from PIE *ghos-pot-, a compound meaning "guest-master" (compare Old Church Slavonic gospodi "lord, master," literally "lord of strangers"), from the roots *ghos-ti- "stranger, guest, host" and *poti- "powerful; lord." The etymological notion is of someone "with whom one has reciprocal duties of hospitality" [Watkins]. The biological sense of "animal or plant having a parasite" is from 1857. | گستي جو پتي (ميزبان) ھي لفظ ٻن لفظن جو ڳٽڪو ٿي ويو، جنھن ۾ مھمان ۽ گهر وارو (پتي) ڏيکاريا ويا آھن. | गसतय जव पतय (मयज़बअन) हय लफ़ज़ बन लफ़ज़न जव गटकव थय वयव, जनहन में महमअन ۽ गहर वअरव (पतय) डयकअरयअ वयअ आहन. | *poti- Sindhi root (پت) meaning "powerful; lord." |
| hour (n) | c. 1200, "divine office prescribed for each of the seven canonical hours; the daily service at the canonical hours;" c. 1300, "time of day appointed for prayer, one of the seven canonical hours," from Old French ore, hore "canonical hour; one-twelfth of a day" (sunrise to sunset), from Latin hora "an hour;" poetically "time of year, season," from Greek hōra a word used to indicate any limited time within a year, month, or day, from PIE *yor-a-, from root *yer- "year, season" (see year). | وار، وقت جو ايڪو | वअर, वक़त जव अयकव | |
| how | Old English hu "how," from Proto-Germanic *hwo (source also of Old Saxon hwo, Old Frisian, Middle Dutch hu, Dutch hoe, German wie, Gothic hvaiwa "how"), an adverbial form from PIE root *kwo-, stem of relative and interrogative pronouns. Practically a doublet of why, differentiated in form and use. | ڪيئن | कययन | *kwo- also *kwi-, Sindhi root (ڪھُ، ڪُ), stem of relative and interrogative pronouns. It forms all or part of: cheese (n.2) "a big thing;" cue (n.1) "stage direction;" either; hidalgo; how; kickshaw; neither; neuter; qua; quality; quandary; quantity; quasar; quasi; quasi-; query; quib; quibble; quiddity; quidnunc; quip; quodlibet; quondam; quorum; quote; quotidian; quotient; ubi; ubiquity; what; when; whence; where; whether; which; whither; who; whoever; whom; whose; why. |
| hut | From Middle English *hutte, hotte, borrowed from Old French hutte, hute (“cottage”), from Old High German hutta (“hut, cottage”), from Proto-Germanic *hudjǭ, *hudjō *huto (“hut”), from PIE *(s)kewt- (“to deck; cover; covering; skin”). Cognate with German Hütte (“hut”), Dutch hut (“hut”), West Frisian hutte (“hut”), Saterland Frisian Hutte (“hut”), Danish hytte (“hut”), Swedish hytta (“hut”). Related to hide. | هٽ، ڪوٺو، ڪوٺي | हट, कवठव, कवठय | *(s)keu- Sindhi root (ڪوٺي) meaning "to cover, conceal." It forms all or part of: chiaroscuro; cunnilingus; custody; cutaneous; cuticle; -cyte; cyto-; hide (v.1) "to conceal;" hide (n.1) "skin of a large animal;" hoard; hose; huddle; hut; kishke; lederhosen; meerschaum; obscure; scum; skewbald; skim; sky. |
| hydro- | before vowels hydr-, word-forming element in compounds of Greek origin, meaning "water," from Greek hydro-, combining form of hydor "water" (from suffixed form of PIE root *wed- (1) "water; wet"). Also sometimes a combining form of hydrogen. | اڊ، آڊھڪ، پاڻي | अड, आडहक, पअणय | *wed- (1) Sindhi root (واد آباد) meaning "water; wet." |
| hymen (n) | 1610s, from French hymen (16c.), from medical Latin, ultimately from Greek hymen "membrane (especially 'virginal membrane,' as the membrane par excellence); thin skin," from PIE *syu-men-, from root *syu- "to bind, sew." Specific modern medical meaning begins with Vesalius in the 1555 edition of "De humani corporis fabrica." Apparently not directly connected to Hymen, the god of marriage, but sharing the same root and in folk etymology supposed to be related. Related: Hymenial. | سبيل، زناني جنسي انگ اندر ڪنوارپڻي جو پردو | सबयल, ज़नअनय जनसय अनग अनदर कनवअरपणय जव परदव | *syu- syū-, also sū:-, Sindhi root (سئه، سيب) meaning "to bind, sew." It forms all or part of: accouter; couture; hymen; Kama Sutra; seam; sew; souter; souvlaki; sutra; sutile; suture. |
| hyper- | word-forming element meaning "over, above, beyond," and often implying "exceedingly, to excess," from Greek hyper (prep. and adv.) "over, beyond, overmuch, above measure," from PIE root *uper "over." | اپر، مٿي | अपर, मथय | *uper Sindhi root (اپر، اڀر) meaning "over." It forms all or part of: hyper-; insuperable; over; over-; sirloin; somersault; soprano; soubrette; sovereign; sum; summit; super-; separable; superb; superior; supernal; supra-; supreme; sur-. |
| hypo- | word-forming element meaning "under, beneath; less, less than" (in chemistry, indicating a lesser oxidation), from Greek hypo (prep. and adverb) "under, beneath; up from under; toward and under (i.e. into)," from PIE root *upo "under." | اڀرو، ھيٺ | अभरव, हयठ | *upo Sindhi root (اُڀو) meaning "under," also "up from under," hence "over." |
| I | 12c., a shortening of Old English ic, the first person singular nominative pronoun, from Proto-Germanic *ek (source also of Old Frisian ik, Old Norse ek, Norwegian eg, Danish jeg, Old High German ih, German ich, Gothic ik), from PIE *eg- "I," nominative form of the first person singular pronoun (source also of Sanskrit aham, Hittite uk, Latin ego (source of French Je), Greek ego, Russian ja, Lithuanian aš). | آءٌ | आ | |
| iceberg (n) | 1774, "glacier humped like a hill;" 1820 as "detached piece of a glacier or ice pack at sea," partial loan-translation of Dutch ijsberg, literally "ice mountain," from ijs "ice" (see ice (n.)) + berg "mountain" (from PIE root *bhergh- (2) "high," with derivatives referring to hills and hill-forts.). Similar formation in Norwegian isberg, Danish isbjerg. Earlier English terms were sea-hill (1690s), island of ice (1610s). Phrase tip of the iceberg in a figurative sense (in allusion to most of it being unseen underwater) first recorded 1962. Iceberg lettuce attested from 1893, apparently originally a trade name. | برفاني ڀِڙو (وڏو دڙو) | बरफ़अनय भड़व (वडव दड़व) | *bhergh- (2) Sindhi root (ڀڙو) meaning "high," with derivatives referring to hills and hill-forts. It forms all or part of: barrow (n.2) "mound, hill, grave-mound;" belfry; borough; bourgeoisie; burg; burgess; burgher; burglar; faubourg; iceberg. |
| idea | late 14c., "archetype, concept of a thing in the mind of God," from Latin idea "Platonic idea, archetype," a word in philosophy, the word (Cicero writes it in Greek) and the idea taken from Greek idea "form; the look of a thing; a kind, sort, nature; mode, fashion," in logic, "a class, kind, sort, species," from idein "to see," from PIE *wid-es-ya-, suffixed form of root *weid- "to see." In Platonic philosophy, "an archetype, or pure immaterial pattern, of which the individual objects in any one natural class are but the imperfect copies, and by participation in which they have their being" [Century Dictionary]. Meaning "mental image or picture" is from 1610s (the Greek word for it was ennoia, originally "act of thinking"), as is the sense "concept of something to be done; concept of what ought to be, differing from what is observed." Sense of "result of thinking" first recorded 1640s. Idée fixe (1836) is from French, literally "fixed idea." Through Latin the word passed into Dutch, German, Danish as idee, which also is found in English dialects. The philosophical sense has been somewhat further elaborated since 17c. by Descartes, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Kant. Colloquial big idea (as in what's the …) is from 1908. | وديا، ويد، بيد، خيال، | वदयअ, वयद, बयद, खयअल, | *weid- Sindhi root (ويد، وديا) meaning "to see." |
| igneous (adj) | 1660s, "pertaining to or resembling fire," from Latin igneus "of fire, fiery; on fire; burning hot," figuratively "ardent, vehement," from ignis "fire, a fire," extended to "brightness, splendor, glow;" figuratively "rage, fury, passion," from PIE root *egni- "fire" (source also of Sanskrit agnih "fire, sacrificial fire," Old Church Slavonic ogni, Lithuanian ugnis "fire"). Geological meaning "produced by volcanic forces" is from 1791, originally in distinction from aqueous. Earlier in the sense "fiery" were ignean (1630s), ignic (1610s). | اڱريل، باھ ڏنل | अङरयल, बअह डनल | |
| ignorant (adj) | late 14c., "lacking wisdom or knowledge; unaware," from Old French ignorant (14c.), from Latin ignorantem (nominative ignorans) "not knowing, ignorant," present participle of ignorare "not to know, to be unacquainted; mistake, misunderstand; take no notice of, pay no attention to," from assimilated form of in- "not, opposite of" (see in- (1)) + Old Latin gnarus "aware, acquainted with" (source also of Classical Latin noscere "to know," notus "known"), from Proto-Latin suffixed form *gno-ro-, suffixed form of PIE root *gno- "to know." Also see uncouth. Form influenced by related Latin ignotus "unknown, strange, unrecognized, unfamiliar." Colloquial sense of "ill-mannered, uncouth, knowing nothing of good manners" attested by 1886. As a noun, "ignorant person," from mid-15c. Related: Ignorantly. | اڄاڻي، نه ڄاڻ | अॼअणय, नह ॼअण | *gno- *gnō-, Sindhi root (ڄاڻ، گنان) meaning "to know." |
| ill | From Middle English ille (“evil; wicked”), from Old Norse illr (adj), illa (adverb), ilt (noun) (whence Icelandic illur, Norwegian ille, Danish ilde), from Proto-Germanic *ilhilaz, from PIE *h₁elk- (whence Latin ulcus (“sore”), Ancient Greek ἕλκος (hélkos, “wound, ulcer”), Sanskrit अर्शस् (árśas, “hemorrhoids”) (whence Hindi अर्श (arś)). | ھلڪ، سفلائي، ھلڪاڻ، نٻر (جتان پوءِ بيماريءَ جي حالت ۾ ٿئي ٿو) | हलक, सफ़लअयय, हलकअण, नबर (जतअन पव बयमअरय जय हअलत में थयय थव) | |
| in- | word-forming element meaning "not, opposite of, without" (also im-, il-, ir- by assimilation of -n- with following consonant, a tendency which began in later Latin), from Latin in- "not," cognate with Greek an-, Old English un-, all from PIE root *ne- "not." In Old French and Middle English often en-, but most of these forms have not survived in Modern English, and the few that do (enemy, for instance) no longer are felt as negative. The rule of thumb in English has been to use in- with obviously Latin elements, un- with native or nativized ones. | اڻ (ڪافي اسمن جي آڏو اچي ان جي نفي ڪرڻ وارو لفظ) | अण (कअफ़य असमन जय आडव अचय अन जय नफ़य करण वअरव लफ़ज़) | *ne- Sindhi root (نه، اڻ) meaning "not." |
| indigo | 17c. spelling change of indico (1550s), "blue powder obtained from certain plants and used as a dye," from Spanish indico, Portuguese endego, and Dutch (via Portuguese) indigo, all from Latin indicum "indigo," from Greek indikon "blue dye from India," literally "Indian (substance)," neuter of indikos "Indian," | سنڌ جو | सनध जव | |
| industry | late 15c., "cleverness, skill," from Old French industrie "activity; aptitude, experience" (14c.) or directly from Latin industria "diligence, activity, zeal," noun use of fem. of industrius "active, diligent," from early Latin indostruus "diligent," from indu "in, within" (from PIE *endo-, extended form of root *en "in") + stem of struere "to build" (from PIE root *stere- "to spread"). The meaning "habitual diligence, effort" is from 1530s; that of "systematic work" is from 1610s. The sense "a particular trade or manufacture" is first recorded 1560s. | ھڪ ئي ڇت ھيٺان چوڌاري رٿابنديءَ وارو ڪم انڊسٽري | हक यय छत हयठअन चवधअरय रथअबनदय वअरव कम अनडसटरय | *stere- *sterə-, also *ster-, Sindhi root (اسٿر) meaning "to spread." |
| infra- | word-forming element meaning "below, beneath," from Latin infra (adverb and preposition) "below, underneath, on the under side, beneath," also "later than; smaller than; inferior to," related to infernus "low, below," from PIE *ndher "under" (source also of Sanskrit adnah "below," Old English under "under, among;" see under). Modern popular use of it dates from the 1920s, as an opposite to super-, often in science fiction. "This use of infra- is scarcely a Latin one" [OED]. | اندريان، اڻ لکا. | अनदरयअन, अण लकअ. | |
| intercourse | mid-15c., "communication to and fro," ("In early use exclusively with reference to trade" [OED]), from Old French entrecors "exchange, commerce, communication" (12c., Modern French entrecours), from Late Latin intercursus "a running between, intervention," in Medieval Latin "intercommunication," from intercursus, past participle of intercurrere "to run between, intervene, mediate," from Latin inter "between" (see inter-) + currere "to run" (from PIE root *kers- "to run"). Sense of "frequent and habitual meeting and contact, social communication between persons" is from 1540s. Meaning "mental or spiritual exchange or intercommunication" is from 1560s. Meaning "sexual relations" (1798) probably is a shortening of euphemistic sexual intercourse (1771) with intercourse in its sense "social contact and relations." | اندر ڪرڻ، اچ وڃ ڪرڻ، جنسي عمل ڪرڻ (يھڻ) | अनदर करण, अच वञ करण, जनसय अमल करण (यहण) | *kers- Sindhi root (ڪاريو) meaning "to run." |
| intro | Clipping of introduction, from Latin intrōductiō (“lead-in, introduction”) – the abbreviation removes the second part of the compound, which comes ultimately from PIE *h₁énteros (“inner, what is inside”). The demoscene sense comes from the fact that they were originally prepended to pirated copies of computer games. | ھينئڙو، ھيئن جي ڳالھ، اندر جي ڳالھ | हयनयड़व, हययन जय गअलह, अनदर जय गअलह | *en Sindhi root (انتر، اندر) meaning "in." |
| invasion (n) | mid-15c., invasioun, "an assault, attack, act of entering a country or territory as an enemy," from Old French invasion "invasion, attack, assaut" (12c.), from Late Latin invasionem (nominative invasio) "an attack, invasion," noun of action from past-participle stem of Latin invadere "to go, come, or get into; enter violently, penetrate into as an enemy, assail, assault, make an attack on," from in- "in" (from PIE root *en "in") + vadere "to go, to walk, go hastily," from PIE root *wadh- (2) "to go" (source also of Old English wadan "to go," Latin vadum "ford;" see wade (v.)). | وڌي جهل ڪرڻ، ڪاھڻ | वधय जहल करण, कअहण | |
| issue (n) | c. 1300, "an exit," from Old French issue "a way out, a going out, exit; final event," from fem. past participle of issir "to go out," from Latin exire "go out, go forth; become public; flow, gush, pour forth" (source also of Italian uscire, Catalan exir), from ex- "out" (see ex-) + ire "to go," from PIE root *ei- "to go." | آيو ويو | आयव वयव | *ei- Sindhi root (ايو) meaning "to go." It forms all or part of: Abitur; adit; ambience; ambient; ambit; ambition; ambitious; andante; anion; cation; circuit; coitus; commence; commencement; concomitant; constable; count (n.1) title of nobility; county; dysprosium; errant; exit; initial; initiate; initiation; introit; ion; issue; itinerant; itinerary; janitor; January; Janus; Jena; Mahayana; obiter; obituary; perish; praetor; Praetorian; preterite; sedition; sudden; trance; transient; transit; transitive; viscount. |
| jam | Sense of "machine blockage" is from 1890, which probably led to the colloquial meaning "predicament, tight spot," first recorded 1914. Jazz meaning "short, free improvised passage performed by the whole band" dates from 1929, and yielded jam session (1933); but this is perhaps from Indic *jamm (fasten, fix) | ڄم | ॼम | |
| join (v) | c. 1300, "to unite (things) into a whole, combine, put or bring together; juxtapose," also "unite, be joined" (intrans.), from joign-, stem of Old French joindre "join, connect, unite; have sexual intercourse with" (12c.), from Latin iungere "to join together, unite, yoke," from nasalized form of PIE root *yeug- "to join." | جوڻ، جوڳ، يوگ، ملڻ | जवण, जवग, यवग, मलण | *yeug- Sindhi root (يوگ، ميلاپ) meaning "to join." |
| joke | From Latin iocus (“joke, jest, pastime”) (cognates include French jeu and Italian gioco), from Proto-Italic *jokos (“word, (playful?) saying”), from PIE *iok-o- (“word, utterance”), from ultimate root PIE *yek- (“to speak, utter”) (of which distant cognates include Breton iez (“language”) and German Beichte (“confession”)). Cognate with French jouer, Italian giocare, Portuguese jogar, and Spanish jugar. | جک، يخ، جک پائڻ، ڀوڳ ٺڪاءُ | जक, यख, जक पअयण, भवग ठकअ | *yeug- Sindhi root (يوگ، ميلاپ) meaning "to join." |
| journal | mid-14c., "book of church services," from Anglo-French jurnal, from Old French jornel, "a day; time; a day's travel or work" (12c., Modern French journal), properly "that which takes place daily," noun use of adjective meaning "daily, of the day," from Late Latin diurnalis "daily," from Latin dies "day," from PIE root *dyeu- "to shine." The meaning "book for inventories and daily accounts" is from late 15c. in English (14c. in French); that of "personal diary" is c. 1600, also from a sense developed in French. Meaning "daily publication" is from 1728. Classical Latin used diurnus for "of the day, by day," and also as a noun, "account-book, day-book." Initial -d- in Latin usually remains in French, but according to Brachet, when it is followed by an -iu-, the -i- becomes consonantized as a -j- "and eventually ejects the d." He also cites jusque from de-usque. | دئو، ڏھاڙو، ڏينھن جو حساب ڪتاب | दयव, डहअड़व, डयनहन जव हसअब कतअब | *dyeu- Sindhi root (دءٌ) meaning "to shine," in derivatives "sky, heaven, god." |
| journey | c. 1200, "a defined course of traveling; one's path in life," from Old French journée "a day's length; day's work or travel" (12c.), from Vulgar Latin *diurnum "day," noun use of neuter of Latin diurnus "of one day" (from dies "day," from PIE root *dyeu- "to shine"). The French fem, suffix -ée, from Latin -ata, was joined to nouns in French to make nouns expressing the quantity contained in the original noun, and thus also relations of times (soirée, matinée, année) or objects produced. Meaning "act of traveling by land or sea" is c. 1300. In Middle English it also meant "a day" (c. 1400); a day's work (mid-14c.); "distance traveled in one day" (mid-13c.), and as recently as Johnson (1755) the primary sense was still "the travel of a day." From the Vulgar Latin word also come Spanish jornada, Italian giornata. | دئو، ڏينھن، ڏھاڙي جي سفر | दयव, डयनहन, डहअड़य जय सफ़र | *dyeu- Sindhi root (دءٌ) meaning "to shine," in derivatives "sky, heaven, god." |
| joust (n) | "single combat with lances by riders on horseback," c. 1300, from Old French joste "a jounst, single combat" (12c., Modern French joute), from joster "fight with, engage in single combat" (see joust (v.)). The sport was popular with Anglo-Norman knights; the usual form in Middle English and Old French was plural, in reference to a series of contests and the accompanying revelry. | جنگ، ٻن سشھسوارن جي وچ ۾ | जनग, बन सशहसवअरन जय वच में | *yeug- Sindhi root (يوگ، ميلاپ) meaning "to join." |
| Jupiter (n) | also Juppiter, c. 1200, "supreme deity of the ancient Romans," from Latin Iupeter, Iupiter, Iuppiter, "Jove, god of the sky and chief of the gods," from PIE *dyeu-peter- "god-father" (originally vocative, "the name naturally occurring most frequently in invocations" [Tucker]), from *deiw-os "god" (from root *dyeu- "to shine," in derivatives "sky, heaven, god") + peter "father" in the sense of "male head of a household" (see father (n.)). | ڏيئو پتر (وڏو ديوتا) مشتري | डययव पतर (वडव दयवतअ) मशतरय | *dyeu- Sindhi root (دءٌ) meaning "to shine," in derivatives "sky, heaven, god." |
| kernel (n) | "edible substance in a nut or the stone of a fruit," Old English cyrnel "seed, kernel, pip," from Proto-Germanic *kurnilo- (source also of Middle High German kornel "a grain," Middle Dutch cornel "coarse meal"), from the root of corn "seed, grain" (from PIE root *gre-no- "grain") + -el, diminutive suffix. Figurative sense of "core or central part of anything" is from 1550s. | ڪڻو، اناج جو ڪڻو، داڻو | कणव, अनअज जव कणव, दअणव | *gre-no- *grə-no-, Sindhi root (ڳڙو، ڪڻو) meaning "grain." |
| key | "instrument for opening locks," Middle English keie, from Old English cæg "metal piece that works a lock, key" literal and figurative ("solution, explanation, one who or that which opens the way or explains"), a word of unknown origin, abnormal evolution, and no sure cognates other than Old Frisian kei. Perhaps it is related to Middle Low German keie "lance, spear" on notion of "tool to cleave with," from Proto-Germanic *ki- "to cleave, split" (cognates: German Keil "wedge," Gothic us-kijans "come forth," said of seed sprouts, keinan "to germinate"). But Liberman writes, "The original meaning of *kaig-jo- was presumably '*pin with a twisted end.' Words with the root *kai- followed by a consonant meaning 'crooked, bent; twisted' are common only in the North Germanic languages." Compare also Sanskrit kuncika- "key," from kunc- "make crooked." | ڪُنجي (چاٻي) | कनजय (चअबय) | |
| kill | c. 1200, "to strike, hit, beat, knock;" c. 1300, "to deprive of life, put to death;" perhaps from an unrecorded variant of Old English cwellan "to kill, murder, execute," from Proto-Germanic *kwaljanan (source also of Old English cwelan "to die," cwalu "violent death;" Old Saxon quellian "to torture, kill;" Old Norse kvelja "to torment;" Middle Dutch quelen "to vex, tease, torment;" Old High German quellan "to suffer pain," German quälen "to torment, torture"), from PIE root *gwele- "to throw, reach," with extended sense "to pierce." | گهائڻ، مارڻ، زخمي ڪرڻ، ختم ڪرڻ | गहअयण, मअरण, ज़खमय करण, खतम करण | *gwele- *gwelə-, also *gwel-, Sindhi root (گهاءُ) meaning "to throw, reach," with extended sense "to pierce." It forms all or part of: anabolic; arbalest; astrobleme; ball (n.2) "dancing party;" ballad; ballet; ballista; ballistic; ballistics; belemnite; catabolism; devil; diabolical; discobolus; emblem; embolism; hyperbola; hyperbole; kill (v.); metabolism; palaver; parable; parabola; parley; parliament; parlor; parol; parole; problem; quell; quail (v.) "lose heart, shrink, cower;" symbol. |
| kin | From Middle English kin, kyn, ken, kun, from Old English cynn (“kind, sort, rank, quality, family, generation, offspring, pedigree, kin, race, people, gender, sex, propriety, etiquette”), from Proto-Germanic *kunją (“race, generation, descent”), from PIE *ǵn̥h₁yom, from *ǵenh₁- (“to produce”). Cognate with Scots kin (“relatives, kinfolk”), North Frisian kinn, kenn (“gender, race, family, kinship”), Dutch kunne (“gender, sex”), Middle Low German kunne (“gender, sex, race, family, lineage”), Danish køn (“gender, sex”), Swedish kön (“gender, sex”), Icelandic kyn (“gender”), and through Indo-European, with Latin genus (“kind, sort, ancestry, birth”), Ancient Greek γένος (génos, “kind, race”), Sanskrit जनस् (jánas, “kind, race”), Albanian dhen (“(herd of) small cattle”). | ڄڻ (نسلي اولاد) | ॼण (नसलय अवलअद) | *gene- *genə-, also *gen-, Sindhi root (ڄڻ، جن) meaning "give birth, beget," with derivatives referring to procreation and familial and tribal groups. |
| kitchen | "room in which food is cooked, part of a building fitted out for cooking," c. 1200, from Old English cycene "kitchen," from Proto-Germanic *kokina (source also of Middle Dutch cökene, Old High German chuhhina, German Küche, Danish kjøkken), probably borrowed from Vulgar Latin *cocina (source also of French cuisine, Spanish cocina), a variant of Latin coquina "kitchen," from fem. of coquinus "of cooks," from coquus "cook," from coquere "to cook" (from PIE root *pekw- "to cook, ripen"). | ڪچ مان پڪائڻ واري جڳھ (رڌڻو) | कच मअन पकअयण वअरय जगह (रधणव) | *pekw- Sindhi root (پڪ، پچ) meaning "to cook, ripen." It forms all or part of: apricot; biscuit; charcuterie; concoct; concoction; cook; cuisine; culinary; decoct; decoction; drupe; dyspepsia; dyspeptic; eupeptic; kiln; kitchen; peptic; peptide; peptone; precocious; pumpkin; ricotta; terra-cotta. |
| knee | From Middle English kne, from Old English cnēo, from Proto-Germanic *knewą (compare Low German Knee, Dutch knie, German Knie, Danish knæ, Norwegian kne, Swedish knä), from PIE *ǵnéwo-, a thematic derivative of *ǵónu. Compare Hittite 𒄀𒉡 (genu), Latin genū, Tocharian A kanweṃ (dual), Tocharian B kenī, Ancient Greek γόνυ (gónu, “knee”), γωνία (gōnía, “corner, angle”), Old Armenian ծունր (cunr), Avestan 𐬲𐬥𐬎𐬨 (žnum), Sanskrit जानु (jānu). | گوڏو | गवडव | *genu- (1) Sindhi root (گوڏو) meaning "knee; angle." It forms all or part of: agonic; decagon; diagonal; geniculate; genuflect; genuflection; -gon; goniometer; heptagon; hexagon; knee; kneel; octagon; orthogonal; pentagon; polygon; trigonometry. |
| know | Old English cnawan (class VII strong verb; past tense cneow, past participle cnawen), "perceive a thing to be identical with another," also "be able to distinguish" generally (tocnawan); "perceive or understand as a fact or truth" (opposed to believe); "know how (to do something)," from Proto-Germanic *knew- (source also of Old High German bi-chnaan, ir-chnaan "to know"), from PIE root *gno- "to know." | ڄاڻ، گنان | ॼअण, गनअन | *gno- *gnō-, Sindhi root (ڄاڻ، گنان) meaning "to know." |
| lake (n) | "body of water surrounded by land and filling a depression or basin," early 12c., from Old French lack (12c., Modern French lac) and directly from Latin lacus "pond, pool, lake," also "basin, tank, reservoir" (related to lacuna "hole, pit"), from PIE *laku- "body of water, lake, sea" (source also of Greek lakkos "pit, tank, pond," Old Church Slavonic loky "pool, puddle, cistern," Old Irish loch "lake, pond"). The common notion is "basin." There was a Germanic form of the PIE root which yielded Old Norse lögr "sea flood, water," Old English lacu "stream, pool, pond," lagu "sea flood, water, extent of the sea," leccan "to moisten" (see leak (v.)). In Middle English, lake, as a descendant of the Old English word, also could mean "stream; river gully; ditch; marsh; grave; pit of hell," and this might have influenced the form of the borrowed word. | لَڪُ (جبلن جي وچ ۾ ٺھندڙ رستي ۾ نين جي پاڻيءَ سان ٺھندڙ ڍنڍ) | लक (जबलन जय वच में ठहनदड़ रसतय में नयन जय पअणय सअन ठहनदड़ ढनढ) | |
| language | late 13c., langage "words, what is said, conversation, talk," from Old French langage "speech, words, oratory; a tribe, people, nation" (12c.), from Vulgar Latin *linguaticum, from Latin lingua "tongue," also "speech, language," from PIE root *dnghu- "tongue." | ڄڀ، ڍنگه (ٻولي، زبان) | ॼभ, ढनगह (बवलय, ज़बअन) | *dnghu- *dnghū-, Sindhi root (ڄڀ) meaning "tongue." It forms all or part of: bilingual; language; languet; lingo; lingua franca; Linguaphone; linguiform; linguine; linguist; linguistics; multilingual; sublingual; tongue; trilingual. |
| lay (v) | "to cause to lie or rest," Old English lecgan "to place on the ground (or other surface); place in an orderly fashion," also "put down" (often by striking), from Proto-Germanic *lagojanan (source also of Old Saxon leggian, Old Norse leggja, Old Frisian ledza, Middle Dutch legghan, Dutch leggen, Old High German lecken, German legen, Gothic lagjan "to lay, put, place"), from PIE root *legh- "to lie down, lay." This is the causative form of the ancient Germanic verb that became modern English lie (v.2). | لاڳڻ، ليٽائڻ، لاھڻ | लअगण, लयटअयण, लअहण | *legh- Sindhi root (لاڳ، لاھ) meaning "to lie down, lay." It forms all or part of: allay; anlage; belay; beleaguer; bylaw; coverlet; fellow; lager; lair; law; lawful; lawless; lawsuit; lawyer; lay (v.) "to cause to lie or rest;" ledge; ledger; lees; lie (v.2) "rest horizontally;" litter; lochia; low (adj.) "not high;" outlaw; scofflaw; stalag; vorlage. |
| leaf (n) | Old English leaf "leaf of a plant, foliage; page of a book, sheet of paper," from Proto-Germanic *lauba- (source also of Old Saxon lof, Old Norse lauf, Old Frisian laf, Dutch loof, Old High German loub, German Laub "foliage, leaves," Gothic laufs "leaf, foliage"), perhaps from PIE *leub(h)- "to peel off, strip or break off" ((source also of Old Irish luib, "herb," lub-gort "garden;" Albanian labë "rind, cork;" Lithuanian luba "plank, board;" Russian lob "forehead, brow," Czech leb "skull;" Lithuanian luobas "bast," Latvian luobas "peel," Russian lub "bast;" Old Norse lyf "medicinal herbs," Old English lybb "poison; magic"). | لڦ، لڦڙو، لٻڙو (وڻ مان ڪوريل سنھي کل) جنھن مان پنو ٺھيو | लफ, लफड़व, लबड़व (वण मअन कवरयल सनहय कल) जनहन मअन पनव ठहयव | |
| league (n) | "alliance," mid-15c., ligg, from Middle French ligue "confederacy, league" (15c.), from Italian lega, from legare "to tie, to bind," from Latin ligare "to bind" (from PIE root *leig- "to tie, bind"). Originally among nations, subsequently extended to political associations (1846) and sports associations (1879). League of Nations first attested 1917 (created 1919). | لاڳ، لاڳيل، ٻڌل | लअग, लअगयल, बधल | *leig- Sindhi root (لاڳ) meaning "to tie, bind." It forms all or part of: alloy; ally; colligate; deligate; furl; league (n.1) "alliance;" legato; liable; liaison; lien; lictor; ligand; ligament; ligate; ligation; ligature; oblige; rally (v.1) "bring together;" religion; rely. |
| learn (v) | Old English leornian "to get knowledge, be cultivated; study, read, think about," from Proto-Germanic *lisnojanan (cognates: Old Frisian lernia, Middle Dutch leeren, Dutch leren, Old High German lernen, German lernen "to learn," Gothic lais "I know"), with a base sense of "to follow or find the track," from PIE root *lois- "furrow, track." It is related to German Gleis "track," and to Old English læst "sole of the foot" (see last (n.1)). | لاڙو، لوچڻ، (سکڻ) | लअड़व, लवचण, (सकण) | *lois- Sindhi root (لوءِ) meaning "furrow, track." It forms all or part of: delirious; delirium; last (n.1) "wooden model of a human foot used by shoemakers;" last (v.) "endure, go on existing;" learn; learning; Lehrjahre; lore. |
| leather | from Proto-Germanic *lethran (source also of Old Norse leðr, Old Frisian lether, Old Saxon lethar, Middle Dutch, Dutch leder, Old High German ledar, German Leder), from PIE *letro- "leather" (source also of Old Irish lethar, Welsh lledr, Breton lezr). As an adjective from early 14c.; it acquired a secondary sense of "sado-masochistic" 1980s, having achieved that status in homosexual jargon in the 1970s. | لوٿ، لوٿڙو | लवथ, लवथड़व | |
| lever (n) | "simple machine consisting of a rigid piece acted upon at different points by two forces," c. 1300, from Old French levier (12c.) "a lifter, a lever, crowbar," agent noun from lever "to raise" (10c.), from Latin levare "to raise," from levis "light" in weight, "not heavy," also, of motion, "quick, rapid, nimble;" of food, "easy to digest;" figuratively "slight, trifling, unimportant; fickle, inconsistent;" of punishments, etc., "not severe," from PIE root *legwh- "not heavy, having little weight." As a verb, 1856, from the noun. | لاھارو (ھڪ ڪل جنھن سان ڳريون شيون آسانيءَ سان ھلڪيون ڪري ڍوئي سگھجن) | लअहअरव (हक कल जनहन सअन गरयवन शयवन आसअनय सअन हलकयवन करय ढवयय सगहजन) | *legwh- Sindhi root (لڳڙ، ھلڪو) meaning "not heavy, having little weight." It forms all or part of: alleviate; alleviation; alto-rilievo; carnival; elevate; elevation; elevator; leaven; legerdemain; leprechaun; Levant; levator; levee; lever; levity; levy (v.) "to raise or collect;" light (adj.1) "not heavy, having little weight;" lighter (n.1) "type of barge used in unloading;" lung; relevance; relevant; releve; relief; relieve. |
| levirate | custom by which the male next-of-kin of a dead man was bound to marry his widow, 1725, with -ate (2) + Latin levir "brother-in-law," from PIE *daiwer- "husband's brother" (source also of Greek daer, Sanskrit devara, Old English tacor, Old High German zeihhur). Related: Leviratic; leviratical. | ڏير (مڙس جو ڀاءُ) مان تصور کنيل | डयर (मड़स जव भअ) मअन तसवर कनयल | |
| libido | "psychic drive or energy, usually associated with sexual instinct," 1892, carried over untranslated in English edition of Krafft-Ebing's "Psychopathia Sexualis"; and used in 1909 in A.A. Brill's translation of Freud's "Selected Papers on Hysteria" (Freud's use of the term led to its popularity); from Latin libido, lubido "desire, eagerness, longing; inordinate desire, sensual passion, lust," from libere "to be pleasing, to please," from PIE root *leubh- "to care, desire, love" (source also of love). | لڀائڻ | लभअयण | *leubh- Sindhi root (لُڀ، لوڀ، لنئون) meaning "to care, desire, love." |
| lick | Old English liccian "to pass the tongue over the surface, lap, lick up," from Proto-Germanic *likkon (source also of Old Saxon likkon, Dutch likken, Old High German lecchon, German lecken, Gothic bi-laigon), from PIE root *leigh- "to lick." | لَڪِڻ | लकण | *leigh- Sindhi root (لڳ، لڪ) meaning "to lick." It forms all or part of: cunnilingus; lecher; lichen; lick. |
| ligature | c. 1400, "something used in tying or binding," from Middle French ligature "a binding" (14c.), from Late Latin ligatura "a band," from Latin ligatus, past participle of ligare "to bind" (from PIE root *leig- "to tie, bind"). In modern musical notation, "group of notes slurred together," from 1590s; of letters joined in printing or writing from 1690s. | لاڳيل، ٻڌل (سڪ ٿيل) | लअगयल, बधल (सक थयल) | *leig- Sindhi root (لاڳ) meaning "to tie, bind." |
| light (n) | Old English leht (Anglian), leoht (West Saxon), "light, daylight; spiritual illumination," from Proto-Germanic *leukhtam (source also of Old Saxon lioht, Old Frisian liacht, Middle Dutch lucht, Dutch licht, Old High German lioht, German Licht, Gothic liuhaþ "light"), from PIE root *leuk- "light, brightness." | لاٽ، لھڪ (چمڪ) | लअट, लहक (चमक) | *leuk- Sindhi root (لھٽ، لاٽ) meaning "light, brightness." It forms all or part of: allumette; elucidate; illumination; illustration; lea; leukemia; leuko-; light (n.) "brightness, radiant energy;" lightning; limn; link (n.2) "torch of pitch, tow, etc.;" lucent; lucid; Lucifer; luciferase; luciferous; lucifugous; lucubrate; lucubration; luculent; lumen; Luminal; luminary; luminate; luminescence; luminous; luna; lunacy; lunar; Lunarian; lunate; lunation; lunatic; lune; lunette; luni-; luster; lustrum; lux; pellucid; sublunary; translucent. |
| lime (n) | "chalky, sticky mineral used in making mortar," from Old English lim "sticky substance, birdlime;" also "mortar, cement, gluten," from Proto-Germanic *leimaz (source also of Old Saxon, Old Norse, Danish lim, Dutch lijm, German Leim "birdlime"), from PIE root *(s)lei- "slime, slimy, sticky" (source also of Latin limus "slime, mud, mire," linere "to smear;" see slime (n.)). | ليئي، لئي (چنبڙي وڃڻ واري لڳڙ) | लययय, लयय (चनबड़य वञण वअरय लगड़) | |
| limn (v) | early 15c., "to illuminate" (manuscripts), altered from Middle English luminen, "to illuminate manuscripts" (late 14c.), from Old French luminer "light up, illuminate," from Latin luminare "illuminate, burnish," from lumen (genitive luminis) "radiant energy, light," related to lucere "to shine," from PIE *leuk-smen-, suffixed form of root *leuk- "light, brightness." Figurative sense of "portray, depict" first recorded 1590s. Related: Limned; limner. | لھٽڻ، لاٽڻ، روشن ڪرڻ | लहटण, लअटण, रवशन करण | *leuk- Sindhi root (لھٽ، لاٽ) meaning "light, brightness." It forms all or part of: allumette; elucidate; illumination; illustration; lea; leukemia; leuko-; light (n.) "brightness, radiant energy;" lightning; limn; link (n.2) "torch of pitch, tow, etc.;" lucent; lucid; Lucifer; luciferase; luciferous; lucifugous; lucubrate; lucubration; luculent; lumen; Luminal; luminary; luminate; luminescence; luminous; luna; lunacy; lunar; Lunarian; lunate; lunation; lunatic; lune; lunette; luni-; luster; lustrum; lux; pellucid; sublunary; translucent. |
| linen | From Middle English lynnen, lynen, from Old English līnen (“linen", "made of flax”), from Proto-Germanic *līnīnaz (“made of flax”), from Proto-Germanic *līną (“flax”), from PIE *līno- (“flax”), equivalent to line + -en. Cognate with Latin līnum (“flax”). | لاڻو ھڪ گاھ، سڻيءَ جو قسم | लअणव हक गअह, सणय जव क़सम | |
| lip | Old English lippa "lip, one of the two sides of the mouth," from Proto-Germanic *lepjan- (source also of Old Frisian lippa, Middle Dutch lippe, Dutch lip, Old High German lefs, German Lefze, Swedish läpp, Danish læbe). Boutkan and de Vaan reject the traditional IE derivation for this group and Latin labium, though they agree the Latin and Germanic words probably are related. It may be a substratum word. French lippe is an Old French borrowing from a Germanic source. | لپي | लपय | |
| liparo- | before vowels lipar-, word-forming element meaning "oily," from Greek liparos "oily, shiny with oil, fatty, greasy," used of rich soil and smooth skin; figuratively "rich, comfortable; costly, splendid," from lipos "fat" (from PIE root *leip- "to stick, adhere," also used to form words for "fat"). | لٻڙو، لڦڙو، ڳردار | लबड़व, लफड़व, गरदअर | *leip- Sindhi root (لٻ، لپ) meaning "to stick, adhere; fat." It forms all or part of: adipose; beleave; delay; leave (v.); lebensraum; life; liparo-; lipo- (1) "fat;" lipoma; liposuction; lively; live (v.); liver (n.1) "secreting organ of the body;" Olaf; relay. |
| liver | secreting organ of the body, Old English lifer, from Proto-Germanic *librn (source also of Old Norse lifr, Old Frisian livere, Middle Dutch levere, Dutch lever, Old High German lebara, German Leber "liver"), perhaps from PIE root *leip- "to stick, adhere," also used to form words for "fat." | لڦڙ، (ڦڦڙ مان ٻاھر ويو) ان ئي آواز سان ٻيا لفظ، لٻ، لپ لِڳ | लफड़, (फफड़ मअन बअहर वयव) अन यय आवअज़ सअन बयअ लफ़ज़, लब, लप लग | *leip- Sindhi root (لٻ، لپ) meaning "to stick, adhere; fat." It forms all or part of: adipose; beleave; delay; leave (v.); lebensraum; life; liparo-; lipo- (1) "fat;" lipoma; liposuction; lively; live (v.); liver (n.1) "secreting organ of the body;" Olaf; relay. |
| load | c. 1200, lode, lade "that which is laid upon a person or beast, burden," a sense extension from Old English lad "a way, a course, a carrying; a street, watercourse; maintenance, support," from Proto-Germanic *laitho (source also of Old High German leita, German leite, Old Norse leið "way, road, course"), from PIE root *leit- (2) "to go forth" (see lead (v.1)). | لڏ (بار) | लड (बअर) | |
| lock | "means of fastening," Old English loc "bolt, appliance for fastening a door, lid, etc.; barrier, enclosure; bargain, agreement, settlement, conclusion," from Proto-Germanic *lukana-, a verbal root meaning "to close" (source also of Old Frisian lok "enclosure, prison, concealed place," Old Norse lok "fastening, lock," Gothic usluks "opening," Old High German loh "dungeon," German Loch "opening, hole," Dutch luik "shutter, trapdoor"). {perhaps this is likeno – Amar} | لِڪ مان لفظ لڪائڻو لڳي ٿو. تالو | लक मअन लफ़ज़ लकअयणव लगय थव. तअलव | |
| logo (n) | "simple symbol or graphic meant to represent something," 1937, probably a shortening of logogram "sign or character representing a word." | لاڳو (لاڳاپيل لازمي نشان) | लअगव (लअगअपयल लअज़मय नशअन) | *leg- (1) Sindhi root (لڳ، لڳڻ) meaning "to collect, gather," with derivatives meaning "to speak" on the notion of "to gather words, to pick out words." |
| logos | 1580s, "the divine Word, second person of the Christian Trinity," from Greek logos "word, speech, statement, discourse," also "computation, account," also "reason," from PIE *log-o-, suffixed form of root *leg- (1) "to collect, gather," with derivatives meaning "to speak," on notion of "to pick out words." The Greek word was used by Neo-Platonists in metaphysical and theological senses involving notions of both "reason" and "word" and subsequently picked up by New Testament writers. | لاڳ | लअग | *leg- (1) Sindhi root (لڳ، لڳڻ) meaning "to collect, gather," with derivatives meaning "to speak" on the notion of "to gather words, to pick out words." It forms all or part of: alexia; analects; analogous; analogue; analogy; anthology; apologetic; apologue; apology; catalogue; coil; colleague; collect; college; collegial; Decalogue; delegate; dialect; dialogue; diligence; doxology; dyslexia; eclectic; eclogue; elect; election; epilogue; hapax legomenon; homologous; horology; ideologue; idiolect; intelligence; lectern; lectio difficilior; lection; lector; lecture; leech (n.2) "physician;" legacy; legal; legate; legend; legible; legion; legislator; legitimate; lesson; lexicon; ligneous; ligni-; logarithm; logic; logistic; logo-; logogriph; logopoeia; Logos; -logue; -logy; loyal; monologue; neglect; neologism; philology; privilege; prolegomenon; prologue; relegate; sacrilege; select; syllogism; tautology; trilogy. |
| long (adj) | Old English lang "having a great linear extent, that extends considerably from end to end; tall; lasting," from Proto-Germanic *langa- (source also of Old Frisian and Old Saxon lang, Old High German and German lang, Old Norse langr, Middle Dutch lanc, Dutch lang, Gothic laggs "long"). The Germanic words perhaps are from PIE *dlonghos- (source also of Latin longus "long, extended; further; of long duration; distant, remote," Old Persian darga-, Persian dirang, Sanskrit dirghah "long"), from root *del- (1) "long" (source also of Greek dolikhos "long," endelekhes "perpetual"). Latin longus (source of prolong, elongate, longitude, etc.) thus is probably cognate with, but not the source of, the Germanic words. The word illustrates the Old English tendency for short "a" to become short "o" before -n- (also retained in bond/band and West Midlands dialectal lond from land and hond from hand). | ڊگهو (لاطيني ۽ يوناني ٻوليءَ ۾ ڊ غائب ڪري ل اچاري ڪيو ويو. | डगहव (लअतयनय ۽ यवनअनय बवलय में ड ग़अयब करय ल अचअरय कयव वयव. | |
| loot | 1839, Anglo-Indian, from Hindi lut, from Sanskrit loptram, lotram "booty, stolen property," from PIE *roup-tro-, from root *reup- "to snatch" | لٽ | लट | |
| love | Old English lufu "feeling of love; romantic sexual attraction; affection; friendliness; the love of God; Love as an abstraction or personification," from Proto-Germanic *lubo (source also of Old High German liubi "joy," German Liebe "love;" Old Norse, Old Frisian, Dutch lof; German Lob "praise;" Old Saxon liof, Old Frisian liaf, Dutch lief, Old High German liob, German lieb, Gothic liufs "dear, beloved"). The Germanic words are from PIE root *leubh- "to care, desire, love." | لئون، لُڀ، لڀائڻ | लयवन, लभ, लभअयण | *leubh- Sindhi root (لُڀ، لوڀ، لنئون) meaning "to care, desire, love." |
| lower | c. 1600, "descend, sink, grow less or lower" (intransitive), from lower (adj.), comparative of low (adj.). Transitive meaning "let down, cause to descend" attested from 1650s. Related: Lowered; lowering. In the transitive sense "to cause to descend" the older verb was low (Middle English lahghenn, c. 1200), which continued in use into the 18c. | لاڙ، ھيٺيون | लअड़, हयठयवन | *legh- Sindhi root (لاڳ، لاھ) meaning "to lie down, lay." It forms all or part of: allay; anlage; belay; beleaguer; bylaw; coverlet; fellow; lager; lair; law; lawful; lawless; lawsuit; lawyer; lay (v.) "to cause to lie or rest;" ledge; ledger; lees; lie (v.2) "rest horizontally;" litter; lochia; low (adj.) "not high;" outlaw; scofflaw; stalag; vorlage. |
| Lubricant (adj) | "reducing friction," 1809, from Latin lubricantem (nominative lubricans), present participle of lubricare "to make slippery or smooth," from lubricus "slippery; easily moved, sliding, gliding;" figuratively "uncertain, hazardous, dangerous; seductive," from PIE *leubh-ro-, suffixed form of root *sleubh- "to slip, slide." | لٻرايل، سڻڀيل | लबरअयल, सणभयल | *sleubh- Sindhi root (سڻڀ، سلڀ) meaning "to slide, slip." It forms all or part of: cowslip; lubric; lubricant; lubricate; lubricity; lubricous; sleeve; slip (n.3) "potter's clay;" sloop; slop (n.1) "semiliquid refuse;" slop (n.2) "loose outer garment;" sloven. |
| lucent (adj) | mid-15c., "shining, bright, luminous," from Latin lucentem (nominative lucens), present participle of lucere "to shine, glow, be bright," from PIE root *leuk- "light, brightness." Meaning "translucent, clear" is from 1820. Related: Lucently. | لاٽ جيان چمڪندڙ، روشني ڏيندڙ | लअट जयअन चमकनदड़, रवशनय डयनदड़ | *leuk- Sindhi root (لھٽ، لاٽ) meaning "light, brightness." It forms all or part of: allumette; elucidate; illumination; illustration; lea; leukemia; leuko-; light (n.) "brightness, radiant energy;" lightning; limn; link (n.2) "torch of pitch, tow, etc.;" lucent; lucid; Lucifer; luciferase; luciferous; lucifugous; lucubrate; lucubration; luculent; lumen; Luminal; luminary; luminate; luminescence; luminous; luna; lunacy; lunar; Lunarian; lunate; lunation; lunatic; lune; lunette; luni-; luster; lustrum; lux; pellucid; sublunary; translucent. |
| lucid (adj) | 1590s, "bright, shining" (a sense now obsolete or restricted), from Latin lucidus "light, bright, clear," figuratively "perspicuous, lucid, clear," from lucere "to shine," from lux (genitive lucis) "light," from PIE root *leuk- "to shine, be bright." Sense of "easy to understand, free from obscurity of meaning, marked by intellectual clarity" first recorded 1786. Lucid interval "period of calm or temporary sanity" (1580s) is from Medieval Latin lucida intervalla (plural), common in medieval legal documents (non est compos mentis, sed gaudet lucidis intervallis, etc.). The notion probably is of a period of calm and clear during a storm. Related: Lucidly; lucidness (1640s). | لھڪيل، چمڪيل، پڌري پٽ ٿيل | लहकयल, चमकयल, पधरय पट थयल | *leuk- Sindhi root (لھٽ، لاٽ) meaning "light, brightness." It forms all or part of: allumette; elucidate; illumination; illustration; lea; leukemia; leuko-; light (n.) "brightness, radiant energy;" lightning; limn; link (n.2) "torch of pitch, tow, etc.;" lucent; lucid; Lucifer; luciferase; luciferous; lucifugous; lucubrate; lucubration; luculent; lumen; Luminal; luminary; luminate; luminescence; luminous; luna; lunacy; lunar; Lunarian; lunate; lunation; lunatic; lune; lunette; luni-; luster; lustrum; lux; pellucid; sublunary; translucent. |
| ludicrous (adj) | 1610s, "pertaining to play or sport" (a sense now obsolete), from Latin ludicrus "sportive" (source of Old French ludicre), from ludicrum "amusement, game, toy, source of amusement, joke," from ludere "to play." This verb, along with Latin ludus "a game, play," is from the PIE root *leid- or *loid- "to play," perhaps literally "to let go frequently" [de Vaan], which is the source also of Middle Irish laidid "impels;" Greek lindesthai "to contend," lizei "plays;" Albanian lind "gives birth," lindet "is born;" Old Lithuanian leidmi "I let," Lithuanian leisti "to let," laidyti "to throw," Latvian laist "let, publish, set in motion." Sense of "ridiculous, apt to evoke ridicule or jest" is attested from 1782. Related: Ludicrously; ludicrousness. | لاڏيل، لاڏ ڪوڏ ڪرايل (کلائيندڙ) | लअडयल, लअड कवड करअयल (कलअययनदड़) | |
| lullaby (n) | "soothing song sung to infants," 1580s, noun use of the words lulley by (1560s), from Middle English lollai or lullay, a common burden in nursery songs, from lullen (see lull (v.)). Second element perhaps from by in good-bye or simply a meaningless extension. | لولي، لوري | लवलय, लवरय | |
| luminous (adj) | early 15c., "full of light, shiny," from Latin luminosus "shining, full of light, conspicuous," from lumen (genitive luminis) "light," from suffixed form of PIE root *leuk- "light, brightness." Related: Luminously; luminousness. | لھڪندڙ، چمڪندڙ | लहकनदड़, चमकनदड़ | *leuk- Sindhi root (لھٽ، لاٽ) meaning "light, brightness." It forms all or part of: allumette; elucidate; illumination; illustration; lea; leukemia; leuko-; light (n.) "brightness, radiant energy;" lightning; limn; link (n.2) "torch of pitch, tow, etc.;" lucent; lucid; Lucifer; luciferase; luciferous; lucifugous; lucubrate; lucubration; luculent; lumen; Luminal; luminary; luminate; luminescence; luminous; luna; lunacy; lunar; Lunarian; lunate; lunation; lunatic; lune; lunette; luni-; luster; lustrum; lux; pellucid; sublunary; translucent. |
| luna (n) | late 14c. "the moon," especially as personified in a Roman goddess answering to Greek Selene; also an alchemical name for "silver;" from Latin luna "moon, goddess of the moon," from PIE *leuksna- (source also of Old Church Slavonic luna "moon," Old Prussian lauxnos "stars," Middle Irish luan "light, moon"), suffixed form of root *leuk- "light, brightness." The luna moth (1841, American English) so called for the crescent-shaped eye-spots on its wings. | لھڪڻو، لھڪ، چمڪڻ، ٻرڻ | लहकणव, लहक, चमकण, बरण | *leuk- Sindhi root (لھٽ، لاٽ) meaning "light, brightness." It forms all or part of: allumette; elucidate; illumination; illustration; lea; leukemia; leuko-; light (n.) "brightness, radiant energy;" lightning; limn; link (n.2) "torch of pitch, tow, etc.;" lucent; lucid; Lucifer; luciferase; luciferous; lucifugous; lucubrate; lucubration; luculent; lumen; Luminal; luminary; luminate; luminescence; luminous; luna; lunacy; lunar; Lunarian; lunate; lunation; lunatic; lune; lunette; luni-; luster; lustrum; lux; pellucid; sublunary; translucent. |
| lung (n) | 0349 9419928 bilalhuman or animal respiratory organ, c. 1300, from Old English lungen (plural), from Proto-Germanic *lunganjo- (source also of Old Norse lunge, Old Frisian lungen, Middle Dutch longhe, Dutch long, Old High German lungun, German lunge "lung"), literally "the light organ," from PIE root *legwh- "not heavy, having little weight" (source also of Russian lëgkij, Polish lekki "light;" Russian lëgkoje "lung"). So called perhaps because in a cook pot lungs of a slaughtered animal float, while the heart, liver, etc., do not. Compare Portuguese leve "lung," from Latin levis "light;" Irish scaman "lungs," from scaman "light;" Welsh ysgyfaint "lungs," from ysgafn "light." See also lights, pulmonary. Lung cancer is attested from 1882. Lung-power "strength of voice" is from 1900. | لِڳڙ، لڳڙو، ھلڪو، ڦڦڙو، ڦڦڙ (ساھ کڻڻ جو انگ) | लगड़, लगड़व, हलकव, फफड़व, फफड़ (सअह कणण जव अनग) | *legwh- Sindhi root (لڳڙ، ھلڪو) meaning "not heavy, having little weight." It forms all or part of: alleviate; alleviation; alto-rilievo; carnival; elevate; elevation; elevator; leaven; legerdemain; leprechaun; Levant; levator; levee; lever; levity; levy (v.) "to raise or collect;" light (adj.1) "not heavy, having little weight;" lighter (n.1) "type of barge used in unloading;" lung; relevance; relevant; releve; relief; relieve. |
| lust | Old English lust "desire, appetite; inclination, pleasure; sensuous appetite," from Proto-Germanic *lustuz (source also of Old Saxon, Old Frisian, Dutch lust, German Lust, Old Norse lyst, Gothic lustus "pleasure, desire, lust"), abstract noun from PIE *las- "to be eager, wanton, or unruly" (source also of Latin lascivus "wanton, playful, lustful" | لست | लसत | |
| luster (n) | "gloss, radiance, quality of shining by reflecting light," 1520s, from Middle French lustre "gloss, radiance" (14c.), common Romanic (cognates: Spanish and Portuguese lustre, Rumanian lustru, Italian lustro "splendor, brilliancy"), a noun ultimately from Latin lustrare "spread light over, brighten, illumine," which is related to lustrum "purification," from PIE *leuk-stro-, suffixed form of root *leuk- "light, brightness." Especially "quality of glossiness or radiance in a textile material or fabric." Figurative meaning "radiant beauty" is from c. 1600; that of "splendor, renown" is from 1550s. Lusterware, also lustre-ware, "stoneware or crockery having surface ornamentations in metallic colors," is attested by 1820. | لسڪائيندڙ، لھڪائيندڙ، چمڪائيندڙ | लसकअययनदड़, लहकअययनदड़, चमकअययनदड़ | *leuk- Sindhi root (لھٽ، لاٽ) meaning "light, brightness." It forms all or part of: allumette; elucidate; illumination; illustration; lea; leukemia; leuko-; light (n.) "brightness, radiant energy;" lightning; limn; link (n.2) "torch of pitch, tow, etc.;" lucent; lucid; Lucifer; luciferase; luciferous; lucifugous; lucubrate; lucubration; luculent; lumen; Luminal; luminary; luminate; luminescence; luminous; luna; lunacy; lunar; Lunarian; lunate; lunation; lunatic; lune; lunette; luni-; luster; lustrum; lux; pellucid; sublunary; translucent. |
| lux (n) | unit of illumination, 1889, from Latin lux "light," from PIE root *leuk- "light, brightness." | لھڪ يا چمڪ جو ايڪو | लहक यअ चमक जव अयकव | *leuk- Sindhi root (لھٽ، لاٽ) meaning "light, brightness." It forms all or part of: allumette; elucidate; illumination; illustration; lea; leukemia; leuko-; light (n.) "brightness, radiant energy;" lightning; limn; link (n.2) "torch of pitch, tow, etc.;" lucent; lucid; Lucifer; luciferase; luciferous; lucifugous; lucubrate; lucubration; luculent; lumen; Luminal; luminary; luminate; luminescence; luminous; luna; lunacy; lunar; Lunarian; lunate; lunation; lunatic; lune; lunette; luni-; luster; lustrum; lux; pellucid; sublunary; translucent. |
| machine | 1540s, "structure of any kind," from Middle French machine "device, contrivance," from Latin machina "machine, engine, military machine; device, trick; instrument" (source also of Spanish maquina, Italian macchina), from Greek makhana, Doric variant of Attic mēkhanē "device, tool, machine;" also "contrivance, cunning," traditionally (Watkins) from PIE *magh-ana- "that which enables," from root *magh- "to be able, have power." But Beekes, on formal grounds, objects to the connection to words in Germanic and Slavic. He finds the Greek word isolated and is convinced that it is Pre-Greek. Main modern sense of "device made of moving parts for applying mechanical power" (1670s) probably grew out of mid-17c. senses of "apparatus, appliance" and "military siege-tower." It gradually came to be applied to an apparatus that works without the strength or skill of the workman. | مگيه، مھان، طاقتور. جتان مشين جو لفظ ورتو ويو | मगयह, महअन, तअक़तवर. जतअन मशयन जव लफ़ज़ वरतव वयव | *magh- Sindhi root (مگه، مھٿ) meaning "to be able, have power." It forms all or part of: dismay; deus ex machina; may (v.1) "am able;" might (n.) "bodily strength, power;" main; machine; mechanic; mechanism; mechano-; mage; magi; magic. |
| macho | 1928 (n.) "tough guy," from Spanish macho "male animal," noun use of adjective meaning "masculine, virile," from Latin masculus (see masculine). As an adjective, "ostensibly manly and virile," attested in English by 1959 (Norman Mailer), perhaps from IE *mach'o | ماچ | मअच | |
| mad (adj) | late 13c., "disordered in intellect, demented, crazy, insane," from Old English gemædde "out of one's mind" (usually implying also violent excitement), also "foolish, extremely stupid," earlier gemæded "rendered insane," past participle of a lost verb *gemædan "to make insane or foolish," from Proto-Germanic *gamaidjan, demonstrative form of *gamaidaz "changed (for the worse), abnormal" (source also of Old Saxon gimed "foolish," Old High German gimeit "foolish, vain, boastful," Gothic gamaiþs "crippled, wounded," Old Norse meiða "to hurt, maim"). This apparently is from the Germanic intensive prefix *ga- + PIE *moito-, past participle of root *mei- (1) "to change, go, move" (source also of Latin mutare "to change," migrare "to change one's place of residence"). | مَد، مست، چريو، متوالو | मद, मसत, चरयव, मतवअलव | *mei- (1) Sindhi root (مھ) meaning "to change, go, move," "with derivatives referring to the exchange of goods and services within a society as regulated by custom or law" [Watkins]. It forms all or part of: amiss; amoeba; azimuth; common; commune; communicate; communication; communism; commute; congee; demean; emigrate; emigration; excommunicate; excommunication; immune; immutable; incommunicado; mad; mean (adj.1) "low-quality;" mew (n.2) "cage;" mews; migrate; migration; mis- (1) "bad, wrong;" mistake; Mithras; molt; Mstislav; municipal; munificent; mutable; mutant; mutate; mutation; mutatis mutandis; mutual; permeable; permeate; permutation; permute; remunerate; remuneration; transmutation; transmute; zenith. |
| madam | c. 1300, formal term of address to a lady (a woman of rank or authority, or the mistress of a household), from Old French ma dame, literally "my lady," from Latin mea domina (see Donna, and compare madonna). It became a conventional term of address to women of any degree (but chiefly to the married and matronly); also "a woman of fashion or pretension" (often with a suggestion of disparagement) by 1590s. From 1719 as "a courtesan, a prostitute;" the meaning "female owner or manager of a brothel" is attested by 1871. | ڌام ماءُ (گهر ڌياڻي) | धअम मअ (गहर धयअणय) | *dem- Sindhi root (ڌام) meaning "house, household." |
| magic | late 14c., magike, "art of influencing or predicting events and producing marvels using hidden natural forces," also "supernatural art," especially the art of controlling the actions of spiritual or superhuman beings; from Old French magique "magic; magical," from Late Latin magice "sorcery, magic," from Greek magike (presumably with tekhnē "art"), fem. of magikos "magical," from magos "one of the members of the learned and priestly class," from Old Persian magush, which is possibly from PIE root *magh- "to be able, have power." | مگيه، مھان، جادو | मगयह, महअन, जअदव | *magh- Sindhi root (مگه، مھٿ) meaning "to be able, have power." It forms all or part of: dismay; deus ex machina; may (v.1) "am able;" might (n.) "bodily strength, power;" main; machine; mechanic; mechanism; mechano-; mage; magi; magic. |
| magnate (v) | mid-15c., "high official, great man, noble, man of wealth," from Late Latin magnates, plural of magnas "great person, nobleman," from Latin magnus "great, large, big" (of size), "abundant" (of quantity), "great, considerable" (of value), "strong, powerful" (of force); of persons, "elder, aged," also, figuratively, "great, mighty, grand, important," from suffixed form of PIE root *meg- "great." | مھت، مھان (وڏو ماڻھو) | महत, महअन (वडव मअणहव) | *magh- Sindhi root (مگه، مھٿ) meaning "to be able, have power." It forms all or part of: dismay; deus ex machina; may (v.1) "am able;" might (n.) "bodily strength, power;" main; machine; mechanic; mechanism; mechano-; mage; magi; magic. |
| magni- | word-forming element meaning "great," from Latin magni-, combining form of magnus "great, large, big" (of size), "abundant" (of quantity), "great, considerable" (of value), "strong, powerful" (of force); of persons, "elder, aged," also, figuratively, "great, mighty, grand, important," from PIE *mag-no-, from root *meg- "great." | مگهي، وڏي، مھت، مھان | मगहय, वडय, महत, महअन | *magh- Sindhi root (مگه، مھٿ) meaning "to be able, have power." It forms all or part of: dismay; deus ex machina; may (v.1) "am able;" might (n.) "bodily strength, power;" main; machine; mechanic; mechanism; mechano-; mage; magi; magic. |
| mamma (n) | "mother," a word used especially by children and infants, 1570s, representing the native form of the reduplication of *ma- that is nearly universal among the Indo-European languages (Greek mamme "mother, grandmother," Latin mamma, Persian mama, Russian and Lithuanian mama "mother," German Muhme "mother's sister," French maman, Welsh mam "mother"). Probably a natural sound in baby-talk, perhaps imitative of sound made while sucking. Its late appearance in English is curious, but Middle English had mome (mid-13c.) "an aunt; an old woman," also an affectionate term of address for an older woman. | امان، مما (ماءُ کي پڪارڻ جو فطري سڏ، جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ سڀني ٻولين ۾ ساڳيو آھي.) | अमअन, ममअ (मअ कय पकअरण जव फ़तरय सड, जयकव लग भग सभनय बवलयन में सअगयव आहय.) | |
| man | "a featherless plantigrade biped mammal of the genus Homo" [Century Dictionary], Old English man, mann "human being, person (male or female); brave man, hero;" also "servant, vassal, adult male considered as under the control of another person," from Proto-Germanic *mann- (source also of Old Saxon, Swedish, Dutch, Old High German man, Old Frisian mon, German Mann, Old Norse maðr, Danish mand, Gothic manna "man"), from PIE root *man- (1) "man." For the plural, see men. Sometimes connected to root *men- (1) "to think," which would make the ground sense of man "one who has intelligence," but not all linguists accept this. Liberman, for instance, writes, "Most probably man 'human being' is a secularized divine name" from Mannus [Tacitus, "Germania," chap. 2], "believed to be the progenitor of the human race." | ماڻهو | मअणहव | *man- (1) Sindhi root (ماڻھو) meaning "man." It forms all or part of: alderman; Alemanni; fugleman; Herman; hetman; landsman; leman; man; manikin; mannequin; mannish; mensch; Norman; ombudsman; yeoman. |
| mania | late 14c., "mental derangement characterized by excitement and delusion," from Late Latin mania "insanity, madness," from Greek mania "madness, frenzy; enthusiasm, inspired frenzy; mad passion, fury," related to mainesthai "to rage, go mad," mantis "seer," menos "passion, spirit," all of uncertain origin, perhaps from PIE *mnyo-, suffixed form of root *men- (1) "to think," with derivatives referring to qualities and states of mind or thought. | من تي چڙھيل، من پسند، ماڻو | मन तय चड़हयल, मन पसनद, मअणव | *men- (1) Sindhi root (من) meaning "to think," with derivatives referring to qualities and states of mind or thought. It forms all or part of: admonish; Ahura Mazda; ament; amentia; amnesia; amnesty; anamnesis; anamnestic; automatic; automaton; balletomane; comment; compos mentis; dement; demonstrate; Eumenides; idiomatic; maenad; -mancy; mandarin; mania; maniac; manic; mantic; mantis; mantra; memento; mens rea; mental; mention; mentor; mind; Minerva; minnesinger; mnemonic; Mnemosyne; money; monition; monitor; monster; monument; mosaic; Muse; museum; music; muster; premonition; reminiscence; reminiscent; summon. |
| manual (n) | early 15c., "small service book used by a priest," from Old French manuel "handbook" (also "plow-handle"), from Late Latin manuale "case or cover of a book, handbook," noun use of neuter of Latin manualis "of or belonging to the hand; that can be thrown by hand," from manus "hand, strength, power over; armed force; handwriting," from PIE root *man- (2) "hand." Meaning "a concise handbook" of any sort is from 1530s. The etymological sense is "small book such as may be carried in the hand or conveniently used by one hand." | ماڻھٿو (اھو ڪتاب جيڪو ماڻھو ھدايتن لاءِ کڻي، جيئن مشين يا ڪنھن شيءِ کي ھلائڻ لاءِ) | मअणहथव (अहव कतअब जयकव मअणहव हदअयतन लअ कणय, जययन मशयन यअ कनहन शय कय हलअयण लअ) | *man- (2) Sindhi root (ماڻھٿ) meaning "hand." It forms all or part of: amanuensis; command; commando; commend; countermand; demand; Edmund; emancipate; legerdemain; maintain; manacle; manage; manciple; mandamus; mandate; manage; maneuver; manicure; manifest; manipulation; manner; manque; mansuetude; manual; manubrium; manufacture; manumission; manumit; manure; manuscript; mastiff; Maundy Thursday; mortmain; Raymond; recommend; remand; Sigismund. |
| mark | from Proto-Germanic *markō (source also of Old Norse merki "boundary, sign," mörk "forest," which often marked a frontier; Old Frisian merke, Gothic marka "boundary, frontier," Dutch merk "mark, brand," German Mark "boundary, boundary land"), from PIE root *merg- "boundary, border." Influenced by, and partly from, Scandinavian cognates. The Germanic word was borrowed widely and early in Romanic (compare marque; march (n.2), marquis). | مارڳ | मअरग | *merg- Sindhi root (مرڳ، مارڳ) meaning "boundary, border." It forms all or part of: Cymric; demarcation; Denmark; emarginate; landmark; march (v.) "walk with regular tread;" march (n.2) "boundary;" marchioness; margin; margrave; mark (n.1) "trace, impression;" mark (n.2) "unit of money or weight;" marque; marquee; marquetry; marquis; remark; remarkable. |
| marsh | "tract of water-soaked or partially flooded land; wet, swampy ground; piece of low ground, usually more or less wet but often nearly dry at certain seasons," Middle English mersh, from Old English mersc, merisc "marsh, swamp," from Proto-Germanic *marisko (source also of Old Frisian and Old Saxon marsk "marsh," Middle Dutch mersch, Dutch mars, German Marsch, Danish marsk), probably from Proto-Germanic *mari- "sea" (from PIE root *mori- "body of water"). | موري، آڊوڪي، اڌ ڀڳل | मवरय, आडवकय, अध भगल | *mori- Sindhi root (موري) meaning "body of water." It forms all or part of: aquamarine; Armorica; beche-de-mer; cormorant; mare (n.2) "broad, dark areas of the moon;" marina; marinate; marine; mariner; maritime; marsh; mere (n.1) "lake, pool;" Merlin; mermaid; merman; meerschaum; meerkat; morass; Muriel; rosemary; submarine; ultramarine; Weimar. |
| mass | In late Middle English (circa 1400) as masse in the sense of "lump, quantity of matter", from Anglo-Norman masse, in Old French attested from the 11th century, via late Latin massa (“lump, dough”), from Ancient Greek μᾶζα (mâza, “barley-cake, lump (of dough)”). The Greek noun is derived from the verb μάσσω (mássō, “to knead”), ultimately from a PIE *maǵ- (“to oil, knead”). The sense of "a large number or quantity" arises circa 1580. The scientific sense is from 1687 (as Latin massa) in the works of Isaac Newton, with the first English use (as mass) occurring in 1704. | ماس | मअस | *mag- also *mak-, Sindhi root (مِک، ماس) meaning "to knead, fashion, fit." It forms all or part of: amass; among; macerate; magma; make; mason; mass (n.1) "lump, quantity, size;" match (n.2) "one of a pair, an equal;" mingle; mongrel. |
| master | late Old English mægester "a man having control or authority; a teacher or tutor," from Latin magister (n.) "chief, head, director, teacher" (source of Old French maistre, French maître, Spanish and Italian maestro, Portuguese mestre, Dutch meester, German Meister), contrastive adjective ("he who is greater") from magis (adv.) "more," from PIE *mag-yos-, comparative of root *meg- "great." The form was influenced in Middle English by Old French cognate maistre. From late 12c. as "man eminently or perfectly skilled in something." From mid-14c. as "one who employs another or others in his service; also "owner of a living creature." Meaning "one charged with the care, direction, oversight, and control of some office, business, etc." is from mid-13c. In academic senses (from Medieval Latin magister) it is attested from mid-13c., originally "one who has received a degree conveying authority to teach in the universities;" master's degree, originally a degree giving one authority to teach in a university, is from late 14c. Also from mid-13c. as "workman qualified by training and experience to carry on his trade and teach apprentices." | مھتارو، متارو، مالڪ، طاقتور (ماسٽر لفظ سنڌي جي ٻن لفظن جو ڳٽڪو آھي. مھت مانا طاقت، وڌائي ۽ وار معنا مھاور، طاقتور، متارو وغيرھ) | महतअरव, मतअरव, मअलक, तअक़तवर (मअसटर लफ़ज़ सनधय जय बन लफ़ज़न जव गटकव आहय. महत मअनअ तअक़त, वधअयय ۽ वअर मअनअ महअवर, तअक़तवर, मतअरव वग़यरह) | *meg- Sindhi root (ماگه، مھتار) meaning "great." It forms all or part of: acromegaly; Almagest; Charlemagne; maestro; magisterial; magistral; magistrate; Magna Carta; magnate; magnitude; magnum; magnanimity; magnanimous; magni-; Magnificat; magnificence; magnificent; magnify; magniloquence; magniloquent; Magnus; maharajah; maharishi; mahatma; Mahayana; Maia; majesty; major; major-domo; majority; majuscule; master; maxim; maximum; may (v.2) "to take part in May Day festivities;" May; mayor; mega-; megalo-; mickle; Mister; mistral; mistress; much; omega. |
| match (n) | "stick for striking fire." Late 14c., macche, "wick of a candle or lamp," a sense now obsolete, from Old French meiche "wick of a candle," from Vulgar Latin *micca/*miccia (source also of Catalan metxa, Spanish mecha, Italian miccia), which is of uncertain origin, probably ultimately from Latin myxa, from Greek myxa "lamp wick," originally "mucus," based on notion of wick dangling from the spout of a lamp like snot from a nostril, from PIE root *meug- "slimy, slippery" (see mucus). English snot also had a secondary sense from late 14c. of "snuff of a candle, burnt part of a wick," surviving at least to late 19c. in northern dialects. | گهُڻي، سنھي تيلي (ماچيس جي تيلي) | गहणय, सनहय तयलय (मअचयस जय तयलय) | |
| math | (mathematic) "mathematical science," late 14c. as singular noun, mathematik (replaced since early 17c. by mathematics, q.v.), from Old French mathematique and directly from Latin mathematica (plural), from Greek mathēmatike tekhnē "mathematical science," feminine singular of mathēmatikos (adj.) "relating to mathematics, scientific, astronomical; pertaining to learning, disposed to learn," from mathēma (genitive mathēmatos) "science, knowledge, mathematical knowledge; a lesson," literally "that which is learnt;" from manthanein "to learn," from PIE root *mendh- "to learn." As an adjective, "pertaining to mathematics," from c. 1400, from French mathématique or directly from Latin mathematicus. | مت، عقل، سکڻ، لقاءَ، حالتون، انگ اکر سمجهڻ | मत, अक़ल, सकण, लक़अ, हअलतवन, अनग अकर समजहण | *mendh- Sindhi root (مت، مٿي ويھارڻ) meaning "to learn." It forms all or part of: chrestomathy; mathematic; mathematical; mathematics; opsimathy; polymath. |
| matri- | word-forming element meaning "of or relating to a mother," also "of or relating to women," from combining form of Latin māter (genitive mātris) "mother" (see mother (n.1)). | ماتر سان لاڳاپيل | मअतर सअन लअगअपयल | |
| matter | c. 1200, materie, "the subject of a mental act or a course of thought, speech, or expression," from Anglo-French matere, Old French matere "subject, theme, topic; substance, content; character, education" (12c., Modern French matière) and directly from Latin materia "substance from which something is made," also "hard inner wood of a tree." According to de Vaan and Watkins, this is from mater "origin, source, mother" (see mother (n.1)). The sense developed and expanded in Latin in philosophy by influence of Greek hylē (see hylo-) "wood, firewood," in a general sense "material," used by Aristotle for "matter" in the philosophical sense. | ماتر، مادو، مسئلو. (ھن لفظ جو بڻ بڻياد بھ ماتر مان ورتل آھي، مانا ڄڻيندڙ ماھيت رکندڙ | मअतर, मअदव, मसयलव. (हन लफ़ज़ जव बण बणयअद बह मअतर मअन वरतल आहय, मअनअ ॼणयनदड़ मअहयत रकनदड़ | |
| may | Old English mæg "am able" (infinitive magan, past tense meahte, mihte), from Proto-Germanic root *mag-, infinitive *maganan (Old Frisian mei/muga/machte "have power, may;" Old Saxon mag/mugan/mahte; Middle Dutch mach/moghen/mohte; Dutch mag/mogen/mocht; Old High German mag/magan/mahta; German mag/mögen/mochte; Old Norse ma/mega/matte; Gothic mag/magan/mahte "to be able"), from PIE root *magh- "to be able, have power." A present-preterit verb (with can, shall, etc.). Also used in Old English as a "auxiliary of prediction." | مگه مھان، مھان طور کنيل | मगह महअन, महअन तवर कनयल | *magh- Sindhi root (مگه، مھٿ) meaning "to be able, have power." It forms all or part of: dismay; deus ex machina; may (v.1) "am able;" might (n.) "bodily strength, power;" main; machine; mechanic; mechanism; mechano-; mage; magi; magic. |
| me | a pronoun of the first person in oblique cases, Old English me (dative), me, mec (accusative); oblique cases of I, from Proto-Germanic *meke (accusative), *mes (dative), source also of Old Frisian mi/mir, Old Saxon mi, Middle Dutch mi, Dutch mij, Old High German mih/mir, German mich/mir, Old Norse mik/mer, Gothic mik/mis; from PIE root *me-, oblique form of the personal pronoun of the first person singular (nominative *eg; see I); source also of Sanskrit, Avestan mam, Greek eme, Latin me, mihi, Old Irish me, Welsh mi "me," Old Church Slavonic me, Hittite ammuk. | مان (ضمير متڪلم) | मअन (ज़मयर मतकलम) | |
| mead | "a strong liquor made from fermented honey and water," a favorite beverage of England in the Middle Ages, Middle English mede, from Old English medu, from Proto-Germanic *meduz (source also of Old Norse mjöðr, Danish mjød, Old Frisian and Middle Dutch mede, Old High German metu, German Met "mead"), from PIE root *medhu- "honey, sweet drink" (source also of Sanskrit madhu "sweet, sweet drink, wine, honey," Greek methy "wine," Old Church Slavonic medu, Lithuanian medus "honey," Old Irish mid, Welsh medd, Breton mez "mead"). | مَڌِ، ماکي | मध, मअकय | |
| meal | late 12c., mēl, "an occasion of taking food, a feast, a supply of food taken at one time for relief of hunger," also (c. 1200) "an appointed time for eating;" from Old English mæl, Anglian mēl, "fixed time, occasion; a meal," from Proto-Germanic *mela- (source also of Old Frisian mel "time;" Middle Dutch mael, Dutch maal "time; meal;" Old Norse mal "measure, time, meal;" German Mal "time," Mahl "meal;" Gothic mel "time, hour"), from PIE *me-lo-, from root *me- (2) "to measure." | ويلو، مانيءَ جي ويل، گڏجي کائڻ، ماني کائڻ جو ھڪ وقت جيئن نيرن، ڏپھري، ميلو | वयलव, मअनय जय वयल, गडजय कअयण, मअनय कअयण जव हक वक़त जययन नयरन, डपहरय, मयलव | *me- (2) *mē-, Sindhi root (مئه، مئڻ) meaning "to measure." Some words may belong instead to root *med- "to take appropriate measures." |
| mean | from Old English mænan "intend (to do something), plan; indicate (a certain object) or convey (a certain sense) when using a word," from Proto-West Germanic *menjojanan (source also of Old Frisian mena "to signify," Old Saxon menian "to intend, signify, make known," Dutch menen, German meinen "think, suppose, be of the opinion"), from PIE *meino- "opinion, intent" (source also of Old Church Slavonic meniti "to think, have an opinion," Old Irish mian "wish, desire," Welsh mwyn "enjoyment"), perhaps from root *men- (1) "to think." | ماني (معنا) مت (جيئن) | मअनय (मअनअ) मत (जययन) | *men- (1) Sindhi root (من) meaning "to think," with derivatives referring to qualities and states of mind or thought. |
| measure | early 14c., mesuren, "to exercise moderation;" mid-14c., "to deal out or divide up by measure," also "to ascertain spatial dimensions, quantity, or capacity of by comparison with a standard;" from Old French mesurer "measure; moderate, curb" (12c.), from Late Latin mensurare "to measure," from Latin mensura "a measuring, a measurement; thing to measure by," from mensus, past participle of metiri "to measure," from PIE root *me- (2) "to measure." The native verb is mete. Intransitive sense of "to be of a (specified) measure" is from 1670s. To measure up "have the necessary abilities" is 1910, American English. Related: Measured; measuring. | مئڻ، ماپڻ، تورڻ، ماپ ڪرڻ | मयण, मअपण, तवरण, मअप करण | *me- (2) *mē-, Sindhi root (مئه، مئڻ) meaning "to measure." Some words may belong instead to root *med- "to take appropriate measures." |
| meat (n) | Middle English mēte, from Old English mete "food, nourishment, sustenance" (paired with drink), "item of food; animal food, fodder," also "a meal, repast," from Proto-Germanic *mati (source also of Old Frisian mete, Old Saxon meti, Old Norse matr, Old High German maz, Gothic mats "food," Middle Dutch, Dutch metworst, German Mettwurst "type of sausage"), from PIE *mad-i-, from root *mad- "moist, wet," also with reference to food qualities, (source also of Sanskrit medas- "fat" (n.), Old Irish mat "pig;" | ماس، ماڏ گوشت | मअस, मअड गवशत | |
| medico- | word-forming element meaning "of or pertaining to medical science; from a medical standpoint; pertaining to medicine and," used as a combining form of Latin medicus "physician; healing" (from PIE root *med- "take appropriate measures"). | ويد، بيد، دوا درمل سان لاڳاپيل | वयद, बयद, दवअ दरमल सअन लअगअपयल | *med- Sindhi root (ويد، بيد) meaning "take appropriate measures." It forms all or part of: accommodate; accommodation; commode; commodious; commodity; empty; immoderate; immodest; Medea; medical; medicament; medicaster; medicate; medication; medicine; medico; medico-; meditate; meditation; Medusa; meet (adj.) "proper, fitting;" mete (v.) "to allot;" modal; mode; model; moderate; modern; modest; modicum; modify; modular; modulate; module; modulation; mold (n.1) "hollow shape;" mood (n.2) "grammatical form indicating the function of a verb;" must (v.); premeditate; premeditation; remedial; remediation; remedy. |
| medio- | word-forming element meaning "middle," used as a combining form of Latin medius "in the middle, between; from the middle," from PIE root *medhyo- "middle." | ماڌيو، وچ ۾، اندر سان لاڳاپيل | मअधयव, वच में , अनदर सअन लअगअपयल | *medhyo- Sindhi root (ماڌيه، وچ) meaning "middle." Perhaps related to PIE root *me- (2) "to measure." It forms all or part of: amid; intermediate; mean (adj.2) "occupying a middle or intermediate place;" medal; medial; median; mediate; medieval; mediocre; Mediterranean; medium; meridian; mesic; mesial; meso-; meson; Mesopotamia; Mesozoic; mezzanine; mezzo; mezzotint; mid (prep., adj.); middle; Midgard; midriff; midst; midwife; milieu; minge; mizzen; moiety; mullion. |
| medium | 1580s, "a middle ground, quality, or degree; that which holds a middle place or position," from Latin medium "the middle, midst, center; interval," noun use of neuter of adjective medius "in the middle, between; from the middle" (from PIE root *medhyo- "middle"). Many of the secondary senses are via the notion of "intervening substance through which a force or quality is conveyed" (1590s) and "intermediate agency, channel of communication" (c. 1600). From the former, via application to air, etc., comes the sense of "one's environment or conditions" (1865). From the latter comes the sense of "a print publication" (1795) which later grew into the meaning in media. | ماڌيم، مڌيھ، وڄ ۾، مٿ ۾ (ڳنڍڻ) مديم | मअधयम, मधयह, वॼ में , मथ में (गनढण) मदयम | *medhyo- Sindhi root (ماڌيه، وچ) meaning "middle." Perhaps related to Sindhi root *me- (2) "to measure." |
| meet | Middle English mēten, from Old English metan "to find, find out; fall in with, encounter, come into the same place with; obtain," from Proto-Germanic *motjanan (source also of Old Norse mæta, Old Frisian meta, Old Saxon motian "to meet," Gothic gamotijan), from PIE root *mod- "to meet, assemble." Related to Old English gemot "meeting." | مِڙ، مل (ميل، ملاقات) | मड़, मल (मयल, मलअक़अत) | |
| mega- | before vowels meg-, word-forming element often meaning "large, great," but in physics a precise measurement to denote the unit taken a million times (megaton, megawatt, etc.), from Greek megas "great, large, vast, big, high, tall; mighty, important" (fem. megale), from PIE root *meg- "great." Mega began to be used alone as an adjective by 1982. | مگها، مھا، مھت، وڏا، اجگر شين سان لاڳاپيل | मगहअ, महअ, महत, वडअ, अजगर शयन सअन लअगअपयल | *meg- Sindhi root (ماگه، مھتار) meaning "great." |
| megalo- | word-forming element meaning "large, great, exaggerated," from combining form of Greek megas "large, great" (stem megal-), from PIE root *meg- "great." | مھت، مھان (وڏاءُ) | महत, महअन (वडअ) | *meg- Sindhi root (ماگه، مھتار) meaning "great." |
| memory | From Anglo-Norman memorie, Old French memoire etc., from Latin memoria (“the faculty of remembering, remembrance, memory, a historical account”), from memor (“mindful, remembering”), from PIE *(s)mer- (to remember), related to Ancient Greek μνήμη (mnḗmē, “memory”) μέρμερος (mérmeros, “anxious”), μέριμνα (mérimna, “care, thought”), Old English mimor (“mindful, remembering”). | سانڀر | सअनभर | *(s)mer- (1) Sindhi root (سمرڻ، ياد) meaning "to remember." It forms all or part of: commemorate; commemoration; mourn; memo; memoir; memorable; memorandum; memorial; memorious; memorize; memory; remember. |
| menstrual (adj) | late 14c., "pertaining to menses of females," from Old French menstruel and directly from Latin menstrualis "monthly," especially "of or having monthly courses," from menstruus "of a month, every month, monthly, pertaining to a month," from mensis "month" (see moon (n.)). Occasionally, in astronomy, "monthly" (1590s). | مئڻو، ماھيانو، زنانو مخصوص چڪر | मयणव, मअहयअनव, ज़नअनव मखसवस चकर | *me- (2) *mē-, Sindhi root (مئه، مئڻ) meaning "to measure." Some words may belong instead to root *med- "to take appropriate measures." |
| meter | "device or instrument for measuring," abstracted 1832 from gasometer (in English from 1790), etc., from French -mètre, used in combinations, from Latin metrum "measure" or cognate Greek metron "measure" (from PIE root *me- (2) *matr"to measure"). | ماترا | मअतरअ | *me- (2) *mē-, Sindhi root (مئه، مئڻ) meaning "to measure." Some words may belong instead to root *med- "to take appropriate measures." |
| microbe (n) | popular name for a bacterium or other extremely small living being, 1878, from French microbe, "badly coined … by Sédillot" [Weekley] in 1878 from Latinized form of Greek mikros "small" (see micro-) + bios "life" (from PIE root *gwei- "to live"). Intended to mean literally "a small living being," the use of bios is incorrect, as in modern science generally (see bio-); in Greek the compound would mean "short-lived." | جيوڙا | जयवड़अ | *gwei- also *gweie-, Sindhi root (جيو) meaning "to live." |
| might | "quality of being able, ability to do or act, power," Middle English might, from Old English miht, earlier mæht "bodily strength, power; authority, dominion, control; ability," from Proto-Germanic *makhti- (source also of Old Norse mattr, Old Frisian, Middle Dutch, Dutch macht, Old High German maht, German Macht, Gothic mahts), a Germanic suffixed form of the PIE root *magh- "to be able, have power." | مھت، وڏائي، مان، سوڀ | महत, वडअयय, मअन, सवभ | *meg- Sindhi root (ماگه، مھتار) meaning "great." |
| mild | Old English milde, of persons, powers, or dispositions, "possessing softness or gentleness, good-tempered, merciful," from Proto-Germanic *milthjaz- (source also of Old Norse mildr (which also contributed to the English word), Old Saxon mildi, Old Frisian milde, Middle Dutch milde, Dutch mild, Old High German milti, German milde "mild," Gothic mildiþa "kindness"), from PIE *meldh-, from root *mel- (1) "soft," which is the source also of Latin mollis "soft." | ميڻ، نرم | मयण, नरम | *mel- (1) Sindhi root (ميڻ) meaning "soft," with derivatives referring to soft or softened materials. It forms all or part of: amblyopia; bland; blandish; blenny; emollient; enamel; malacia; malaxation; malt; melt; mild; Mildred; milt; moil; mollify; Mollusca; mollusk; mulch; mullein; mutton; schmaltz; smelt (v.); smelt (n.). |
| mile | unit of linear measure in Great Britain, the U.S., and a few other countries, formerly used in most European countries before the metric system; Old English mil, from West Germanic *milja (source also of Middle Dutch mile, Dutch mijl, Old High German mila, German Meile), from Latin milia "thousands," plural of mille "a thousand" (neuter plural was mistaken in Germanic as a fem. singular), which is of unknown origin. | ميل | मयल | |
| mind | from Old English gemynd "memory, remembrance; state of being remembered; thought, purpose; conscious mind, intellect, intention," Proto-Germanic *ga-mundiz (source also of Gothic muns "thought," munan "to think;" Old Norse minni "mind;" German Minne (archaic) "love," originally "memory, loving memory"), from suffixed form of PIE root *men- (1) "to think," with derivatives referring to qualities of mind or states of thought. | من (من ايند) | मन (मन अयनद) | *men- (1) Sindhi root (من) meaning "to think," with derivatives referring to qualities and states of mind or thought. |
| mine | Old English min "mine, my," (pronoun and adjective), from Proto-Germanic *minaz (source also of Old Frisian, Old Saxon Old High German min, Middle Dutch, Dutch mijn, German mein, Old Norse minn, Gothic meins "my, mine"), from the base of Indic word *me. | منهنجو (مانءِ) | मनहनजव (मअन) | |
| minsiter | c. 1300, "man consecrated to service in the Christian Church, an ecclesiastic;" also "an agent acting for a superior, one who acts upon the authority of another," from Old French menistre "servant, valet, member of a household staff, administrator, musician, minstrel" (12c.) and directly from Latin minister (genitive ministri) "inferior, servant, priest's assistant" (in Medieval Latin, "priest"), from minus, minor "less," hence "subordinate" (from PIE root *mei- (2) "small") + comparative suffix *-teros. Formed on the model of magister (see master (n.)). The political sense of "high officer of the state, person appointed by a sovereign or chief magistrate of a country as the responsible head of a department of the government" is attested from 1620s, from notion of "one who renders official service service to the crown." From 1709 as "a diplomatic representative of a country abroad." A minister without portfolio (1841, in a French context) has cabinet status but is not in charge of a specific department. | مُنو مھار، ننڍو مھت (وڏي مھت کان پوءِ ان جو ٻيون مھندار) | मनव महअर, ननढव महत (वडय महत कअन पव अन जव बयवन महनदअर) | |
| miracle (n) | mid-12c., "a wondrous work of God," from Old French miracle (11c.) "miracle, story of a miracle, miracle play," from Latin miraculum "object of wonder" (in Church Latin, "marvelous event caused by God"), from mirari "to wonder at, marvel, be astonished," figuratively "to regard, esteem," from mirus "wonderful, astonishing, amazing," earlier *smeiros, from PIE *smei- "to smile, laugh" (source also of Sanskrit smerah "smiling," Greek meidan "to smile," Old Church Slavonic smejo "to laugh;" see smile (v.)). The Latin word is the source of Spanish milagro, Italian miracolo. | مرڪ (ڪرشمو، رب جو ڪم) | मरक (करशमव, रब जव कम) | |
| mis- | prefix of Germanic origin affixed to nouns and verbs and meaning "bad, wrong," from Old English mis-, from Proto-Germanic *missa- "divergent, astray" (source also of Old Frisian and Old Saxon mis-, Middle Dutch misse-, Old High German missa-, German miß-, Old Norse mis-, Gothic missa-), perhaps literally "in a changed manner," and with a root sense of "difference, change" (compare Gothic misso "mutually"), and thus possibly from PIE *mit-to-, from root *mei- (1) "to change." | مٽجڻ، اصل حالت کان ڦرڻ، خراب ٿيڻ | मटजण, असल हअलत कअन फरण, खरअब थयण | *mei- (1) Sindhi root (مھ) meaning "to change, go, move," "with derivatives referring to the exchange of goods and services within a society as regulated by custom or law" [Watkins]. It forms all or part of: amiss; amoeba; azimuth; common; commune; communicate; communication; communism; commute; congee; demean; emigrate; emigration; excommunicate; excommunication; immune; immutable; incommunicado; mad; mean (adj.1) "low-quality;" mew (n.2) "cage;" mews; migrate; migration; mis- (1) "bad, wrong;" mistake; Mithras; molt; Mstislav; municipal; munificent; mutable; mutant; mutate; mutation; mutatis mutandis; mutual; permeable; permeate; permutation; permute; remunerate; remuneration; transmutation; transmute; zenith. |
| mole | spot on skin, Old English mal "spot, mark, blemish," especially on cloth or linen, from Proto-Germanic *mailan "spot, mark" (source also of Old High German meil, German Mal, Gothic mail "wrinkle"), from PIE root *mai- (2) "to stain, soil, defile" (source also of Greek miainein "to stain, defile," see miasma). Specifically of small, permanent dark marks on human skin from late 14c. | موھ (موھيڙي جو بنياد) ننڌڙو ڪارو نشان، تر | मवह (मवहयड़य जव बनयअद) ननधड़व कअरव नशअन, तर | |
| Monday | second day of the week, Middle English monedai, from Old English mōndæg, contraction of mōnandæg "Monday," literally "day of the moon," from mona (genitive monan; see moon (n.)) + dæg (see day). A common Germanic name (compare Old Norse manandagr, Old Frisian monendei, Dutch maandag, German Montag). All are loan-translations of Late Latin Lunæ dies, which also is the source of the day name in Romance languages (French lundi, Italian lunedi, Spanish lunes), itself a loan-translation of Greek Selēnēs hēmera. The name for this day in Slavic tongues generally means "day after Sunday." | مُنڌر + دئو (چنڊ جو ڏينھن)، سومار، سومر | मनधर + दयव (चनड जव डयनहन), सवमअर, सवमर | |
| monocle (n) | "single eyeglass," 1886, from French monocle, noun use of adjective monocle "one-eyed, blind in one eye" (13c.), from Late Latin monoculus "one-eyed," from Greek monos "single, alone" (from PIE root *men- (4) "small, isolated") + Latin oculus "eye" (from PIE root *okw- "to see"). Earlier as a name of a kind of bandage for one eye, also from French. | منو اکيو (اکين اڳيان پائڻ وارا ننڍا شيشا) | मनव अकयव (अकयन अगयअन पअयण वअरअ ननढअ शयशअ) | *okw- Sindhi root meaning (اک، ڏسڻ) "to see." |
| moon | Middle English mone, from Old English mona, from Proto-Germanic *menon- (source also of Old Saxon and Old High German mano, Old Frisian mona, Old Norse mani, Danish maane, Dutch maan, German Mond, Gothic mena "moon"), from PIE *me(n)ses- "moon, month" (source also of Sanskrit masah "moon, month;" Avestan ma, Persian mah, Armenian mis "month;" Greek mene "moon," men "month;" Latin mensis "month;" Old Church Slavonic meseci, Lithuanian mėnesis "moon, month;" Old Irish mi, Welsh mis, Breton miz "month"), | منڌر (ماه، چنڊ) | मनधर (मअह, चनड) | |
| morning | From Middle English mōrn, morwen, from Old English morġen, from Proto-Germanic *murganaz, *murginaz (compare West Frisian moarn, Low German Morgen, Dutch morgen, German Morgen, Danish morgen, Norwegian morgon), from PIE *mr̥kéno, *mr̥kóno, from PIE *mr̥Hko (compare Welsh bore (“morning”), Lithuanian mérkti (“to blink, twinkle”), Sanskrit मरीचि (márīci, “ray of light”)), from *mer- (“to shimmer, glisten”) (compare Greek μέρα (méra, “morning”)) | مُرکڻ، چمڪڻ، سوجهرو ڪرڻ | मरकण, चमकण, सवजहरव करण | |
| mother | Middle English moder, from Old English modor, from Proto-Germanic *mōdēr (source also of Old Saxon modar, Old Frisian moder, Old Norse moðir, Danish moder, Dutch moeder, Old High German muoter, German Mutter), from PIE *mater- "mother" (source also of Latin māter, Old Irish mathir, Lithuanian motė, Sanskrit matar-, Greek mētēr, Old Church Slavonic mati), "[b]ased ultimately on the baby-talk form *mā- (2); with the kinship term suffix *-ter-" [Watkins]. Spelling with -th- dates from early 16c., though that pronunciation is probably older | ماتر | मअतर | |
| mourn | Middle English mornen, from Old English murnan "to feel or express sorrow, grief, or regret; bemoan, long after," also "be anxious about, be careful" (class III strong verb; past tense mearn, past participle murnen), from Proto-Germanic *murnan "to remember sorrowfully" (source also of Old Saxon mornon, Old High German mornen, Gothic maurnan "to mourn," Old Norse morna "to pine away"), probably from suffixed form of PIE root *(s)mer- (1) "to remember." Or, if the Old Norse sense is the base one, from *mer- "to die, wither." | مرڻو، ممڻ | मरणव, ममण | *(s)mer- (1) Sindhi root (سمرڻ، ياد) meaning "to remember." |
| mouth | Old English muþ "oral opening of an animal or human; opening of anything, door, gate," from Proto-Germanic *muntha- (source also of Old Saxon, Old Frisian muth, Old Norse munnr, Danish mund, Middle Dutch mont, Dutch mond, Old High German mund, German Mund, Gothic munþs "mouth"), with characteristic loss of nasal consonant in Old English (compare tooth), probably an IE word, but the exact etymology is disputed. Perhaps from the source of Latin mentum "chin" (from PIE root *men- (2) "to project," on the notion of "projecting body part"), presuming a semantic shift from "chin" to "mouth." | وات | वअत | *men- (2) Sindhi root (واڻ) meaning "to project." It forms all or part of: amenable; amount; cismontane; demeanor; dismount; eminence; eminent; imminence; imminent; menace; minacious; minatory; mons; montage; montagnard; monte; mount (n.1) "hill, mountain;" mount (v.) "to get up on;" mountain; mountebank; mouth; Osmond; Piedmont; promenade; prominence; prominent; promontory; remount; surmount; ultramontane. |
| mud (n) | late 14c., mudde, "moist, soft earth," cognate with and probably from Middle Low German mudde, Middle Dutch modde "thick mud," from Proto-Germanic *mud- from PIE *(s)meu-/*mu- [Buck], found in many words denoting "wet" or "dirty" (source also of Greek mydos "damp, moisture," Old Irish muad "cloud," Polish muł "slime," Sanskrit mutra- "urine," Avestan muthra- "excrement, filth"); related to German Schmutz "dirt," which also is used for "mud" in roads, etc., to avoid dreck, which originally meant "excrement." Welsh mwd is from English. | مٽ، گدلو، گندو، گپ | मट, गदलव, गनदव, गप | |
| mug | 1560s, "bowl, pot, jug," of unknown origin, perhaps from Scandinavian (compare Swedish mugg "earthen cup, jug," Norwegian mugge "pitcher, open can for warm drinks"), or Low German mokke, mukke "mug," also of PIE *mango | مانڱو، ڪاٺ جو پيالو، جتان پوءِ مڳ ٿيو | मअनङव, कअठ जव पयअलव, जतअन पव मग थयव | |
| murder | c. 1300, murdre, earlier morþer, from Old English morðor (plural morþras) "secret killing of a person, unlawful killing," also "mortal sin, crime; punishment, torment, misery," from Proto-Germanic *murthran (source also of Goth maurþr, and, from a variant form of the same root, Old Saxon morth, Old Frisian morth, Old Norse morð, Middle Dutch moort, Dutch moord, German Mord "murder"), from suffixed form of PIE root *mer- "to rub away, harm" (also "to die" and forming words referring to death and to beings subject to death). | مار | मअर | *mer- Sindhi root (مر، مار) meaning "to rub away, harm." Possibly identical with the root *mer- that means "to die" and forms words referring to death and to beings subject to death. It forms all or part of: amaranth; ambrosia; amortize; Amritsar; immortal; manticore; marasmus; mare (n.3) "night-goblin, incubus;" morbid; mordacious; mordant; moribund; morsel; mort (n.2) "note sounded on a horn at the death of the quarry;" mortal; mortality; mortar; mortgage; mortify; mortmain; mortuary; murder; murrain; nightmare; post-mortem; remorse. |
| mute | late 14c., mewet "silent, not speaking," from Old French muet "dumb, mute" (12c.), diminutive of mut, mo, from Latin mutus "silent, speechless, dumb," probably from imitative base *meue- (source also of Sanskrit mukah "dumb," Greek myein "to be shut," of the mouth). Form assimilated in 16c. to Latin mutus. The meaning "incapable of utterance, dumb" is by mid-15c. | ماٺ | मअठ | |
| my | "belonging to me," c. 1200, mi, reduced form of mine used before words beginning in consonants except h- (my father, but mine enemy), and from 14c. before all nouns. Always used attributively, mine being used for the predicate. As interjection, by 1825, probably a shortened form of my God! | مانءِ | मअन | |
| nacelle (n) | late 15c., "small boat," from Old French nacele "little boat, bark, skiff" (12c., Modern French nacelle), from Vulgar Latin *naucella, from Late Latin navicella "a little ship," diminutive of Latin navis "ship" (from PIE root *nau- "boat"). The original sense was soon obsolete. Modern meaning "gondola of an airship" is from 1901, a borrowing from French; extended to "cockpit of an aircraft" by 1914; later transferred to other similar housings and structures. | ناوَ (ننڍي ٻيڙي)، ھتان جديد ھوائي جھازن جي ھڪ ڀاڱي تي نالو پيو | नअव (ननढय बयड़य), हतअन जदयद हवअयय जहअज़न जय हक भअङय तय नअलव पयव | *nau- nāu-, Sindhi root (ناوَ) meaning "boat." It forms all or part of: aeronautics; aquanaut; Argonaut; astronaut; cosmonaut; nacelle; naval; nave (n.1) "main part of a church;" navicular; navigate; navigation; navy; naufragous; nausea; nautical; nautilus; noise. |
| nail | Old English negel "tapering metal pin," nægl "fingernail (handnægl), toenail," from Proto-Germanic *naglaz (source also of Old Norse nagl "fingernail," nagli "metal nail;" Old Saxon and Old High German nagel, Old Frisian neil, Middle Dutch naghel, Dutch nagel, German Nagel "fingernail; small metal spike"), from PIE root *(o)nogh "nail of the finger or toe" (source also of Greek onyx "claw, fingernail;" Latin unguis "fingernail, claw;" Old Church Slavonic noga "foot," noguti "fingernail, claw;" Lithuanian naga "hoof," nagutis "fingernail;" Old Irish ingen, Old Welsh eguin "fingernail, claw"). | ننهن | ननहन | |
| naked | From Middle English naked, from Old English nacod, from Proto-Germanic *nakwadaz, from PIE *negʷ- (“naked”). | ننگو | ननगव | |
| name | From Middle English name, nome, from Old English nama, noma (“name; noun; the particular word used to denote any object of thought not considered in a purely individual character; title; reputation; the reputation of some character or attribute; the mere appellation in contrast or opposition to the actual person or thing”), from Proto-Germanic *namô (“name”), from PIE *h₁nómn̥ (“name”). Cognate with Scots name, naim, nem (“name”), North Frisian Neem, Naam, nööm, noome (“name”), Saterland Frisian Noome (“name”), West Frisian namme (“name”), Dutch naam (“name”), Low German Name (“name”), German Name (“name”), Danish navn (“name”), Norwegian Bokmål navn (“name”), Norwegian Nynorsk namn (“name”), Swedish namn (“name”), Icelandic nafn (“name”), Latin nōmen (“name”). Doublet of noun. See also neven. | نام | नअम | *no-men- Sindhi root (نام) meaning "name." It forms all or part of: acronym; allonym; ananym; anonymous; antonomasia; antonym; binomial; caconym; cognomen; denominate; eponym; eponymous; heteronym; homonym; homonymous; hyponymy; ignominious; ignominy; innominable; Jerome; matronymic; metonymy; metronymic; misnomer; moniker; name; nomenclature; nominal; nominate; noun; onomastic; onomatopoeia; paronomasia; paronym; patronym; patronymic; praenomen; pronoun; pseudonym; renown; synonym; synonymy; synonymous; toponym. |
| nark | 1859, "to act as a police informer" (v.); 1860, "police informer" (n.), probably from Romany nak "nose," from Hindi nak, from Sanskrit nakra, which probably is related to Sanskrit nasa "nose" (from PIE root *nas- "nose"). Sense and spelling tending to merge with etymologically unrelated narc (q.v.). | نوس نوس ڪندڙ (خابرو) جاسوس | नवस नवस कनदड़ (खअबरव) जअसवस | *nas- Sindhi root (ناس) meaning "nose." It forms all or part of: nares; nark; nasal; nasopharynx; nasturtium; ness; nose; nostril; nozzle; nuzzle; pince-nez. |
| naso- | word-forming element meaning "relating to the nose; of the nose and," from Latin nasus "nose," from PIE *nas- (see nose (n.)). | ناسن (نڪ) بابت | नअसन (नक) बअबत | *nas- Sindhi root (ناس) meaning "nose." |
| natation (n) | "art or act of swimming," 1540s, from Latin natationem (nominative natatio) "a swimming; a swimming-place," noun of action from past-participle stem of natare "to swim" (from PIE root *sna- "to swim"). | سنانڻ، تڙڳڻ، وھنجڻ | सनअनण, तड़गण, वहनजण | *sna- *snā-, Sindhi root (سناڻ) meaning "to swim," with extended form *(s)nāu- "to swim, flow; to let flow," hence "to suckle." It forms all or part of: naiad; natant; natation; natatorial; natatorium; nekton; nourish; nurse; nursery; nurture; nutrient; nutriment; nutrition; nutritious; nutritive; supernatant. |
| nation (n) | c. 1300, nacioun, "a race of people, large group of people with common ancestry and language," from Old French nacion "birth, rank; descendants, relatives; country, homeland" (12c.) and directly from Latin nationem (nominative natio) "birth, origin; breed, stock, kind, species; race of people, tribe," literally "that which has been born," from natus, past participle of nasci "be born" (Old Latin gnasci), from PIE root *gene- "give birth, beget," with derivatives referring to procreation and familial and tribal groups. | ڄڻ، ھڪ ئي نسل، قوم | ॼण, हक यय नसल, क़वम | *gene- *genə-, also *gen-, Sindhi root (ڄڻ، جن) meaning "give birth, beget," with derivatives referring to procreation and familial and tribal groups. |
| native (adj) | late 14c., natif, "natural, inborn, hereditary, connected with something in a natural way," from Old French natif "native, born in; raw, unspoiled" (14c.) and directly from Latin nativus "innate, produced by birth," from natus, past participle of nasci (Old Latin gnasci) "be born," related to gignere "beget," from PIE root *gene- "give birth, beget," with derivatives referring to procreation and familial and tribal groups. | ڄڻو، مقامي ڄڻو | ॼणव, मक़अमय ॼणव | *gene- *genə-, also *gen-, Sindhi root (ڄڻ، جن) meaning "give birth, beget," with derivatives referring to procreation and familial and tribal groups. |
| nature (n) | late 13c., "restorative powers of the body, bodily processes; powers of growth;" from Old French nature "nature, being, principle of life; character, essence," from Latin natura "course of things; natural character, constitution, quality; the universe," literally "birth," from natus "born," past participle of nasci "to be born," from PIE root *gene- "give birth, beget." | ڄڻ، تخليق، فطرت | ॼण, तखलयक़, फ़तरत | *gene- *genə-, also *gen-, Sindhi root (ڄڻ، جن) meaning "give birth, beget," with derivatives referring to procreation and familial and tribal groups. |
| naught | mid-14c., "evil, an evil act," also " a trifle," c. 1400, "nothingness;" early 15c., in arithmetic, "the number zero;" from noht, naht (pron.) "nothing" (late 12c.), from Old English nawiht "nothing," literally "no whit," from na "no" (from PIE root *ne- "not") + wiht "thing, creature, being" (see wight). Cognate with Old Saxon neowiht "nothing," Old High German niwiht, Gothic ni waihts, Dutch niet, German nicht. It also developed an adjectival sense in Old English, "good for nothing," which by mid-16c. had focused to "morally bad, wicked," though the modern adjective is naughty. | ناھي، ناھيو، ڪُلڇڻ | नअहय, नअहयव, कलछण | *ne- Sindhi root (نه، اڻ) meaning "not." |
| nausea | early 15c., "vomiting," from Latin nausea "seasickness," from Ionic Greek nausia (Attic nautia) "seasickness, nausea, disgust," literally "ship-sickness," from naus "ship" (from PIE root *nau- "boat"). Despite its etymology, the word in English seems never to have been restricted to seasickness. | ناوَ جي جهولڻ تي الٽين اچڻ واري ڪيفيت | नअव जय जहवलण तय अलटयन अचण वअरय कयफ़यत | *nau- nāu-, Sindhi root (ناوَ) meaning "boat." |
| nautical | "pertaining to ships, sailors, or navigation," 1550s, from -al (1) + nautic from Middle French nautique, from Latin nauticus "pertaining to ships or sailors," from Greek nautikos "seafaring, naval," from nautes "sailor," from naus "ship," from PIE root *nau- "boat." | ناوَ جي سفر سان لاڳاپيل | नअव जय सफ़र सअन लअगअपयल | *nau- nāu-, Sindhi root (ناوَ) meaning "boat." |
| navicular (adj.) | "boat-shaped," early 15c., in reference to the navicular bone of the foot, from Late Latin navicularis "pertaining to a boat," from navicula, diminutive of navis "ship" (from PIE root *nau- "boat"). The classical sense of "relating to small ships or boats" (1650s) is rare in English. | ناوَ جيان ترڇيل | नअव जयअन तरछयल | *nau- nāu-, Sindhi root (ناوَ) meaning "boat." |
| navigate | From Middle English navigate, from Latin nāvigō, from nāvis (“ship”) + agō (“do”), from PIE *néh₂us (“boat”). | ناوَ (ٻَيڙي)، ٻيڙي ھلائڻ جو ڏس پتو، ڏس پتو | नअव (बयड़य), बयड़य हलअयण जव डस पतव, डस पतव | *nau- nāu-, Sindhi root (ناوَ) meaning "boat." |
| navy | mid-14c., navie, "fleet of ships," especially for purposes of war, from Old French navie "fleet; ship," from Latin navigia, plural of navigium "vessel, boat," from navis "ship," from PIE root *nau- "boat." | ناوَ (ٻَيڙي) | नअव (बयड़य) | *nau- nāu-, Sindhi root (ناوَ) meaning "boat." |
| near | Middle English: from Old Norse nær ‘nearer’, comparative of ná, corresponding to Old English nēah ‘nigh’, from PIE *ner'de- | نيڙي | नयड़य | |
| nebbish (n) | "ineffectual or hapless person," 1905, nebbich, from Yiddish (used as a Yiddish word in American English from 1890s), from a Slavic source akin to Czech neboh "poor, unfortunate," literally "un-endowed," from Proto-Slavic *ne-bogu-, with negative prefix (see un- (1)) + from PIE root *bhag- "to share out, apportion; to get a share." Also as an adjective. | نڀاڳو، اڀاڳو | निभाॻो, अभाॻो | *bhag- Sindhi (ڀاڳ) root meaning "to share out, apportion; to get a share." It forms all or part of: aphagia; Bhagavad-Gita; baksheesh; esophagus; nebbish; pagoda; -phage; phago-; -phagous; porgy; sarcophagus. It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit bhajati "assigns, allots, apportions, enjoys, loves," bhagah "allotter, distributor, master, lord," bhaksati "eats, drinks, enjoys;" Persian bakhshidan "to give;" Greek phagein "to eat," literally "to have a share of food;" Old Church Slavonic bogatu "rich." |
| nebula (n) | mid-15c., nebule "a cloud, mist," from Latin nebula, plural nebulae, "mist, vapor, fog, smoke, exhalation," figuratively "darkness, obscurity," from PIE root *nebh- "cloud." Re-borrowed from Latin 1660s in sense of "cataracts in the eye;" astronomical meaning "luminous cloud-like patch in the heavens" is from c. 1730. As early as Hershel (1802) astronomers realized that some nebulae were star clusters, but the certain distinction of relatively nearby cosmic gas clouds from distant galaxies (as these are now properly called) was not made until the 1920s, when the latter were resolved into individual stars (and nebulae) using the new 100-inch Mt. Wilson telescope. | ناڀ، آڪاس، آسمان تي ڪڪرن جو جهڳٽو (جتان تارن جي گنجان جهڳٽي جو نالو رکيو ويو) | नअभ, आकअस, आसमअन तय ककरन जव जहगटव (जतअन तअरन जय गनजअन जहगटय जव नअलव रकयव वयव) | *nebh- Sindhi root (ناڀ) meaning "cloud." It forms all or part of: nebula; nebular; nebulosity; nebulous; Neptune; Nibelungenlied; Niflheim; nimbus. |
| neck | "that part of an animal body between the head and the trunk and which connects those parts," Middle English nekke, from Old English hnecca "neck, nape, back of the neck" (a fairly rare word) from Proto-Germanic *hnekk- "the nape of the neck" (source also of Old Frisian hnekka, Middle Dutch necke, Dutch nek, Old Norse hnakkr, Old High German hnach, German Nacken "neck"), with no certain cognates outside Germanic, though Klein's sources suggest PIE *knok- "high point, ridge" (source of Old Irish cnocc, Welsh cnwch, Old Breton cnoch "hill"). | مڻڪو | मणकव | |
| necro- | before vowels, necr-, word-forming element meaning "death, corpse, dead tissue," from Latinized form of Greek nekros "dead body, corpse, dead person," from PIE root *nek- (1) "death." | ناس ٿيڻ، نيست ٿيل، انھن جي باري | नअस थयण, नयसत थयल, अनहन जय बअरय | *nek- (1) Sindhi root (ناس، نيست) meaning "death." It forms all or part of: innocent; innocuous; internecine; necro-; necropolis; necrosis; necromancy; nectar; nectarine; nociceptive; nocuous; noxious; nuisance; obnoxious; pernicious. |
| nectar (n) | 1550s, from Latin nectar, from Greek nektar, name of the drink of the gods, which is perhaps an ancient Indo-European poetic compound of nek- "death" (from PIE root *nek- (1) "death") + -tar "overcoming," from PIE root *tere- (2) "cross over, pass through, overcome." Sense of "any delicious drink" is from 1580s. Meaning "sweet liquid in flowers" first recorded c. 1600. | موتمار، موت کي ماريندڙ عرق | मवतमअर, मवत कय मअरयनदड़ अरक़ | *tere- (2) *terə- Sindhi root (ٿر، ٿر) meaning "cross over, pass through, overcome." |
| negate (v) | "deny, make negative or null," 1795 (with an isolated use from 1620s), a back-formation from negation, or else from Latin negatus, past participle of negare, from PIE root *ne- "not." Related: Negated; negates; negating. | انڪار ڪرڻ، نھڪار | अनकअर करण, नहकअर | *ne- Sindhi root (نه، اڻ) meaning "not." |
| neglect (v) | 1520s, from Latin neglectus, past participle of neglegere "to make light of, disregard, be indifferent to, not heed, not trouble oneself about," literally "not to pick up," variant of neclegere, from Old Latin nec "not" (from PIE root *ne- "not") + legere "pick up, select," from PIE root *leg- (1) "to collect, gather." Related: Neglected; neglecting. | نه لڳڻ، ويجهو نه ڪرڻ، اکي تي ئي نه آڻڻ (نظر انداز ڪرڻ) | नह लगण, वयजहव नह करण, अकय तय यय नह आणण (नज़र अनदअज़ करण) | *ne- Sindhi root (نه، اڻ) meaning "not." |
| neighbor | Old English neahgebur (West Saxon), nehebur (Anglian) "neighbor," from neah "near" (see nigh) + gebur "dweller," related to bur "dwelling," from Proto-Germanic *(ga)būraz (from PIE root *bheue- "to be, exist, grow"). A common Germanic compound (cognates: Old Saxon nabur, Middle Dutch naghebuur, Dutch (na)bur, Old High German nahgibur, Middle High German nachgebur, German Nachbar). Good neighbor policy attested by 1937, but good neighbor with reference to U.S. policy toward Latin America was used by 1928 by Herbert Hoover. | نيڙ ڀاءِ، پاڙيسري، ڀر وارو | नयड़ भअ, पअड़यसरय, भर वअरव | |
| neon | chemical element, one of the noble gases, 1898, coined by its discoverers, Sir William Ramsay and Morris W. Travers, from Greek neon, neuter of neos "new" (see new); so called because it was newly discovered. They also discovered its property of emitting colored light when electrified in a sealed glass tube. The use of neon lights in advertising dates to 1913; neon sign is attested by 1927. | نئون، نواڻ، نڪور | नयवन, नवअण, नकवर | |
| Neptune (n) | late 14c., "god of the sea," from Latin Neptunus, son of Saturn, brother of Jupiter, the Roman god of the sea (later identified with Greek Poseidon), probably from PIE root *nebh- "cloud" (source of Latin nebula "fog, mist, cloud"), via a sense of "moist, wet." The planet so named was discovered by German astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle (1812-1910) in 1846. Until the identification of Pluto in 1930, it was the most distant planet known. | ناڀ (آڪاس) تان ورتل، نيپچون ھڪ گرھ | नअभ (आकअस) तअन वरतल, नयपचवन हक गरह | *nebh- Sindhi root (ناڀ) meaning "cloud." |
| nerve | From Middle English nervǒus (“containing nerves; made up of nerve-like fibres; of or relating to nerves; containing sinews or tendons, sinewy; affecting sinews or tendons”), from Latin nervōsus (“nervous; sinewy; energetic, vigorous”),[1] from nervus (“nerve; muscle; sinew, tendon; (figuratively) energy, power; nerve; force, strength, vigour”) (ultimately from PIE *snéh₁wr̥ (“sinew, tendon”)) + -ōsus (suffix meaning ‘full of, prone to’ forming adjectives from nouns) | ناڙ، ناڙي، نار | नअड़, नअड़य, नअर | |
| ness (n) | obsolete except in place names, Old English næs "a promontory," related to nasu "nose" (from PIE root *nas- "nose"). Cognate with Old Norse nes, Danish næs, Swedish näs, Middle Dutch nesse. | ناس، نڪ | नअस, नक | *nas- Sindhi root (ناس) meaning "nose." |
| neuro- | before vowels neur-, word-forming element meaning "pertaining to a nerve or nerves or the nervous system," from Greek neuro-, combining form of neuron "nerve," originally "sinew, tendon, cord, bowstring," also "strength, vigor," from PIE *(s)neu- "tendon, sinew" (see nerve). | ناڙ، نار، رڳن سان لاڳاپيل | नअड़, नअर, रगन सअन लअगअपयल | |
| neuter (adj) | late 14c., of grammatical gender, "neither masculine nor feminine," from Latin neuter "of the neuter gender," literally "neither one nor the other," from ne- "not, no" (from PIE root *ne- "not") + uter "either (of two)" (see whether). Probably a loan-translation of Greek oudeteros "neither, neuter." In 16c., it had the sense of "taking neither side, neutral." | نڌر، اڻ ڌريو (جيڪو ڪنھن جو بھ نھ ھجي) | नधर, अण धरयव (जयकव कनहन जव बह नह हजय) | *ne- Sindhi root (نه، اڻ) meaning "not." |
| new | Middle English neue, from Old English neowe, niowe, earlier niwe "made or established for the first time, fresh, recently made or grown; novel, unheard-of, different from the old; untried, inexperienced, unused," from Proto-Germanic *neuja- (source also of Old Saxon niuwi, Old Frisian nie, Middle Dutch nieuwe, Dutch nieuw, Old High German niuwl, German neu, Danish and Swedish ny, Gothic niujis "new"). This is from PIE *newo- "new" (source also of Sanskrit navah, Persian nau, Hittite newash, Greek neos, Lithuanian naujas, Old Church Slavonic novu, Russian novyi, Latin novus, Old Irish nue, Welsh newydd "new"). | نئون | नओं | |
| news | late 14c., "new things," plural of new (n.) "new thing," from new (adj.); after French nouvelles, used in Bible translations to render Medieval Latin nova (neuter plural) "news," literally "new things." Sometimes still regarded as plural, 17c.-19c. Meaning "tidings" is early 15c. Meaning "radio or television program presenting current events" is from 1923. Bad news "unpleasant person or situation" is from 1926. Expression no news, good news can be traced to 1640s. Expression news to me is from 1889. And, no, it's not an acronym. | نئين لفظ مان نڪتل، (تازي خبر) | नययन लफ़ज़ मअन नकतल, (तअज़य खबर) | |
| nexus (n) | 1660s, "bond, link, means of communication," from Latin nexus "that which ties or binds together," past participle of nectere "to bind," from PIE root *ned- "to bind, tie." | ناڙ لڳڻ، ڳنڍُ | नअड़ लगण, गनढ | *ned- Sindhi root (ناڙو) meaning "to bind, tie." It forms all or part of: annex; annexation; connect; connection; denouement; net (n.) "netting, network, mesh used for capturing;" nettle; nexus; node; nodule; noose. |
| nice | late 13c., "foolish, stupid, senseless," from Old French nice (12c.) "careless, clumsy; weak; poor, needy; simple, stupid, silly, foolish," from Latin nescius "ignorant, unaware," literally "not-knowing," from ne- "not" (from PIE root *ne- "not") + stem of scire "to know" (see science). "The sense development has been extraordinary, even for an adj." [Weekley] — from "timid" (pre-1300); to "fussy, fastidious" (late 14c.); to "dainty, delicate" (c. 1400); to "precise, careful" (1500s, preserved in such terms as a nice distinction and nice and early); to "agreeable, delightful" (1769); to "kind, thoughtful" (1830). By 1926, it was pronounced "too great a favorite with the ladies, who have charmed out of it all its individuality and converted it into a mere diffuser of vague and mild agreeableness." [Fowler] | نسئي، نسئو، (اڻ سھي) جنھن جي ڪا ڪل نھ پئي. انگريزيءَ ۾ ”عمدي“ طور 1926 ۾ اھو شامل ٿيو، مطلب عورتن کي وڻندڙ، پر خبر نھ پئي تھ ڇو پيو وڻجي. | नसयय, नसयव, (अण सहय) जनहन जय कअ कल नह पयय. अनगरयज़य में ”अमदय“ तवर 1926 में अहव शअमल थयव, मतलब अवरतन कय वणनदड़, पर खबर नह पयय तह छव पयव वणजय. | |
| night | From Middle English nighte, night, nyght, niȝt, naht, from Old English niht, neht, nyht, neaht, næht (“night”), from Proto-Germanic *nahts (“night”), from PIE *nókʷts (“night”). Cognate with Scots nicht, neicht (“night”), West Frisian nacht (“night”), Dutch nacht (“night”), Low German Nacht (“night”), German Nacht (“night”), Danish nat (“night”), Swedish and Norwegian natt (“night”), Icelandic nótt (“night”), Latin nox (“night”), Greek νύχτα (nýchta, “night”), Sanskrit नक्ति (nákti). | رات | रअत | |
| nine | From Middle English nyne, nine, from Old English nigon, from Proto-Germanic *newun, from PIE *h₁néwn̥. | نوَ | नव | |
| no | From Middle English no, noo, na, a reduced form of none, noon, nan (“none, not any”) used before consonants (compare a to an), from Old English nān (“none, not any”), from ne (“not”) + ān (“one”), equivalent to ne (“not”) + a. Cognate with Scots nae (“no, not any, none”), Old Frisian nān, nēn ("no, not any, none"; > Saterland Frisian naan, neen (“no, not any, none”)), Old Dutch nēn ("no, not any, none"; > Dutch neen (“no”)), Old Norse neinn (“no, not any, none”). Compare also Old Saxon nigēn ("not any"; > Low German nen), Old Dutch nehēn (Middle Dutch negheen/negeen, Dutch geen), West Frisian gjin, Old High German nihein (> German kein). | نه | नह | *ne- Sindhi root (نه، اڻ) meaning "not." |
| Noah (n) | Noah is a given name and surname most likely derived from the Biblical figure Noah (נוֹחַ) in Hebrew. It is most likely of Babylonian and Assyrian origin from the word "nukhu" meaning repose or rest, which is possible in view of the Sumerian/Babylonian source of the flood story. Another explanation says that it is derived from the Hebrew root meaning "to comfort" (nahum) with the final consonant dropped | ناکئو، ناو ھلائيندڙ، نوح | नअकयव, नअव हलअययनदड़, नवह | *nau- nāu-, Sindhi root (ناوَ) meaning "boat." |
| node (n) | early 15c., "a knot or lump," from Latin nodus "knot" (from PIE root *ned- "to bind, tie"). Originally borrowed c. 1400 in Latin form, meaning "lump in the flesh." Meaning "point of intersection" (originally of planetary orbits with the ecliptic) first recorded 1660s. | ناڙو، ڳنڍ | नअड़व, गनढ | *ned- Sindhi root (ناڙو) meaning "to bind, tie." It forms all or part of: annex; annexation; connect; connection; denouement; net (n.) "netting, network, mesh used for capturing;" nettle; nexus; node; nodule; noose. |
| nomad | late 16th century: from French nomade, via Latin from Greek nomas, nomad- ‘roaming in search of pasture’, from the base of nemein ‘to pasture’, from Indo European *n'ma'rno | انامو، نماڻو، گمنام | अनअमव, नमअणव, गमनअम | *nem- Sindhi root (نامي، نالي) meaning "assign, allot; take." |
| nominate (v) | 1540s, "to call by name," back-formation from nomination or else from Latin nominatus, past participle of nominare "to name, call by name, give a name to," also "name for office," from nomen "name" (from PIE root *no-men- "name"). Later "to appoint to some office or duty" (1560s); "to formally enter (someone) as a candidate for election" (c. 1600). It also occasionally was used from c. 1600 with a sense "give a name to." Related: Nominated; nominating. | نامي، نالي ڪرڻ | नअमय, नअलय करण | *nem- Sindhi root (نامي، نالي) meaning "assign, allot; take." |
| non- | prefix meaning "not, lack of," or "sham," 14c., from Anglo-French noun-, from Old French non-, from Latin non "not, by no means, not at all, not a," from Old Latin noenum "not one" (*ne oinom, from PIE root *ne- "not" + PIE root *oi-no- "one, unique"). In some cases perhaps from Middle English non "not" (adj.), from Old English nan (see not). | نه، سوا | नह, सवअ | *ne- Sindhi root (نه، اڻ) meaning "not." |
| nona- | before vowels non-, word-forming element from combining form of Latin nonus "ninth" (see nones). | نو انگن وارو | नव अनगन वअरव | |
| noon (n) | mid-12c., non "midday, 12 o'clock p.m., midday meal," from Old English non "3 o'clock p.m., the ninth hour," also "the canonical hour of nones," from Latin nona hora "ninth hour" of daylight, by Roman reckoning about 3 p.m., from nona, fem. singular of nonus "ninth" | نائوڻو، نائون (گهڙيءَ جي حساب سان) منجهند | नअयवणव, नअयवन (गहड़य जय हसअब सअन) मनजहनद | |
| noose (s) | mid-15c., perhaps from Old French nos or cognate Old Provençal nous "knot," from Latin nodus "knot" (from PIE root *ned- "to bind, tie"). Rare before c. 1600. | نوڙ، نوڙي، ٻڌڻ لاءِ رسو | नवड़, नवड़य, बधण लअ रसव | *ned- Sindhi root (ناڙو) meaning "to bind, tie." It forms all or part of: annex; annexation; connect; connection; denouement; net (n.) "netting, network, mesh used for capturing;" nettle; nexus; node; nodule; noose. |
| nose | Old English nosu, of West Germanic origin; related to Dutch neus, and more remotely to German Nase, Latin nasus, and Sanskrit nāsā | ناس | नअस | *nas- Sindhi root (ناس) meaning "nose." |
| notice (n) | early 15c., "information, intelligence," from Middle French notice (14c.), and directly from Latin notitia "a being known, celebrity, fame, knowledge," from notus "known," past participle of (g)noscere "come to know, to get to know, get acquainted (with)," from PIE *gno-sko-, a suffixed form of PIE root *gno- "to know." Sense of "formal warning" is attested from 1590s. Meaning "a sign giving information" is from 1805. | ڄاڻايل، ڄاڻ ڏيڻ | ॼअणअयल, ॼअण डयण | *gno- *gnō-, Sindhi root (ڄاڻ، گنان) meaning "to know." |
| notify | late 14c., from Old French notefiier "make known, inform, apprise" (13c.), from Latin notificare "to make known, notify," from Latin notus "known" (from PIE root *gno- "to know") + combining form of facere "make, do" (from PIE root *dhe- "to set, put"). Related: Notified; notifying. | ڄاڻائي، ڄاڻ ڏيڻ | ॼअणअयय, ॼअण डयण | *gno- *gnō-, Sindhi root (ڄاڻ، گنان) meaning "to know." |
| notion (n) | late 14c., from Latin notionem (nominative notio) "concept, conception, idea, notice," noun of action from past participle stem of noscere "come to know," from PIE root *gno- "to know." Coined by Cicero as a loan-translation of Greek ennoia "act of thinking, notion, conception," or prolepsis "previous notion, previous conception." | ڄاڻيل خيال، ڄاڻ | ॼअणयल खयअल, ॼअण | *gno- *gnō-, Sindhi root (ڄاڻ، گنان) meaning "to know." |
| noun | late 14c., from Anglo-French noun "name, noun," from Old French nom, non (Modern French nom), from Latin nomen "name, noun" (from PIE root *no-men- "name"). Old English used name to mean "noun." Related: Nounal. | ناءُ نام، نالو | नअ नअम, नअलव | *no-men- Sindhi root (نام) meaning "name." It forms all or part of: acronym; allonym; ananym; anonymous; antonomasia; antonym; binomial; caconym; cognomen; denominate; eponym; eponymous; heteronym; homonym; homonymous; hyponymy; ignominious; ignominy; innominable; Jerome; matronymic; metonymy; metronymic; misnomer; moniker; name; nomenclature; nominal; nominate; noun; onomastic; onomatopoeia; paronomasia; paronym; patronym; patronymic; praenomen; pronoun; pseudonym; renown; synonym; synonymy; synonymous; toponym. |
| nourish (v) | late 13c., "to bring up, nurture" (a child, a feeling, etc.), from Old French norriss-, stem of norrir "raise, bring up, nurture, foster; maintain, provide for" (12c., Modern French nourrir), from Latin nutrire "to feed, nurse, foster, support, preserve," from *nutri (older form of nutrix "nurse"), literally "she who gives suck," from PIE *nu-tri-, suffixed form (with feminine agent suffix) of *(s)nau- "to swim, flow, let flow," hence "to suckle," extended form of root *sna- "to swim." Related: Nourished; nourishing. | سنائڻ، تارڻ، اڳتي وڌائڻ، واڌ ويجه ڪرائڻ | सनअयण, तअरण, अगतय वधअयण, वअध वयजह करअयण | *sna- *snā-, Sindhi root (سناڻ) meaning "to swim," with extended form *(s)nāu- "to swim, flow; to let flow," hence "to suckle." |
| nova | 1877, from Latin nova, fem. singular adjective of novus "new" (see new), used with stella "star" (a feminine noun in Latin) to describe a new star not previously known. Classical plural is novae. | نئون لفظ مان نڪتل (تازو نئون نڪورو تارو يا جهڳٽ) | नयवन लफ़ज़ मअन नकतल (तअज़व नयवन नकवरव तअरव यअ जहगट) | |
| novel | mid 16th century: from Italian novella (storia) ‘new (story)’, feminine of novello ‘new’, from Latin novellus, from novus ‘new’. The word is also found from late Middle English until the 18th century in the sense ‘a novelty, a piece of news’, from Old French novelle, from Indo European *nova'il | نويل | नवयल | |
| now | Old English nu "now, at present, immediately; now that," also used as an interjection and as an introductory word; common Germanic (Old Norse nu, Dutch nu, Old Frisian nu, German nun, Gothic nu "now"), from PIE *nu "now" (source also of Sanskrit and Avestan nu, Old Persian nuram, Hittite nuwa, Greek nu, nun, Latin nunc, Old Church Slavonic nyne, Lithuanian nū, Old Irish nu-). Perhaps originally "newly, recently," and related to the root of new. Often merely emphatic; non-temporal usage (as in Now, then) was in Old English. The adjective meaning "up to date" first recorded 1967, but the word was used also as an adjective in Middle English with the sense "current" from late 14c. Now and then "occasionally" is from 1530s; now or never attested from 1550s. | نئون، ھاڻي | नयवन, हअणय | |
| nozzle | mid-15c., noselle "socket on a candlestick," diminutive of nose (n.). Meaning "small spout" is attested by 1680s. | ناسو، ناس جيان لول | नअसव, नअस जयअन लवल | *nas- Sindhi root (ناس) meaning "nose." |
| nucleus (n) | 1704, "kernel of a nut," 1708, "head of a comet," from Latin nucleus "kernel," from nucula "little nut," diminutive of nux (genitive nucis) "nut," from PIE *kneu- "nut" (source also of Middle Irish cnu, Welsh cneuen, Middle Breton knoen "nut," Old Norse hnot, Old English hnutu "nut"). General sense of "central part or thing, about which others cluster" is from 1762. Use in reference to cells first recorded 1831. Modern atomic meaning is 1912, first by Ernest Rutherford, though theoretical use for "central point of an atom" is from 1844, in Faraday. | اڻو، ڪڻو، وچ | अणव, कणव, वच | |
| nude | 1530s, a legal term, "unsupported, not formally attested," from Latin nudus "naked, bare, unclothed, stripped" (see naked). General sense of "mere, plain, simple" attested from 1550s. In reference to the human body, meaning "unclothed," it is an artistic euphemism for naked, dating from 1610s (implied in nudity) but not in common use in this sense until mid-19c. | نود (ڪميڻي صفت لاءِ پراڻو سنڌي تصور) ننگو | नवद (कमयणय सफ़त लअ परअणव सनधय तसवर) ननगव | |
| number | c. 1300, "sum, aggregate of a collection," from Anglo-French noumbre, Old French nombre and directly from Latin numerus "a number, quantity," from PIE root *nem- "assign, allot; take." Meaning "symbol or figure of arithmetic value" is from late 14c. Meaning "single (numbered) issue of a magazine" is from 1795. Meaning "dialing combination to reach a particular telephone receiver" is from 1879; hence wrong number (1886). The modern meaning "musical selection" (1885) is from vaudeville theater programs, where acts were marked by a number. Earlier numbers meant "Harmony; proportion calculated by number," and "Verses, poetry" [Johnson]. | نيم، انگ، قائدو، ريت، قدر، دستور، نامي، نامور | नयम, अनग, क़अयदव, रयत, क़दर, दसतवर, नअमय, नअमवर | *nem- Sindhi root (نامي، نالي) meaning "assign, allot; take." |
| nurse (v) | 1530s, "to suckle (an infant);" 1520s in the passive sense, "to bring up" (a child); alteration of Middle English nurshen (13c.; see nourish), Sense of "take care of (a sick person)" is first recorded 1736. Related: Nursed; nursing. | سنائڻ، تارڻ، اڳتي وڌائڻ، واڌ ويجه ڪرائڻ | सनअयण, तअरण, अगतय वधअयण, वअध वयजह करअयण | *sna- *snā-, Sindhi root (سناڻ) meaning "to swim," with extended form *(s)nāu- "to swim, flow; to let flow," hence "to suckle." |
| ob- | word-forming element meaning "toward, against, across, down," also used as an intensive, from Latin ob (prep.) "in front of, before; in the way of; with regard to, because of," from PIE root *epi, also *opi "near, against" (see epi-). | اُپ، اسم اڳيان ڪم ايندڙ حرف جنهن مان ويجهائيءَ يا ڀرجي معنيٰ نڪري ”اُپٻيٽ = ذري گهٽ ٻيٽ؛ اُپَسَمُنُڊ = تقريبا سمنڊ، جنهن کي ٽن طرفن کان زمين هجي. | अप, असम अगयअन कम अयनदड़ हरफ़ जनहन मअन वयजहअयय यअ भरजय मअनय नकरय ”अपबयट = ज़रय गहट बयट; अपसमनड = तक़रयबअ समनड, जनहन कय टन तरफ़न कअन ज़मयन हजय. | |
| oblige (v) | c. 1300, "to bind by oath," from Old French obligier "engage one's faith, commit (oneself), pledge" (13c.), from Latin obligare "to bind, bind up, bandage," figuratively "put under obligation," from ob "to" (see ob-) + ligare "to bind," from PIE root *leig- "to tie, bind." Main modern meaning "to make (someone) indebted by conferring a benefit or kindness" is from 1560s. | لڳائي رکڻ، لاڳي رکڻ، ٿورو ڪري گڏ رکڻ | लगअयय रकण, लअगय रकण, थवरव करय गड रकण | *leig- Sindhi root (لاڳ) meaning "to tie, bind." |
| octa- | before vowels oct-, word-forming element meaning "eight," from Greek okta-, okt-, from PIE *okto(u) "eight" (see eight). The variant form octo- often appears in words taken from Latin, but the Greek form is said to be the more common in English. | اٺ، اٺڪا، اٺڪو (اٺ انگن جو) | अठ, अठकअ, अठकव (अठ अनगन जव) | |
| ocular (adj) | c. 1500, from Late Latin ocularis "of the eyes," from Latin oculus "an eye," from PIE root *okw- "to see." As a noun, 1835, from the adjective. | اکين وارو | अकयन वअरव | *okw- Sindhi root meaning (اک، ڏسڻ) "to see." |
| oculus (n) | "an eye," plural oculi, 1857, from Latin oculus "an eye" (from PIE root *okw- "to see"). | اک | अक | *okw- Sindhi root meaning (اک، ڏسڻ) "to see." |
| ode (n) | 1580s, from Middle French ode (c. 1500), from Late Latin ode "lyric song," from Greek oide, Attic contraction of aoide "song, ode;" related to aeidein (Attic aidein) "to sing;" aoidos (Attic oidos) "a singer, singing;" aude "voice, tone, sound," probably from a PIE *e-weid-, perhaps from root *wed- "to speak." In classical use, "a poem intended to be sung;" in modern use usually a rhymed lyric, often an address, usually dignified, rarely extending to 150 lines. Related: Odic. | واد. بند (مصرح) شعر | वअद. बनद (मसरह) शअर | |
| Oedipus (n) | son of Laius and Jocasta, the king and queen of Thebes, Greek, literally "swollen-foot," from oidan "to swell" (from PIE *oid-; see edema) + pous (genitive podos) "foot," from PIE root *ped- "foot." Shelley titled his play based on Sophocles' work "Swellfoot the Tyrant." Oedipus complex (1910) coined by Freud. In Latin, figurative references to Oedipus generally referred to solving riddles. Oedipus effect (1957) is Karl Popper's term for "the self-fulfilling nature of prophecies or predictions." | آڏ پيريو، ڀڏ پيرو (اڊيپس) | आड पयरयव, भड पयरव (अडयपस) | *ped- Sindhi root (پد) meaning "foot." It forms all or part of: antipodes; apodal; Arthropoda; babouche; biped; brachiopod; cap-a-pie; centipede; cephalopod; cheliped; chiropodist; expedite; expedition; foot; foosball; fetch (v.); fetter; fetlock; gastropod; hexapod; impair; impede; impediment; impeach; impeccable; isopod; millipede; octopus; Oedipus; ornithopod; pajamas; pawn (n.2) "lowly chess piece;" peccadillo; peccant; peccavi; pedal; pedestrian; pedicel; pedicle; pedicure; pedigree; pedology; pedometer; peduncle; pejoration; pejorative; peon; pessimism; petiole; pew; Piedmont; piepowder; pilot; pinniped; pioneer; platypus; podiatry; podium; polyp; pseudopod; quadruped; sesquipedalian; stapes; talipes; tetrapod; Theropoda; trapezium; trapezoid; tripod; trivet; vamp (n.1) "upper part of a shoe or boot;" velocipede. |
| oeuvre (n) | "a work," especially a work of literature, also "the body of work produced by an artist," 1875, from French oeuvre "work" (12c.), from Latin opera "work, effort" (from PIE root *op- "to work, produce in abundance."). | اپائڻو ڪم (فن سان لاڳاپيل) | अपअयणव कम (फ़न सअन लअगअपयल) | |
| office | mid-13c., "a post, an employment to which certain duties are attached," from Anglo-French and Old French ofice "place or function; divine service" (12c. in Old French) or directly from Latin officium "service, kindness, favor; official duty, function, business; ceremonial observance" (in Church Latin, "church service"), literally "work-doing," from ops (genitive opis) "power, might, abundance, means" (related to opus "work," from PIE root *op- "to work, produce in abundance") + combining form of facere "to make, to do" (from PIE root *dhe- "to set, put"). Meaning "place for conducting business" first recorded 1560s. Office hours attested from 1841. | اپائڻ واري اُپ + ديھ (اپديھ) اھا جاءِ جتي ڪاروھنوار ھلائي اپت آڻي سگھجي. آفيس | अपअयण वअरय अप + दयह (अपदयह) अहअ जअ जतय कअरवहनवअर हलअयय अपत आणय सगहजय. आफ़यस | *op- Sindhi root (اپ، اپاءَ) meaning "to work, produce in abundance." |
| ogle (v) | 1680s, probably from Low German oeglen, frequentative of oegen "look at," from oege "eye," from Proto-Germanic *augon-, from PIE root *okw- "to see." Related to Dutch ogen "to look at," from oog "eye." Related: Ogled; ogling. The noun meaning "an amorous glance" is attested from 1711; earlier it meant "an eye" (1700). | اکين رکڻ (ڏسڻ) | अकयन रकण (डसण) | *okw- Sindhi root meaning (اک، ڏسڻ) "to see." |
| ointment (n) | late 13c., from Old French oignement "ointment, salve, unguent," from Vulgar Latin *unguimentum, from Latin unguentum (see unguent). The first -t- emerged in Old French from oint, past participle of verb oindre "to anoint." | آڍ جي ملم، آڍڻ | आढ जय मलम, आढण | |
| old | Old English ald (Anglian), eald (West Saxon) "aged, antique, primeval; elder, experienced," from Proto-Germanic *althaz "grown up, adult" (source also of Old Frisian ald, Gothic alþeis, Dutch oud, German alt), originally a past participle stem of a verb meaning "grow, nourish" (compare Gothic alan "to grow up," Old Norse ala "to nourish"), from PIE root *al- (2) "to grow, nourish." | برڌ (پوڙهو) | बरध (पवड़हव) | *al- (2) Sindhi root (الو) meaning "to grow, nourish." It forms all or part of: abolish; adolescent; adult; alderman; aliment; alimony; Alma; alma mater; alt (2) "high tone;" alti-; altimeter; altitude; alto; alumnus; auld; coalesce; elder (adj., n.1); eldest; Eldred; enhance; exalt; haught; haughty; hautboy; hawser; oboe; old; proletarian; proliferation; prolific; world. |
| ombudsman (n.) | 1959, from Swedish ombudsman, literally "commission man" (specifically in reference to the office of justitieombudsmannen, which hears and investigates complaints by individuals against abuses of the state); cognate with Old Norse umboðsmaðr, from umboð "commission" (from um- "around," from Proto-Germanic umbi, from PIE root *ambhi- "around," + boð "command," from PIE root *bheudh- "be aware, make aware") + maðr "man" (from PIE root *man- (1) "man"). | انبوھ + ٻڌندڙ (ڄاڻو) + ماڻھو، عام ماڻھن جي دانھن کي ٻڌندي تدارڪ ڪندڙ ماڻھو | अनबवह + बधनदड़ (ॼअणव) + मअणहव, अअम मअणहन जय दअनहन कय बधनदय तदअरक कनदड़ मअणहव | *ambhi- also *mbhi-, Sindhi root (انڀ، انبار) meaning "around;" probably derived from *ant-bhi "from both sides," from root *ant- "front, forehead." It forms all or part of: abaft; about; alley (n.1) "open passage between buildings;" ambagious; ambassador; ambi-; ambidexterity; ambidextrous; ambience; ambient; ambiguous; ambit; ambition; ambitious; amble; ambulance; ambulant; ambulate; ambulation; ambulatory; amphi-; amphibian; Amphictyonic; amphisbaena; Amphiscians; amphitheater; amphora; amputate; amputation; ancillary; andante; anfractuous; be-; begin; beleaguer; between; bivouac; but; by; circumambulate; embassy; ember-days; funambulist; ombudsman; perambulate; perambulation; preamble; somnambulate; somnambulism; umlaut. |
| omni- | word-forming element meaning "all," from Latin omni-, combining form of omnis "all, every, the whole, of every kind," of unknown origin, perhaps literally "abundant," from *op-ni-, from PIE root *op- "to work, produce in abundance." | اپائڻ سان لاڳاپيل، اپائڻي | अपअयण सअन लअगअपयल, अपअयणय | *op- Sindhi root (اپ، اپاءَ) meaning "to work, produce in abundance." |
| only (adj) | Old English ænlic, anlic "only, unique, solitary," literally "one-like," from an "one" (see one) + -lic "-like" (see -ly (1)). It preserves the old pronunciation of one. | ھيڪلو، اڪيلو | हयकलव, अकयलव | *oi-no- Sindhi root meaning "one, unique." It forms all or part of: a (1) indefinite article; alone; an; Angus; anon; atone; any; eleven; inch (n.1) "linear measure, one-twelfth of a foot;" lone; lonely; non-; none; null; once; one; ounce (n.1) unit of weight; quincunx; triune; unanimous; unary; une; uni-; Uniate; unilateral; uncial; unicorn; union; unique; unison; unite; unity; universal; universe; university; zollverein. |
| open (adj) | Old English open "not closed down, raised up" (of gates, eyelids, etc.), also "exposed, evident, well-known, public," often in a bad sense, "notorious, shameless;" from Proto-Germanic *upana-, literally "put or set up" (source also of Old Norse opinn, Swedish öppen, Danish aaben, Old Saxon opan, Old Frisian epen, Old High German offan, German offen "open"), from PIE root *upo "under," also "up from under," hence also "over." Related to up, and throughout Germanic the word has the appearance of a past participle of *up (v.), but no such verb has been found. The source of words for "open" in many Indo-European languages seems to be an opposite of the word for "closed, shut" (such as Gothic uslukan). | اُپ کولڻ، کولڻ | अप कवलण, कवलण | *upo Sindhi root (اُڀو) meaning "under," also "up from under," hence "over." |
| optic (adj) | early 15c., from Middle French optique, obtique (c. 1300) and directly from Medieval Latin opticus "of sight or seeing," from Greek optikos "of or having to do with sight," from optos "seen, visible," related to ōps "eye," from PIE root *okw- "to see." | اکين سان لاڳيل، اکين جو | अकयन सअन लअगयल, अकयन जव | *okw- Sindhi root meaning (اک، ڏسڻ) "to see." |
| optimism (n) | 1759 (in translations of Voltaire), from French optimisme (1737), from Modern Latin optimum, used by Gottfried Leibniz (in "Théodicée," 1710) to mean "the greatest good," from Latin optimus "the best" (see optimum). The doctrine holds that the actual world is the "best of all possible worlds," in which the creator accomplishes the most good at the cost of the least evil. Launched out of philosophical jargon and into currency by Voltaire's satire on it in "Candide." General sense of "belief that good ultimately will prevail in the world" first attested 1841 in Emerson; meaning "tendency to take a hopeful view of things" first recorded 1819 in Shelley. | اپائڻو، اپت تي يقين رکندڙ، خوش اميد | अपअयणव, अपत तय यक़यन रकनदड़, खवश अमयद | *op- Sindhi root (اپ، اپاءَ) meaning "to work, produce in abundance." |
| optimum (n) | 1879, from Latin optimum, neuter singular of optimus "best" (used as a superlative of bonus "good"), probably related to ops "power, resources" (in which case the evolution is from "richest" to "the most esteemed," thus from PIE root *op- "to work, produce in abundance.") or to ob "in front of," with superlative suffix *-tumos. Originally in biology, in reference to "conditions most favorable" (for growth, etc.). As an adjective from 1885. | اپائڻ جوڳو | अपअयण जवगव | *op- Sindhi root (اپ، اپاءَ) meaning "to work, produce in abundance." |
| oral (adj) | 1620s, from Late Latin oralis, from Latin os (genitive oris) "mouth, opening, face, entrance," from PIE *os- "mouth" (source also of Sanskrit asan "mouth," asyam "mouth, opening," Avestan ah-, Hittite aish, Middle Irish a "mouth," Old Norse oss "mouth of a river," Old English or "beginning, origin, front"). | اوس، اوسار، اوسارڻ، ڳالھائڻ، اورڻ | अवस, अवसअर, अवसअरण, गअलहअयण, अवरण | |
| orange | late Middle English: from Old French orenge (in the phrase pomme d'orenge ), based on Arabic nāranj, from Persian nārang, From Indo European *arangi | نارنگي | नअरनगय | |
| orator (n) | late 14c., "one who pleads or argues for a cause," from Anglo-French oratour (Modern French orateur), from Latin orator "speaker," from orare "to speak, speak before a court or assembly, pray, plead," from PIE root *or- "to pronounce a ritual formula" (source also of Sanskrit aryanti "they praise," Homeric Greek are, Attic ara "prayer," Hittite ariya- "to ask the oracle," aruwai- "to revere, worship"). Meaning "public speaker" is attested from early 15c. | اورڻو، اورڻ وارو | और, और वा | |
| orchid (n) | 1845, introduced by John Lindley in "School Botanty," from Modern Latin Orchideæ (Linnaeus), the plant's family name, from Latin orchis, a kind of orchid, from Greek orkhis (genitive orkheos) "orchid," literally "testicle," from PIE *h(o)rghi-, the standard IE word for "testicle" (source also of Avestan erezi, Armenian orjik' "testicles," Old Irish uirge, Hittite arki- "testicle," Lithuanian eržilas "stallion"). The plant so called because of the shape of its root; Greek orkhis also was the name of a kind of olive, also so called for its shape. Earlier in English in Latin form, orchis (1560s), and in Middle English it was ballockwort (c. 1300; see ballocks). Marred by extraneous -d- in an attempt to extract the Latin stem. | آنورن (آنڊڻ) جھڙو، آرچڊ گل | आनवरन (आनडण) जहड़व, आरचड गल | |
| orgasm | 1680s, "sexual climax," from French orgasme or Modern Latin orgasmus, from Greek orgasmos "excitement, swelling," from organ "be in heat, become ripe for," literally "to swell, be excited," related to orge "impulse, excitement, anger," from PIE root *wrog- "to burgeon, swell with strength" (source also of Sanskrit urja "a nourishment, sap, vigor," Old Irish ferc, ferg "anger"). Also used 17c. of other violent excitements of emotion or other bodily functions. | رڳ رچ (جنسي عمل جي چوٽ، جتي ناريءَ پنھنجي چوٽ تي اچي) | रग रच (जनसय अमल जय चवट, जतय नअरय पनहनजय चवट तय अचय) | |
| Orgasm (n) | 1680s, "sexual climax, the acme of venereal excitement," from French orgasme or Modern Latin orgasmus, from Greek orgasmos "excitement, swelling," from organ "be in heat, become ripe for," literally "to swell, be excited," related to orge "impulse, excitement, anger," from PIE root *wrog- "to burgeon, swell with strength" (source also of Sanskrit urja "a nourishment, sap, vigor," Old Irish ferc, ferg "anger"). Also used 17c. of other violent excitements of emotion or other bodily functions; broader sense of "immoderate excitement or action" is from 1763. | ورڳ، ورگھ، ڦهلڻ، پکڙڻ، پسرڻ، پگھرڻ، وگھرڻ، تسڪين جي اتم منزل | वरॻ, वरघ, फहलणु, पखिड़णु, पसिरणु, पघरण, वघरण, तस्कीन जी उतम मंज़िल | |
| orphan | c. 1300, from Late Latin orphanus "parentless child" (source of Old French orfeno, Italian orfano), from Greek orphanos "orphaned, without parents, fatherless," literally "deprived," from orphos "bereft," from PIE *orbho- "bereft of father," also "deprived of free status," from root *orbh- "to change allegiance, to pass from one status to another" (source also of Hittite harb- "change allegiance," Latin orbus "bereft," Sanskrit arbhah "weak, child," Armenian orb "orphan," Old Irish orbe "heir," Old Church Slavonic rabu "slave," rabota "servitude" (see robot), Gothic arbja, German erbe, Old English ierfa "heir," Old High German arabeit, German Arbeit "work," Old Frisian arbed, Old English earfoð "hardship, suffering, trouble"). As an adjective from late 15c. | ارڀ، ارڀڪ، (جنھن جو ڪو پالڻ وارو نھ ھجي) ڪمزور، ڏٻرو ھيڻو | अरभ, अरभक, (जनहन जव कव पअलण वअरव नह हजय) कमज़वर, डबरव हयणव | |
| other | Old English oþer "the second" (adj.), also as a pronoun, "one of the two, other," from Proto-Germanic *anthera- (source also of Old Saxon athar, Old Frisian other, Old Norse annarr, Middle Dutch and Dutch ander, Old High German andar, German ander, Gothic anþar "second, other"). These are from PIE *an-tero- (source of Lithuanian antras, Old Prussian anters "other, second), which is perhaps a variant of *al-tero- "the other of two" (source of Latin alter), from root *al- "beyond" + adjectival comparative suffix *-tero-. Or the first element might be the pronoun *eno-, *ono- [Boutkan]. The Old English, Old Saxon, and Old Frisian forms show "a normal loss of n before fricatives" [Barnhart]. | انترو (ٻيو) پھرين کان جدا | अनतरव (बयव) पहरयन कअन जदअ | *al- (1) Sindhi root (اولو) meaning "beyond." It forms all or part of: adulteration; adultery; alias; alibi; alien; alienate; alienation; allegory; allele; allergy; allo-; allopathy; allotropy; Alsace; alter; altercation; alternate; alternative; altruism; eldritch; else; hidalgo; inter alia; other; outrage; outrageous; outre; parallax; parallel; subaltern; synallagmatic; ulterior; ultimate; ultra-. |
| otter | From Middle English oter, otir, otur, otyre, from Old English otor, from Proto-Germanic *utraz, from PIE *udrós (“aquatic, water-animal”), from PIE *wed- (“water”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian Otter, Dutch otter, German Otter, Swedish utter, Norwegian oter, Icelandic otur, Sanskrit उद्र (udrá), Russian вы́дра (výdra), and Ancient Greek ὕδρα (húdra, “water snake”). More etymology under English water. | لڌڙو | लधड़व | *wed- (1) Sindhi root (واد آباد) meaning "water; wet." |
| out | From Middle English out, oute, from a combination of Old English ūt (“out”, preposition & adverb), from Proto-Germanic *ūt (“out”); and Old English ūte (“outside; without”, adverb), from Proto-Germanic *ūta (“out; outside”), from PIE *úd (“upwards, away”). Cognate with Scots oot, out (“out”), Saterland Frisian uut, uute (“out”), West Frisian út (“out”), Dutch uit (“out”), German Low German ut (“out”), German aus (“out”), Norwegian/Swedish ut, ute (“out; outside”), Danish ud, ude (“out; outside”). | اوٽ، اوڙ، حد کان نڪرڻ | अवट, अवड़, हद कअन नकरण | |
| oven | From Middle English oven, from Old English ofn, from Proto-Germanic *uhnaz, *uhwnaz (compare Dutch oven, Low German Aven, West Frisian ûne, German Ofen, Danish ovn, Norwegian Bokmål ovn, Norwegian Nynorsk omn, Swedish ugn, Icelandic ofn, Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌽𐍃 (auhns), probably from a PIE *aukw- (“cooking pot”), *Hukʷ-, *ukwnos (compare Sanskrit उखा (ukhā), Old Armenian ակութ (akutʿ), Albanian anë, Latin aulla, olla, Ancient Greek ἰπνός (ipnós)). | آوي، اوپارو | आवय, अवपअरव | |
| over | Old English ofer "beyond, above, upon, in, across, past; on high," from Proto-Germanic *uberi (source also of Old Saxon obar, Old Frisian over, Old Norse yfir, Old High German ubar, German über, Gothic ufar "over, above"), from PIE root *uper "over." As an adjective from Old English uffera. As an adverb from late Old English. Sense of "finished" is attested from late 14c. Meaning "recovered from" is from 1929. In radio communication, used to indicate the speaker has finished speaking (1926). Adjective phrase over-the-counter is attested from 1875, originally of stocks and shares. | اپار، اپو، | अपअर, अपव, | *uper Sindhi root (اپر، اڀر) meaning "over." |
| owl | Old English ule "owl," from Proto-Germanic *uwwalon- (source also of Middle Dutch, Dutch uil, Old High German uwila, German Eule, Old Norse ugla), a diminutive of PIE root *u(wa)l-, which is imitative of a wail or an owl's hoot (compare Latin ulula "owl;" also see ululation). The bird was employed proverbially and figuratively in reference to nocturnal habits, ugliness, and appearance of gravity and wisdom (often ironic). | اول، الو (ھڪ پکي) | अवल, अलव (हक पकय) | |
| pace (prep) | "with the leave of," 1863, from Latin pace, ablative of pax "peace," as in pace tua "with all deference to you;" from PIE root *pag- "to fasten." "Used chiefly as a courteous or ironical apology for a contradiction or difference of opinion" [OED]. | پڳھ، ٻڌ | पगह, बध | *pag- also *pak-, Sindhi root (پاڳ) meaning "to fasten." It forms all or part of: Areopagus; appease; appeasement; compact (adj.) "concentrated;" compact (n.1) "agreement;" fang; impact; impale; impinge; newfangled; pace (prep.) "with the leave of;" pacific; pacify; pact; pagan; page (n.1) "sheet of paper;" pageant; pale (n.) "limit, boundary, restriction;" palette; palisade; patio; pawl; pax; pay; peace; peasant; pectin; peel (n.2) "shovel-shaped instrument;" pole (n.1) "stake;" propagate; propagation; travail; travel. |
| pact | early 15c., from Old French pacte "agreement, treaty, compact" (14c.), from Latin pactum "agreement, contract, covenant," noun use of neuter past participle of pacisci "to covenant, to agree, make a treaty," from PIE root *pag- "to fasten." | پاڳ، ٻڌڻ، گڏيل رضامنديءَ جو ٺاھ | पअग, बधण, गडयल रज़अमनदय जव ठअह | *pag- also *pak-, Sindhi root (پاڳ) meaning "to fasten." It forms all or part of: Areopagus; appease; appeasement; compact (adj.) "concentrated;" compact (n.1) "agreement;" fang; impact; impale; impinge; newfangled; pace (prep.) "with the leave of;" pacific; pacify; pact; pagan; page (n.1) "sheet of paper;" pageant; pale (n.) "limit, boundary, restriction;" palette; palisade; patio; pawl; pax; pay; peace; peasant; pectin; peel (n.2) "shovel-shaped instrument;" pole (n.1) "stake;" propagate; propagation; travail; travel. |
| padre | From Italian, Spanish, Portuguese padre (“priest”), from Latin pater (“father”), from PIE *ph₂tḗr. | پتر، پيءَ، پدر (پادري) | पतर, पय, पदर (पअदरय) | |
| paint (v) | early 13c., "represent in painting or drawing, portray;" early 14c., "paint the surface of, color, stain;" from Old French peintier "to paint," from peint, past participle of peindre "to paint," from Latin pingere "to paint, represent in a picture, stain; embroider, tattoo," from a nasalized form of PIE root *peig- "to cut, mark by incision." The sense evolution between PIE and Latin was, presumably, "decorate with cut marks" to "decorate" to "decorate with color." Compare Sanskrit pingah "reddish," pesalah "adorned, decorated, lovely;" Old Church Slavonic pegu "variegated;" Greek poikilos "variegated;" Old High German fehjan "to adorn;" Old Church Slavonic pisati, Lithuanian piešiu, piešti "to write." Probably also representing the "cutting" branch of the family is Old English feol (see file (n.2)). | ڦاڪ، ڪنھن شيءِ کي لڪيري ان کي سھڻو ٺاھڻ، رنگ برنگو ڪرڻ | फअक, कनहन शय कय लकयरय अन कय सहणव ठअहण, रनग बरनगव करण | *peig- also *peik-, Sindhi root (پيڄ، ڦاڪ) meaning "to cut, mark by incision," hence "embroider, paint." It forms all or part of: depict; file (n.2) "metal tool for abrading or smoothing;" paint; pictogram; pictograph; pictorial; picture; picturesque; pigment; pimento; pint; pinto. |
| pal | Borrowed from Angloromani phal, from Romani phral, from Sanskrit भ्रातृ (bhrātṛ), from PIE *bʰréh₂tēr. Cognates also include English brother, Ancient Greek φράτηρ (phrátēr), Latin frater. | ڀائل، ڀائي | भअयल, भअयय | *bhrater- bhrāter-, Sindhi root (ڀاتر، ڀاءُ) meaning "brother." |
| pale (adj) | early 14c., from Old French paile "pale, light-colored" (12c., Modern French pâle), from Latin pallidus "pale, pallid, wan, colorless," from pallere "be pale, grow pale," from PIE root *pel- (1) "pale." Pale-face, supposed North American Indian word for "European," is attested from 1822. | پيلو، پيلاڻ | पयलव, पयलअण | *pel- (1) Sindhi root (پيل) meaning "pale." It forms all or part of: appall; falcon; fallow (adj.) "pale yellow, brownish yellow;" Fauvist; Lloyd; pale (adj.); pallid; pallor; palomino; Peloponnesus; polio; poliomyelitis. |
| palomino | 1914, from American Spanish palomino "cream-colored horse," from Spanish, literally "young dove," perhaps from Italian palombino "dove-colored," from Latin palumbinus "of wood pigeons," from palumba "wood pigeon" (from PIE root *pel- (1) "pale"). The horse so called because of its dove-like coloring, light brown or cream with a pale mane and tail. | پلميڻو گهوڙو | पलमयणव गहवड़व | *pel- (1) Sindhi root (پيل) meaning "pale." It forms all or part of: appall; falcon; fallow (adj.) "pale yellow, brownish yellow;" Fauvist; Lloyd; pale (adj.); pallid; pallor; palomino; Peloponnesus; polio; poliomyelitis. |
| pan- | word-forming element meaning "all, every, whole, all-inclusive," from Greek pan-, combining form of pas (neuter pan, masculine and neuter genitive pantos) "all," from PIE *pant- "all" (with derivatives found only in Greek and Tocharian). Commonly used as a prefix in Greek, in modern times often with nationality names, the first example of which seems to have been Panslavism (1846). Also panislamic (1881), pan-American (1889), pan-German (1892), pan-African (1900), pan-European (1901), pan-Arabism (1930). | پاڻ، سڀ (گڏيل طور) | पअण, सभ (गडयल तवर) | |
| pane (n) | mid-13c., "garment, part of a garment," later "side of a building, section of a wall," from Old French pan "section, piece, panel" (11c.), from Latin pannum (nominative pannus) "piece of cloth, garment," possibly from PIE root *pan- "fabric" (source also of Gothic fana "piece of cloth," Greek penos "web," Old English fanna "flag"). Sense of "window glass" first attested mid-15c. | پَن، پان، ٽڪڙو | पन, पअन, टकड़व | |
| paradise | late 12c., "Garden of Eden," from Old French paradis "paradise, Garden of Eden" (11c.), from Late Latin paradisus, from Greek paradeisos "park, paradise, Garden of Eden," from an Iranian source similar to Avestan pairidaeza "enclosure, park" (Modern Persian and Arabic firdaus "garden, paradise"), compound of pairi- "around" (from PIE root *per- (1) "forward," hence "in front of, near, against, around") + diz "to make, to form (a wall)." The first element is cognate with Greek peri "around, about" (see per), the second is from PIE root *dheigh- "to form, build." The Greek word, originally used for an orchard or hunting park in Persia, was used in Septuagint to mean "Garden of Eden," and in New Testament translations of Luke xxiii.43 to mean "heaven" (a sense attested in English from c. 1200). Meaning "place like or compared to Paradise" is from c. 1300. | پرديس، پراھون ڏيھ، (پر+ديھ) جتان مذھبي تصور جنت جو کنيو ويو | परदयस, परअहवन डयह, (पर+दयह) जतअन मज़हबय तसवर जनत जव कनयव वयव | *dheigh- Sindhi root (ڊگه) meaning "to form, build." It forms all or part of: configure; dairy; dey (n.1) "female servant, housekeeper, maid;" disfigure; dough; effigy; faineant; faint; feign; feint; fictile; fiction; fictitious; figment; figure; figurine; lady; paradise; prefigure; thixotropy; transfigure. |
| parent (n) | early 15c. (late 12c. as a surname), from Old French parent "father, parent, relative, kin" (11c.), from Latin parentem (nominative parens) "father or mother, ancestor," noun use of present participle of parire "bring forth, give birth to, produce," from PIE root *pere- (1) "to produce, bring forth." Began to replace native elder after c. 1500. | پيئر، پيءُ ماءُ، گهر جا وڏا | पययर, पय मअ, गहर जअ वडअ | *pere- (1) *perə-, Sindhi root meaning "to produce, procure" and yielding and derived words in diverse senses; possibly related to *pere- (2) "to grant, allot." It forms all or part of: ante-partum; apparatus; apparel; biparous; disparate; emperor; empire; heifer; imperative; imperator; imperial; juniper; multiparous; nulliparous; oviparous; para- (2) "defense, protection against; that which protects from;" Parabellum; parachute; parade; parados; parapet; parasol; pare; parent; -parous; parry; parturient; poor; post-partum; preparation; prepare; primipara; puerperal; rampart; repair (v.1) "to mend, put back in order;" repertory; separate; sever; several; spar (v.); viper; vituperation; viviparous. |
| path | Old English paþ, pæþ "path, track," from West Germanic *patha- (source also of Old Frisian path, Middle Dutch pat, Dutch pad, Old High German pfad, German Pfad "path"), of uncertain origin. The original initial -p- in a Germanic word is an etymological puzzle. Don Ringe ("From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic," Oxford 2006) describes it as "An obvious loan from Iranian …, clearly borrowed after Grimm's Law had run its course." Watkins says the word is "probably borrowed (? via Scythian) from Iranian *path-," from PIE root *pent- "to tread, go, pass" (source of Avestan patha "way;" see find (v.)), but this is too much of a stretch for OED and others. In Scotland and Northern England, commonly a steep ascent of a hill or in a road. | پٿ (رستو) | पथ (रसतव) | |
| patri- | word-forming element used to make terms describing kinship of the father or the paternal line, from Latin patri-, combining form of pater (see father (n.)). | پِتر، پيءُ سان لاڳاپيل | पतर, पय सअन लअगअपयल | |
| pattern | Middle English patron ‘something serving as a model’, from Old French (see patron). Origianlly from Indic *pattrn. The change in sense is from the idea of a patron giving an example to be copied. Metathesis in the second syllable occurred in the 16th century. By 1700 patron ceased to be used of things, and the two forms became differentiated in sense. | پاٽن، پاٽڻ، قالب، بوتو، ڍانچو | पअटन, पअटण, क़अलब, बवतव, ढअनचव | |
| pawn (n) | lowly chess piece, late 14c., from Anglo-French poun, Old French peon, earlier pehon, from Medieval Latin pedonem "foot soldier," from Late Latin pedonem (nominative pedo) "one going on foot," from Latin pes (genitive pedis) "foot," from PIE root *ped- "foot." The chess sense was in Old French by 13c. Figurative use, of persons, is from 1580s. | پيادو، پانڌي (شطرنج جي راند جو ھڪ مھرو) | पयअदव, पअनधय (शतरनज जय रअनद जव हक महरव) | *ped- Sindhi root (پد) meaning "foot." |
| pedal | 1610s, "lever (on an organ) worked by foot," from French pédale "feet, trick with the feet," from Italian pedale "treadle, pedal," from Late Latin pedale "(thing) of the foot," neuter of Latin pedalis "of the foot," from pes (genitive pedis) "foot," from PIE root *ped- "foot." | پيدل، پيادل | पयदल, पयअदल | *ped- Sindhi root (پد) meaning "foot." |
| pedo- | before vowels ped-, word-forming element meaning "boy, child," from Greek pedo-, combining form of pais "boy, child," especially a son, from PIE root *pau- (1) "few, little." The British form paed- is better because it avoids confusion with the ped- that means "foot" (from PIE root *ped-). Compare, from the same root, Sanskrit putrah "son;" Avestan puthra- "son, child;" Latin puer "child, boy," Oscan puklu "child." | پٽ، پوٽو، پيرين ڀر ھلندڙ ٻار | पट, पवटव, पयरयन भर हलनदड़ बअर | *ped- Sindhi root (پد) meaning "foot." |
| pelvis | From Latin pelvis (“basin”), from Old Latin peluis (“basin”), from PIE *pel- (“container”). Compare Sanskrit पलव (palava, “wicker-work basket for catching fish”), Ancient Greek πήληξ (pḗlēx, “helmet”). | پولھ، جسم جو ھيٺيون پويون پاسو، ٻنڊڻ | पवलह, जसम जव हयठयवन पवयवन पअसव, बनडण | |
| penta- | word-forming element meaning "five, containing five," from Greek penta- (before a vowel pent-), combining form of pente "five," related to Aeolian pempte (from PIE root *penkwe- "five"), with -a-by analogy of hepta-, ennea-, deka-. | پنجڪا، پينڪا (پنج انگن جا يا جو) | पनजकअ, पयनकअ (पनज अनगन जअ यअ जव) | *penkwe- Sindhi root (پنج) meaning "five." It forms all or part of: cinquain; cinque; cinquecento; cinquefoil; fifteen; fifth; fifty; fin (n.) "five-dollar bill;" finger; fist; five; foist; keno; parcheesi; penta-; pentacle; pentad; Pentateuch; Pentecost; pentagon; pentagram; pentameter; pentathlon; Pentothal; Pompeii; Punjab; punch (n.2) "type of mixed drink;" quinary; quincunx; quinella; quinque-; quinquennial; quint; quintain; quintet; quintile; quintessence; quintillion; quintuple. |
| peon (n) | unskilled worker, 1826, from Mexican Spanish peon "agricultural laborer" (especially a debtor held in servitude by his creditor), from Spanish peon "day laborer," also "pedestrian," originally "foot soldier," from Medieval Latin pedonem "foot soldier" (see pawn (n.2)). The word entered British English earlier (c. 1600) in the sense "native constable, soldier, or messenger in India," via Portuguese peao "pedestrian, foot soldier, day laborer." | پيادو، پانڌي، (ڪم ڪار لاءِ رکيل ماڻھو) | पयअदव, पअनधय, (कम कअर लअ रकयल मअणहव) | *ped- Sindhi root (پد) meaning "foot." |
| peri- | word-forming element meaning "around, about, enclosing," from Greek peri (prep.) "around, about, beyond," cognate with Sanskrit pari "around, about, through," Latin per, from PIE root *per- (1) "forward," hence "in front of, before, first, chief, toward, near, around, against." | پِر، اپار، پار، ھر پاسي | पर, अपअर, पअर, हर पअसय | *per- (1) Sindhi root (پار، پاري) forming prepositions, etc., meaning "forward," and, by extension, "in front of, before, first, chief, toward, near, against," etc. It forms all or part of: afford; approach; appropriate; approve; approximate; barbican; before; deprive; expropriate; far; first; for; for-; fore; fore-; forefather; foremost; former (adj.); forth; frame; frau; fret; Freya; fro; froward; from; furnish; furniture; further; galore; hysteron-proteron; impervious; improbity; impromptu; improve; palfrey; par (prep.); para- (1) |
| pessimism (n) | 1794 "worst condition possible," borrowed (by Coleridge) from French pessimisme, formed (on model of French optimisme) from Latin pessimus "worst," perhaps originally "bottom-most," from PIE *ped-samo-, suffixed (superlative) form of *ped- "to walk, stumble, impair," from root *ped- "foot." Compare Latin pessum "downward, to the ground." As a name given to the doctrines of Schopenhauer, Hartmann, etc., that this is the worst possible world, or that everything tends toward evil, it is first recorded 1835, from German pessimismus (Schopenhauer, 1819). The attempt to make a verb of it as pessimize (1862) did not succeed. | پيرين ڀرائون، بد اميد | पयरयन भरअयवन, बद अमयद | *ped- Sindhi root (پد) meaning "foot." |
| pest (n) | 1550s (in imprecations, "a pest upon ____," etc.), "plague, pestilence," from Middle French peste (1530s), from Latin pestis "deadly contagious disease; a curse, bane," of uncertain origin. Meaning "noxious or troublesome person or thing" first recorded c. 1600. {Amar: This is from Indic word *pisoon (insect)} | پسون، جيت جيتامڙا | पसवन, जयत जयतअमड़अ | |
| pestle | mid-14c. (as a surname late 13c.), from Old French pestel, from Latin pistillum "pounder, pestle," related to pinsere "to pound," from PIE *pis-to-, suffixed form of root *peis- "to crush" (source also of Sanskrit pinasti "pounds, crushes," pistah "anything ground, meal," Greek ptissein "to winnow," Old Church Slavonic pišo, pichati "to push, thrust, strike," pišenica "wheat," Russian pseno "millet"). | پيسڻو (جنھن ۾ ڪا شيءِ پيسجي) | पयसणव (जनहन में कअ शय पयसजय) | |
| phanero- | before vowels phaner-, word-forming element meaning "visible, manifest," from Greek phanero-, combining form of phaneros "visible, manifest," from phainein "bring to light, cause to appear, show," from PIE root *bha- (1) "to shine." | ڀا (چمڪ) سان لاڳاپيل | भअ (चमक) सअन लअगअपयल | *bha- (1) *bhā-, Sindhi root (ڀا، چمڪ، لھڪ، روشن) meaning "to shine." |
| phobia | "irrational fear, horror, aversion," 1786, perhaps on model of similar use in French, abstracted from compounds in -phobia, from Greek -phobia, from phobos "fear, panic fear, terror, outward show of fear; object of fear or terror," originally "flight" (still the only sense in Homer), but it became the common word for "fear" via the notion of "panic, fright" (compare phobein "put to flight, frighten"), from PIE root *bhegw- "to run" (source also of Lithuanian bėgu, bėgti "to flee;" Old Church Slavonic begu "flight," bezati "to flee, run;" Old Norse bekkr "a stream"). Psychological sense attested by 1895. | ڀڄ، ڊوڙ پائڻ ، تکو ڊوڙڻ. ڀڄي وڃڻ ، فرار ٿيڻ. پُٺ ڏيڻ لڙائيءَ ۾. ڀڄي پوڻ ، ٽُڪر ٿيڻ ، ٽُٽڻ. ڀَڳو ، ڀَڄندو ، ڀڳل. | भॼु, डोड़ पाइणु , तिखो डोड़णु भॼे वञणु , फ़रारु थियणु पुठ ॾियणु लड़ाईअ में भॼे पवणु , टुकर थियणु , टुटण भॻो , भॼंदो , भॻल | |
| phobia | "irrational fear, horror, aversion," 1786, perhaps on model of similar use in French, abstracted from compounds in -phobia, from Greek -phobia, from phobos "fear, panic fear, terror, outward show of fear; object of fear or terror," originally "flight" (still the only sense in Homer), but it became the common word for "fear" via the notion of "panic, fright" (compare phobein "put to flight, frighten"), from PIE root *bhegw- "to run" (source also of Lithuanian bėgu, bėgti "to flee;" Old Church Slavonic begu "flight," bezati "to flee, run;" Old Norse bekkr "a stream"). Psychological sense attested by 1895. | ڀَڳڻ، ڀڳو، ڪنھن بھ شيءِ کان ڪراھت يا ڊپ جي ڪري پرتي ٿيڻ | भगण, भगव, कनहन बह शय कअन करअहत यअ डप जय करय परतय थयण | |
| photo- | word-forming element meaning "light" or "photographic" or "photoelectric," from Greek photo-, combining form of phos (genitive photos) "light," from PIE root *bha- (1) "to shine." | ڀات، ڀاتو (سنڌي آواز ڀ کي يونانيءَ ۾ ڦ جي آواز سان ادا ڪيو وڃي ٿو) | भअत, भअतव (सनधय आवअज़ भ कय यवनअनय में फ जय आवअज़ सअन अदअ कयव वञय थव) | *bha- (1) *bhā-, Sindhi root (ڀا، چمڪ، لھڪ، روشن) meaning "to shine." |
| physic | c. 1300, fysike, "art of healing, medical science," also "natural science" (c. 1300), from Old French fisike "natural science, art of healing" (12c.) and directly from Latin physica (fem. singular of physicus) "study of nature," from Greek physike (episteme) "(knowledge) of nature," from fem. of physikos "pertaining to nature," from physis "nature," from phyein "to bring forth, produce, make to grow" (related to phyton "growth, plant," phyle "tribe, race," phyma "a growth, tumor") from PIE root *bheue- "to be, exist, grow." Spelling with ph- attested from late 14c. (see ph). As a noun, "medicine that acts as a laxative," 1610s. The verb meaning "to dose with medicine" is attested from late 14c. | ڀاوَ، فطرت، سرشت، طبيعت، خصلت مزاج، سڀاءٌ جو علم | भअव, फ़तरत, सरशत, तबयअत, खसलत मज़अज, सभअ जव अलम | *bheue- *bheuə-, also *bheu-, Sindhi root (ڀاوَ، بيھڪ) meaning "to be, exist, grow." |
| physico- | word-forming element meaning "physical, physically; natural," from Latinized combining form of Greek physikos "natural, physical" (from PIE root *bheue- "to be, exist, grow"). | ڀا، احساس، وجود سان لاڳاپيل | भअ, अहसअस, वजवद सअन लअगअपयल | *bheue- *bheuə-, also *bheu-, Sindhi root (ڀاوَ، بيھڪ) meaning "to be, exist, grow." |
| physio- | word-forming element meaning "nature, natural, physical," from Greek physio-, combining form of physios "nature" (from PIE root *bheue- "to be, exist, grow"). | ڀا، احساس، وجود سان لاڳاپيل | भअ, अहसअस, वजवद सअन लअगअपयल | *bheue- *bheuə-, also *bheu-, Sindhi root (ڀاوَ، بيھڪ) meaning "to be, exist, grow." |
| phyto- | word-forming element meaning "plant," from Greek phyton "plant," literally "that which has grown," from phyein "to bring forth, make grow," from PIE root *bheue- "to be, exist, grow." | ڀاوَ، طبيعت، ٻوٽن بابت ڄاڻ جي لفظن جي شروعات | भअव, तबयअत, बवटन बअबत ॼअण जय लफ़ज़न जय शरवअअत | *bheue- *bheuə-, also *bheu-, Sindhi root (ڀاوَ، بيھڪ) meaning "to be, exist, grow." |
| pilgrim (n) | c. 1200, pilegrim, from Old French pelerin, peregrin "pilgrim, crusader; foreigner, stranger" (11c., Modern French pèlerin), from Late Latin pelegrinus, a dissimilation of Latin peregrinus "foreigner" (source of Italian pellegrino, Spanish peregrino), from peregre (adv.) "from abroad," from per- "beyond" + agri, locative case of ager "country, land" (from PIE root *agro- "field"). Change of first -r- to -l- in most Romance languages by dissimilation; the -m appears to be a Germanic modification. Pilgrim Fathers "English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony" is first found 1799 (they called themselves Pilgrims from c. 1630, in reference to Hebrews xi.13). | آڳڙ، ٻنيءَ پوکي راھيءَ جي ڏڻ سان لاڳاپيل لفظ، جيڪو بعد ۾ زيارت طور ڪم آيو ويو | आगड़, बनय पवकय रअहय जय डण सअन लअगअपयल लफ़ज़, जयकव बअद में ज़यअरत तवर कम आयव वयव | *agro- Sindhi root (آڳڙ، آڳڙو، آڳر) meaning "field;" probably a derivative of root *ag- "to drive, draw out or forth, move." |
| pirate | c. 1300 (mid-13c. as a surname), from Latin pirata "sailor, corsair, sea robber" (source also of Spanish, Italian pirata, Dutch piraat, German Pirat), from Greek peirates "brigand, pirate," literally "one who attacks" (ships), from peiran "to attack, make a hostile attempt on, try," from peira "trial, an attempt, attack," from PIE *per-ya-, suffixed form of root *per- (3) "to try, risk." | ڦُر، ڦورُو | फर, फवरव | *per- (3) Sindhi root (ڦُر) meaning "to try, risk," an extended sense from root *per- (1) "forward," via the notion of "to lead across, press forward." It forms all or part of: empiric; empirical; experience; experiment; expert; fear; parlous; peril; perilous; pirate. |
| pit (n) | "hole, cavity," Old English pytt "water hole, well; pit, grave," from Proto-Germanic *putt- "pool, puddle" (source also of Old Frisian pet, Old Saxon putti, Old Norse pyttr, Middle Dutch putte, Dutch put, Old High German pfuzza, German Pfütze "pool, puddle"), early borrowing from Latin puteus "well, pit, shaft," which is perhaps from PIE root *pau- (2) "to cut, strike, stamp," but there are phonetic and sense objections, so perhaps a loan-word. | ڦُوٽ، ٽنگ، سوراخ | फवट, टनग, सवरअख | *pau- (2) Sindhi root (پائڻ، ڳڻڻ) meaning "to cut, strike, stamp." |
| please (v) | early 14c., "to be agreeable," from Old French plaisir "to please, give pleasure to, satisfy" (11c., Modern French plaire, the form of which is perhaps due to analogy of faire), from Latin placere "to be acceptable, be liked, be approved," related to placare "to soothe, quiet" (source of Spanish placer, Italian piacere), from PIE *pl(e)hk- "to agree, be pleasant," with cognates in Tocharian plak- "to agree," plaki "permission." | بلاسي، خوشيءَ سان، مھربانيءَ سان | बलअसय, खवशय सअन, महरबअनय सअन | |
| pleasure | early 14c., "to be agreeable," from Old French plaisir "to please, give pleasure to, satisfy" (11c., Modern French plaire, the form of which is perhaps due to analogy of faire), from Latin placere "to be acceptable, be liked, be approved," related to placare "to soothe, quiet" (source of Spanish placer, Italian piacere), from PIE *pl(e)hk- "to agree, be pleasant," with cognates in Tocharian plak- "to agree," plaki "permission." | بلاس، خوشي، مزو. | बलअस, खवशय, मज़व. | |
| plus | 1570s, the oral rendering of the arithmetical sign +, from Latin plus "more, in greater number, more often" (comparative of multus "much"), altered (by influence of minus) from *pleos, from PIE root *pele- (1) "to fill" (see poly-). | پُر، گهڻا، وڌيڪ | पर, गहणअ, वधयक | *pele- (1) *pelə-, Sindhi root (ڦل، پور) meaning "to fill," with derivatives referring to abundance and multitude. |
| podium (n) | 1743, "raised platform around an ancient arena," also "projecting base of a pedestal," from Latin podium "raised platform," from Greek podion "foot of a vase," diminutive of pous (genitive podos) "foot," from PIE root *ped- "foot." Meaning "raised platform at the front of a hall or stage" is from 1947. | پائداڻو | पअयदअणव | *ped- Sindhi root (پد) meaning "foot." |
| poet (n) | early 14c., "a poet, a singer" (c. 1200 as a surname), from Old French poete (12c., Modern French poète) and directly from Latin poeta "a poet," from Greek poetes "maker, author, poet," variant of poietes, from poein, poiein "to make, create, compose," from PIE *kwoiwo- "making," from root *kwei- "to pile up, build, make" (source also of Sanskrit cinoti "heaping up, piling up," Old Church Slavonic činu "act, deed, order"). | ڪوي، ڪوتائون جوڙيندڙ، شاعر | कवय, कवतअयवन जवड़यनदड़, शअअर | |
| pole | "ends of Earth's axis," late 14c., from Old French pole or directly from Latin polus "end of an axis;" also "the sky, the heavens" (a sense sometimes used in English from 16c.), from Greek polos "pivot, axis of a sphere, the sky," from PIE *kwol- "turn round" (PIE *kw- becomes Greek p- before some vowels), from root *kwel- (1) "revolve, move round." | ڌرتيءَ جو پورو چڪر | धरतय जव पवरव चकर | *kwel- (1) also *kwelə-, Sindhi root (ول، ولو) meaning "revolve, move round; sojourn, dwell." |
| polis (n) | "ancient Greek city-state," 1894, from Greek polis, ptolis "citadel, fort, city, one's city; the state, community, citizens," from PIE *tpolh- "citadel; enclosed space, often on high ground, hilltop" (source also of Sanskrit pur, puram, genitive purah "city, citadel," Lithuanian pilis "fortress"). | پُر، پُور (شھر) آبادي | पर, पवर (शहर) आबअदय | |
| pollen (n) | 1760 as a botanical term for the fertilizing element of flowers (from Linnæus, 1751), earlier "fine flour" (1520s), from Latin pollen "mill dust; fine flour," which is related to polenta "peeled barley," and probably to Greek poltos "pap, porridge," Sanskrit pálalam "ground seeds,"but the ultimate origin is uncertain. | ڦلڻ (ڪَت) ٻج | फलण (कत) बज | |
| poly- | word-forming element meaning "many, much, multi-, one or more," from Greek poly-, combining form of polys "much" (plural polloi), from PIE root *pele- (1) "to fill," with derivatives referring to multitudinousness or abundance. Properly used in compounds only with words of Greek origin. In chemical names, usually indicating a compound with a large number of atoms or molecules of the same kind (such as polymer). | پُر، ڀريل، گهڻائين | पर, भरयल, गहणअययन | *pele- (1) *pelə-, Sindhi root (ڦل، پور) meaning "to fill," with derivatives referring to abundance and multitude. |
| pore | "minute opening," late 14c., from Old French pore (14c.) and directly from Latin porus "a pore," from Greek poros "a pore," literally "passage, way," from PIE *poro- "passage, journey," suffixed form of PIE root *per- (2) "to lead, pass over." | پور (ڪنھن بھ ڊگهي شيءِ جي اندر خلا) | पवर (कनहन बह डगहय शय जय अनदर खलअ) | *per- (2) Sindhi root (پار) meaning "to lead, pass over." A verbal root associated with *per- (1), which forms prepositions and preverbs with the basic meaning "forward, through; in front of, before," etc. It forms all or part of: aporia; asportation; comport; deport; disport; emporium; Euphrates; export; fare; farewell; fartlek; Ferdinand; fere; fern; ferry; firth; fjord; ford; Fuhrer; gaberdine; import; important; importune; opportune; opportunity; passport; porch; pore (n.) "minute opening;" port (n.1) "harbor;" port (n.2) "gateway, entrance;" port (n.3) "bearing, mien;" port (v.) "to carry;" portable; portage; portal; portcullis; porter (n.1) "person who carries;" porter (n.2) "doorkeeper, janitor;" portfolio; portico; portiere; purport; rapport; report; sport; support; transport; warfare; wayfarer; welfare. |
| pornography | 1842, "ancient obscene painting, especially in temples of Bacchus," from French pornographie, from Greek pornographos "(one) depicting prostitutes," from porne "prostitute," originally "bought, purchased" (with an original notion, probably of "female slave sold for prostitution"), related to pernanai "to sell" (from PIE *perə-, variant of root *per- (5) "to traffic in, to sell") + graphein "to write" (see -graphy). | وپارڻ (جنسي ڌنڌو) | वपअरण (जनसय धनधव) | *per- (5) Sindhi root (وپار) meaning "to traffic in, to sell," an extended sense from root *per- (1) "forward, through" via the notion of "to hand over" or "distribute." It forms all or part of: appraise; appreciate; depreciate; interpret; praise; precious; price; pornography. |
| port | "harbor," Old English port "harbor, haven," reinforced by Old French port "harbor, port; mountain pass;" Old English and Old French words both from Latin portus "port, harbor," originally "entrance, passage," figuratively "place of refuge, asylum," from PIE *prtu- "a going, a passage," suffixed form of root *per- (2) "to lead, pass over." | پار، اپارو، ٻئي ڪنڌي پڄائڻ | पअर, अपअरव, बयय कनधय पॼअयण | *per- (2) Sindhi root (پار) meaning "to lead, pass over." A verbal root associated with *per- (1), which forms prepositions and preverbs with the basic meaning "forward, through; in front of, before," etc. It forms all or part of: aporia; asportation; comport; deport; disport; emporium; Euphrates; export; fare; farewell; fartlek; Ferdinand; fere; fern; ferry; firth; fjord; ford; Fuhrer; gaberdine; import; important; importune; opportune; opportunity; passport; porch; pore (n.) "minute opening;" port (n.1) "harbor;" port (n.2) "gateway, entrance;" port (n.3) "bearing, mien;" port (v.) "to carry;" portable; portage; portal; portcullis; porter (n.1) "person who carries;" porter (n.2) "doorkeeper, janitor;" portfolio; portico; portiere; purport; rapport; report; sport; support; transport; warfare; wayfarer; welfare. |
| post-mortem (adj) | also postmortem, 1734 (adverb), from Latin post mortem, from post "after" (see post-) + mortem, accusative of mors "death" (from PIE root *mer- "to rub away, harm," also "to die" and forming words referring to death and to beings subject to death). From 1835 as an adjective. As a noun, shortening of post-mortem examination, it is recorded from 1850. Latin phrase ante mortem "before death" is attested in English by 1823. | مرڻ پڄاڻان | मरण पॼअणअन | *per- (2) *mer- Sindhi root (مر، مار) meaning "to rub away, harm." Possibly identical with the root *mer- that means "to die" and forms words referring to death and to beings subject to death. It forms all or part of: amaranth; ambrosia; amortize; Amritsar; immortal; manticore; marasmus; mare (n.3) "night-goblin, incubus;" morbid; mordacious; mordant; moribund; morsel; mort (n.2) "note sounded on a horn at the death of the quarry;" mortal; mortality; mortar; mortgage; mortify; mortmain; mortuary; murder; murrain; nightmare; post-mortem; remorse.Sindhi root meaning "to lead, pass over." A verbal root associated with *per- (1), which forms prepositions and preverbs with the basic meaning "forward, through; in front of, before," etc. It forms all or part of: aporia; asportation; comport; deport; disport; emporium; Euphrates; export; fare; farewell; fartlek; Ferdinand; fere; fern; ferry; firth; fjord; ford; Fuhrer; gaberdine; import; important; importune; opportune; opportunity; passport; porch; pore (n.) "minute opening;" port (n.1) "harbor;" port (n.2) "gateway, entrance;" port (n.3) "bearing, mien;" port (v.) "to carry;" portable; portage; portal; portcullis; porter (n.1) "person who carries;" porter (n.2) "doorkeeper, janitor;" portfolio; portico; portiere; purport; rapport; report; sport; support; transport; warfare; wayfarer; welfare. |
| pot | "vessel," from late Old English pott and Old French pot "pot, container, mortar" (also in erotic senses), both from a general Low Germanic (Old Frisian pott, Middle Dutch pot) and Romanic word from Vulgar Latin *pottus, of uncertain origin, said by Barnhart and OED to be unconnected to Late Latin potus "drinking cup." Celtic forms are said to be borrowed from English and French. Ultimately from IE *pott | پاٽ | पअट | |
| potence (n) | "potency," early 15c., from Old French potence "power," from Latin potentia, from potis "powerful, able, capable," from PIE root *poti- "powerful; lord." | پت، طاقت، سگه | पत, तअक़त, सगह | *poti- Sindhi root (پت) meaning "powerful; lord." |
| pour (v) | c. 1300, of unknown origin, not in Old English; perhaps from Old French (Flanders dialect) purer "to sift (grain), pour out (water)," from Latin purare "to purify," from purus "pure" (see pure). Replaced Old English geotan. Intransitive sense from 1530s. Related: Poured; pouring; pourable. As a noun from 1790. | پُرڻ، ڀرڻ (لڳي ائين ٿو ته ھي لفظ سنڌيءَ مان ويو آھي) | परण, भरण (लगय अययन थव तह हय लफ़ज़ सनधय मअन वयव आहय) | |
| power (n) | c. 1300, "ability; ability to act or do; strength, vigor, might," especially in battle; "efficacy; control, mastery, lordship, dominion; legal power or authority; authorization; military force, an army," from Anglo-French pouair, Old French povoir, noun use of the infinitive, "to be able," earlier podir (9c.), from Vulgar Latin *potere, from Latin potis "powerful" (from PIE root *poti- "powerful; lord"). | پت، طاقت، سگه | पत, तअक़त, सगह | *poti- Sindhi root (پت) meaning "powerful; lord." |
| pray | early 13c., "ask earnestly, beg," also (c. 1300) "pray to a god or saint," from Old French preier "to pray" (c.900, Modern French prier), from Vulgar Latin *precare (also source of Italian pregare), from Latin precari "ask earnestly, beg, entreat," from *prex (plural preces, genitive precis) "prayer, request, entreaty," from PIE root *prek- "to ask, request, entreat." Parenthetical expression I pray you, "please, if you will," attested from 1510s, contracted to pray 16c. Related: Prayed; praying. Praying mantis attested from 1809 (praying locust is from 1752; see mantis). The "Gardener's Monthly" of July 1861 lists other names for it as camel cricket, soothsayer, and rear horse. | ٻڙڪ، دانھن، دعا | बड़क, दअनहन, दअअ | *prek- Sindhi root (ٻڙڪ، پرک) meaning "to ask, entreat." It forms all or part of: deprecate; deprecation; expostulate; imprecate; imprecation; postulate; pray; prayer; precarious; precatory; prithee. |
| pre- | word-forming element meaning "before," from Old French pre- and Medieval Latin pre-, both from Latin prae (adverb and preposition) "before in time or place," from PIE *peri- (source also of Oscan prai, Umbrian pre, Sanskrit pare "thereupon," Greek parai "at," Gaulish are- "at, before," Lithuanian prie "at," Old Church Slavonic pri "at," Gothic faura, Old English fore "before"), extended form of root *per- (1) "forward," hence "beyond, in front of, before." | پراھين، آڳاٽي | परअहयन, आगअटय | *per- (1) Sindhi root (پھرين) forming prepositions, etc., meaning "forward," and, by extension, "in front of, before, first, chief, toward, near, against," etc. |
| precocious (adj) | 1640s, "developed before the usual time" (of plants), with -ous + Latin praecox (genitive praecocis) "maturing early," from prae "before" (see pre-) + coquere "to ripen," literally "to cook" (from PIE root *pekw- "to cook, ripen"). Originally of flowers or fruits. Figurative use, of persons, dates from 1670s. Related: Precociously; precociousness. | پھرين پڪل (ڄمندي ڄام) | पहरयन पकल (ॼमनदय ॼअम) | *pekw- Sindhi root (پڪ، پچ) meaning "to cook, ripen." It forms all or part of: apricot; biscuit; charcuterie; concoct; concoction; cook; cuisine; culinary; decoct; decoction; drupe; dyspepsia; dyspeptic; eupeptic; kiln; kitchen; peptic; peptide; peptone; precocious; pumpkin; ricotta; terra-cotta. |
| pregnant (adj) | "with child," early 15c., from Latin praegnantem (nominative praegnans, originally praegnas) "with child," literally "before birth," probably from prae- "before" (see pre-) + root of gnasci "be born" (from PIE root *gene- "give birth, beget"). | ڄڻڻ پاري (جيڪا ٻار ڄڻڻ لاءِ تيار ٿيل ھجي) | ॼणण पअरय (जयकअ बअर ॼणण लअ तयअर थयल हजय) | *gene- *genə-, also *gen-, Sindhi root (ڄڻ، جن) meaning "give birth, beget," with derivatives referring to procreation and familial and tribal groups. |
| price (n) | c. 1200, pris "value, worth; praise," later "cost, recompense, prize" (mid-13c.), from Old French pris "price, value, wages, reward," also "honor, fame, praise, prize" (Modern French prix), from Late Latin precium, from Latin pretium "reward, prize, value, worth," from PIE *pret-yo-, suffixed form of *pret-, extended form of root *per- (5) "to traffic in, to sell." | وپار جي بھا، قيمت | वपअर जय बहअ, क़यमत | *per- (5) Sindhi root (وپار) meaning "to traffic in, to sell," an extended sense from root *per- (1) "forward, through" via the notion of "to hand over" or "distribute." It forms all or part of: appraise; appreciate; depreciate; interpret; praise; precious; price; pornography. |
| prime | late 14c., "first in order," from Latin primus "first, the first, first part," figuratively "chief, principal; excellent, distinguished, noble" (source also of Italian and Spanish primo), from pre-Italic *prismos, superlative of PIE *preis- "before," from root *per- (1) "forward," hence "in front of, before, first, chief." Meaning "first in importance" is from 1610s in English; that of "first-rate" is from 1620s. Arithmetical sense (as in prime number) is from 1560s; prime meridian "the meridian of the earth from which longitude is measured, that of Greenwich, England," is from 1878. Prime time originally (c. 1500) meant "spring time;" broadcasting sense of "peak tuning-in period" is attested by 1961. | پرم، وڏو، اوچو، اتم | परम, वडव, अवचव, अतम | *per- (1) Sindhi root (پھرين) forming prepositions, etc., meaning "forward," and, by extension, "in front of, before, first, chief, toward, near, against," etc. |
| prior (adj) | "earlier," 1714, from Latin prior "former, previous, first;" figuratively "superior, better;" as a noun "forefather; superior rank;" comparative of Old Latin pri "before," from PIE *prai-, *prei-, from root *per- (1) "forward," hence "in front of, before, first." | پر وار، گذريل | पर वअर, गज़रयल | *per- (1) Sindhi root (پھرين) forming prepositions, etc., meaning "forward," and, by extension, "in front of, before, first, chief, toward, near, against," etc. |
| private (adj) | late 14c., "pertaining or belonging to oneself, not shared, individual; not open to the public;" of a religious rule, "not shared by Christians generally, distinctive; from Latin privatus "set apart, belonging to oneself (not to the state), peculiar, personal," used in contrast to publicus, communis; past participle of privare "to separate, deprive," from privus "one's own, individual," from Proto-Italic *prei-wo- "separate, individual," from PIE *prai-, *prei- "in front of, before," from root *per- (1) "forward." The semantic shift would be from "being in front" to "being separate." | پر وائکو، الڳ | पर वअयकव, अलग | *per- (1) Sindhi root (پھرين) forming prepositions, etc., meaning "forward," and, by extension, "in front of, before, first, chief, toward, near, against," etc. |
| pro (n) | "a consideration or argument in favor," c. 1400, from Latin pro "on behalf of, in place of, before, for, in exchange for, just as," from PIE root *per- (1) "forward," hence "in front of, before, first, chief." Pro and con is short for pro and contra (c. 1400) "for and against" (Latin pro et contra). | پارو، حامي، ھاڪاري | पअरव, हअमय, हअकअरय | *per- (1) Sindhi root (پھرين) forming prepositions, etc., meaning "forward," and, by extension, "in front of, before, first, chief, toward, near, against," etc. |
| produce | early 15c., "develop, proceed, extend," from Latin producere "lead or bring forth, draw out," figuratively "to promote, empower; stretch out, extend," from pro "before, forth" (from PIE root *per- (1) "forward," hence "in front of, before, forth") + ducere "to bring, lead," from PIE root *deuk- "to lead." Sense of "bring into being" is first recorded 1510s; that of "put (a play) on stage" is from 1580s. Related: Produced; producing. | پر دائيڪي، دايڪي، پيدا ڪرڻ | पर दअययकय, दअयकय, पयदअ करण | *per- (1) Sindhi root (پھرين) forming prepositions, etc., meaning "forward," and, by extension, "in front of, before, first, chief, toward, near, against," etc. |
| professor | early 14c., "to take a vow" (in a religious order), a back-formation from profession or else from Old French profes, from Medieval Latin professus "avowed," literally "having declared publicly," past participle of Latin profiteri "declare openly, testify voluntarily, acknowledge, make public statement of," from pro- "forth" (from PIE root *per- (1) "forward") + fateri (past participle fassus) "acknowledge, confess," akin to fari "to speak," from PIE root *bha- (2) "to speak, tell, say." | پر وائيندڙ، پري جو ٻڌائيندڙ، اڳڪٿيندڙ | पर वअययनदड़, परय जव बधअययनदड़, अगकथयनदड़ | *per- (1) Sindhi root (پھرين) forming prepositions, etc., meaning "forward," and, by extension, "in front of, before, first, chief, toward, near, against," etc. |
| program | 1630s, "public notice," from Late Latin programma "proclamation, edict," from Greek programma "a written public notice," from stem of prographein "to write publicly," from pro "forth" (see pro-) + graphein "to write" (see -graphy). General sense of "a definite plan or scheme" is recorded from 1837. Meaning "list of pieces at a concert, playbill" first recorded 1805 and retains the original sense. That of "objects or events suggested by music" is from 1854. Sense of "broadcasting presentation" is from 1923. Computer sense (noun and verb) is from 1945. Spelling programme, established in Britain, is from French in modern use and began to be used early 19c., originally especially in the "playbill" sense. Program music attested from 1877. | اڳواٽ گهڙيل سٽاءُ | अगवअट गहड़यल सटअ | |
| prophet | late 12c., "person who speaks for God; one who foretells, inspired preacher," from Old French prophete, profete "prophet, soothsayer" (11c., Modern French prophète) and directly from Latin propheta, from Greek prophetes (Doric prophatas) "an interpreter, spokesman," especially of the gods, "inspired preacher or teacher," from pro "before" (from PIE root *per- (1) "forward," hence "in front of, before") + root of phanai "to speak," from PIE root *bha- (2) "to speak, tell, say." | پر وائيندڙ، پري جو ٻڌائيندڙ، پيغمبر | पर वअययनदड़, परय जव बधअययनदड़, पयग़मबर | *bha- (2) *bhā-; Sindhi root (وائڻ) meaning "to speak, tell, say." |
| proto- | before vowels prot-, word-forming element meaning "first, source, parent, preceding, earliest form, original, basic," from Greek proto-, from protos "first," from PIE *pre-, from root *per- (1) "forward" (hence "before, first"). | پراڻو، اوائلي، اڳوڻو، بڻيادي (پاروٿو) | परअणव, अवअयलय, अगवणव, बणयअदय (पअरवथव) | *per- (1) Sindhi root (پھرين) forming prepositions, etc., meaning "forward," and, by extension, "in front of, before, first, chief, toward, near, against," etc. |
| prove | From Middle English proven, from Old English prōfian (“to esteem, regard as, evince, try, prove”) and Old French prover (“to prove”), both from Late Latin probō (“test, try, examine, approve, show to be good or fit, prove”, verb), from probus (“good, worthy, excellent”), from PIE *pro-bhwo- (“being in front, prominent”), from PIE *pro-, *per- (“toward”) + PIE *bhu- (“to be”). Displaced native Middle English sothen (“to prove”), from Old English sōþian (“to prove”). More at for, be, soothe. | پرڀاءُ، ھجڻ جو يقين | परभअ, हजण जव यक़यन | |
| province | early 14c., "country, territory, region," from Old French province "province, part of a country; administrative region for friars" (13c.) and directly from Latin provincia "territory outside Italy under Roman domination," also "a public office; public duty," of uncertain origin, usually explained as pro- "before" + vincere "to conquer" (from nasalized form of PIE root *weik- (3) "to fight, conquer"); but this does not suit the earliest Latin usages. Meaning "one's particular business or expertise" is from 1620s. | پرانت | परअनत | *weik- (3) Sindhi root (واڪ) meaning "to fight, conquer." It forms all or part of: convict; convince; evict; evince; invictus; invincible; Ordovician; province; vanquish; victor; victory; Vincent; vincible. |
| prow (n) | "forepart of a ship," 1550s, from Middle French proue, from Italian (Genoese) prua, from Vulgar Latin *proda, by dissimilation from Latin prora "prow," from Greek proira, related to pro "before, forward," proi "early in the morning," from PIE root *per- (1) "forward," hence "in front of, before, first." Middle English and early Modern English (and Scott) had prore in same sense, from Latin. Modern Italian has proda only in sense "shore, bank." Prow and poop meant "the whole ship," hence 16c.-17c. figurative use of the expression for "the whole" (of anything). | پرو، نشان، ٻيڙيءَ جو اڳ | परव, नशअन, बयड़य जव अग | *per- (1) Sindhi root (پھرين) forming prepositions, etc., meaning "forward," and, by extension, "in front of, before, first, chief, toward, near, against," etc. |
| prudent (adj) | late 14c., from Old French prudent "with knowledge, deliberate" (c. 1300), from Latin prudentem (nominative prudens) "knowing, skilled, sagacious, circumspect;" rarely in literal sense "foreseeing;" contraction of providens, present participle of providere "look ahead, prepare, supply, act with foresight," from pro "ahead" (see pro-) + videre "to see" (from PIE root *weid- "to see"). Related: Prudently. | پر ڄاڻو، ماھر، خبر رکندڙ | पर ॼअणव, मअहर, खबर रकनदड़ | *weid- Sindhi root (ويد، وديا) meaning "to see." |
| psyche | 1640s, "animating spirit," from Latin psyche, from Greek psykhē "the soul, mind, spirit; life, one's life, the invisible animating principle or entity which occupies and directs the physical body; understanding, the mind (as the seat of thought), faculty of reason" (personified as Psykhē, the beloved of Eros), also "ghost, spirit of a dead person;" probably akin to psykhein "to blow, cool," from PIE root *bhes- "to blow, to breathe" (source also of Sanskrit bhas-), "Probably imitative" [Watkins]. | پساھ، ساھ، جيوت جو بڻياد ۽ طبيعت، فطرت، عادت، وس، ڀاس (سوجھ عقل مت جي حساب سان) | पसअह, सअह, जयवत जव बणयअद ۽ तबयअत, फ़तरत, अअदत, वस, भअस (सवजह अक़ल मत जय हसअब सअन) | |
| pudendum | "external genitals," late 14c. (pudenda), from Latin pudendum (plural pudenda), literally "thing to be ashamed of," neuter gerundive of pudere "make ashamed; be ashamed," from PIE root *(s)peud- "to punish, repulse." Translated into Old English as scamlim ("shame-limb"); in Middle English also Englished as pudende (early 15c.). | بُدي | बदय | |
| pulley (n) | late 13c., from Old French polie, pulie "pulley, windlass" (12c.) and directly from Medieval Latin poliva, puliva, probably from Medieval Greek *polidia, plural of *polidion "little pivot," diminutive of Greek polos "pivot, axis" (see pole (n.2)). As a verb from 1590s. | ڦُلي، ڪاٺ جي ٺپي، بوتو، ڪارب (ھڪ گول ولي جنھن سان رسو ٻڌي ڪنھن شيءَ کي کڻي سگھجي) | फलय, कअठ जय ठपय, बवतव, कअरब (हक गवल वलय जनहन सअन रसव बधय कनहन शय कय कणय सगहजय) | *pele- (2) *pelə-, Sindhi root (ڦلي) meaning "flat; to spread." It forms all or part of: airplane; dysplasia; ectoplasm; effleurage; esplanade; explain; explanation; feldspar; field; flaneur; floor; llano; palm (n.1) "flat of the hand;" palm (n.2) "tropical tree;" palmy; piano; pianoforte; plain; plan; planar; Planaria; plane (n.1) "flat surface;" plane (n.3) "tool for smoothing surfaces;" plane (v.2) "soar, glide on motionless wings;" planet; plani-; planisphere; plano-; -plasia; plasma; plasmid; plasm; -plasm; -plast; plaster; plastic; plastid; -plasty; Polack; Poland; Pole; polka; protoplasm; veldt. |
| pulmonary | Borrowed from Latin pulmōnārius (“of the lungs”), from pulmō (“lung”) + -ārius, from PIE *pléu-mon-. Cognate with Greek πλεμόνι (plemóni), French poumon, Lithuanian plauciai, Polish płuco and Russian пла́вать (plávatʹ, “to swim”). | ڦلڻو (ساھ کڻڻ واري ڪيف ۾ سيني جي سوس ۽ واڌ وارو عمل) ڦڦڙ | फलणव (सअह कणण वअरय कयफ़ में सयनय जय सवस ۽ वअध वअरव अमल) फफड़ | *pleu- Sindhi root (ڦھل) meaning "to flow." It forms all or part of: fletcher; fledge; flee; fleet (adj.) "swift;" fleet (n.2) "group of ships under one command;" fleet (v.) "to float, drift; flow, run;" fleeting; flight (n.1) "act of flying;" flight (n.2) "act of fleeing;" flit; float; flood; flotsam; flotilla; flow; flue; flugelhorn; fluster; flutter; fly (v.1) "move through the air with wings;" fly (n.) "winged insect;" fowl; plover; Pluto; plutocracy; pluvial; pneumo-; pneumonia; pneumonic; pulmonary. |
| punch | "pointed tool for making holes or embossing," late 14c., short for puncheon (mid-14c.), from Old French ponchon, poinchon "pointed tool, piercing weapon," from Vulgar Latin *punctionem (nominative *punctio) "pointed tool," from past participle stem of Latin pungere "to prick, pierce, sting" (from suffixed form of PIE root *peuk- "to prick"). From mid-15c. as "a stab, thrust;" late 15c. as "a dagger." Meaning "machine for pressing or stamping a die" is from 1620s. | پَنجو، مُڪ، ٺوڪ | पनजव, मक, ठवक | *peuk- also *peug-, Sindhi root (ڦھڪ) meaning "to prick." It forms all or part of: appoint; appointment; bung; compunction; contrapuntal; expugn; expunge; impugn; interpunction; oppugn; pink; poignant; point; pointe; pointillism; poniard; pounce; pugilism; pugilist; pugnacious; pugnacity; punch (n.1) "pointed tool for making holes or embossing;" punch (n.3) "a quick blow with the fist;" punch (v.) "to hit with the fist;" puncheon (n.2) "pointed tool for punching or piercing;" punctilio; punctilious; punctual; punctuate; punctuation; puncture; pungent; punty; Pygmy; repugn; repugnance; repugnant. |
| pure | c. 1300 (late 12c. as a surname, and Old English had purlamb "lamb without a blemish"), "unmixed," also "absolutely, entirely," from Old French pur "pure, simple, absolute, unalloyed," figuratively "simple, sheer, mere" (12c.), from Latin purus "clean, clear; unmixed; unadorned; chaste, undefiled," from PIE root *peue- "to purify, cleanse" (source also of Latin putus "clear, pure;" Sanskrit pavate "purifies, cleanses," putah "pure;" Middle Irish ur "fresh, new;" Old High German fowen "to sift"). | پڙد (صاف) | पड़द (सअफ़) | |
| pyre | 1650s, from Latin pyra and directly from Greek pyra "funeral pyre; altar for sacrifice; any place where fire is kindled," from pyr "fire," from PIE root *paewr- "fire," source also of fire. | ڄر، باھ، ڄري، چري (سڙڻ جي ڪيفيت) | ॼर, बअह, ॼरय, चरय (सड़ण जय कयफ़यत) | *paewr- *paəwr-, Sindhi root (پڄر) meaning "fire." It forms all or part of: antipyretic; burro; empyreal; empyrean; fire; pyracanth; pyre; pyretic; pyrexia; pyrite; pyro-; pyrolusite; pyromania; pyrrhic; sbirro. |
| qua | "as, in the capacity of," from Latin qua "where? on which side? at which place? which way? in what direction?" figuratively "how? in what manner? by what method?; to what extent? in what degree?" correlative pronominal adverb of place, from PIE root *kwo-, stem of relative and interrogative pronouns. | ڪوئي، ھرڪو، ڪير به | कवयय, हरकव, कयर बह | *kwo- also *kwi-, Sindhi root (ڪھُ، ڪُ), stem of relative and interrogative pronouns. |
| quadri- | before vowels quad- (before -p- often quadru-, from an older form in Latin), word-forming element meaning "four, four times, having four, consisting of four," from Latin quadri-, related to quattor "four" (from PIE root *kwetwer- "four"). | چارائين، چئن پاسائين | चअरअययन, चयन पअसअययन | *kwetwer- Sindhi root (چار) meaning "four." |
| quarter | c. 1300, "one-fourth of anything; one of four parts or divisions of a thing;" often in reference to the four parts into which a slaughtered animal is cut, from Old French quartier, cartier (12c.), from Latin quartarius "fourth part," from quartus "the fourth, fourth part," which is related to quattuor "four," from PIE root *kwetwer- "four." One of the earliest dated references in English is to "parts of the body as dismembered during execution" (c. 1300). Used of the phases of the moon from early 15c. The use of quarter of an hour is attested from mid-15c. In Middle English quarter also meant "one of the four divisions of a 12-hour night" (late 14c.), and the quarter of the night meant "nine o'clock p.m." (early 14c.). From late 14c. as "one of the four quadrants of the heavens;" hence, from the notion of the winds, "a side, a direction" (c. 1400). In heraldry from mid-14c. as "one of the four divisions of a shield or coat of arms." The word's connection with "four" loosened in Middle English and by 15c. expressions such as six-quartered for "six-sided" are found. Meaning "region, locality, area, place" is from c. 1400. Meaning "portion of a town" (identified by the class or race of people who live there) is first attested 1520s. For military sense, see quarters. As a period of time in a football game, from 1911. Quarter horse, bred strong for racing on quarter-mile tracks, first recorded 1834. The coin (one fourth of a dollar) is peculiar to U.S., first recorded 1783. But quarter could mean "a farthing" in Middle English (late 14c.), and compare British quadrant "a farthing" (c. 1600), and classical Latin quadrans, the name of a coin worth a quarter of an as (the basic unit of Roman currency). Quarter days (mid-15c.), designated as days when rents were paid and contracts and leases began or expired, were, in England, Lady day (March 25), Midsummer day (June 24), Michaelmas day (Sept. 29), and Christmas day (Dec. 25); in Scotland, keeping closer to the pagan Celtic calendar, they were Candlemas (Feb. 2), Whitsunday (May 15), Lammas (Aug. 1), and Martinmas (Nov. 11). Quarter in the sense "period of three months; one of the four divisions of a year" is recorded from late 14c. | چوٿائو، چونڪو، چئن انگن سان لاڳاپيل | चवथअयव, चवनकव, चयन अनगन सअन लअगअपयल | *kwetwer- Sindhi root (چار) meaning "four." |
| quasi- | word-forming element used since 18c. (but most productively in 20c.) and typically meaning "kind of, resembling, like but not really, as if;" from Latin quasi "as if, as it were," from PIE root *kwo-, stem of relative and interrogative pronouns | ڪُ، ڪُه، سوالي لفظ | क, कह, सवअलय लफ़ज़ | *kwo- also *kwi-, Sindhi root (ڪھُ، ڪُ), stem of relative and interrogative pronouns. |
| queen | Old English cwen "queen, female ruler of a state, woman, wife," from Proto-Germanic *kwoeniz (source also of Old Saxon quan "wife," Old Norse kvaen, Gothic quens), ablaut variant of *kwenon (source of quean), from PIE root *gwen- "woman." | ڄڻي، ھڪڙي، محل اندر اڪيلي مالڪ | ॼणय, हकड़य, महल अनदर अकयलय मअलक | *gwen- Sindhi root (ڄڻي، ناري) meaning "woman." |
| query | 1530s, quaere "a question," from Latin quaere "ask," imperative of quaerere "to seek, look for; strive, endeavor, strive to gain; ask, require, demand;" figuratively "seek mentally, seek to learn, make inquiry," probably ultimately from PIE root *kwo-, stem of relative and interrogative pronouns. Spelling Englished or altered c. 1600 by influence of inquiry. | ڪيئن، ڪُه (سوالي لفظ) | कययन, कह (सवअलय लफ़ज़) | *kwo- also *kwi-, Sindhi root (ڪھُ، ڪُ), stem of relative and interrogative pronouns. |
| quick | Old English cwic "living, alive, animate," and figuratively, of mental qualities, "rapid, ready," from Proto-Germanic *kwikwaz (source also of Old Saxon and Old Frisian quik, Old Norse kvikr "living, alive," Dutch kwik "lively, bright, sprightly," Old High German quec "lively," German keck "bold"), from PIE root *gwei- "to live." Sense of "lively, swift" developed by late 12c., on notion of "full of life." | جيو (ھتي ترت ۽ تڪڙي واڌ يا موٽ ڏيڻ جي ڪري ٿيو آھي) | जयव (हतय तरत ۽ तकड़य वअध यअ मवट डयण जय करय थयव आहय) | *gwei- also *gweie-, Sindhi root (جيو) meaning "to live." |
| radicle (n) | 1670s, in botany, from Latin radicula, diminutive of radix "root" (from PIE root *wrād- "branch, root"). | واڙيءَ جي پاڙ (ٻوٽي جي پاڙ) | वअड़य जय पअड़ (बवटय जय पअड़) | *wrād- Sindhi root (واڙ) meaning "branch, root." It forms all or part of: deracinate; eradicate; eradication; irradicable; licorice; radical; radicant; radicle; radicular; radish; ramada; ramify; ramus; rhizoid; rhizome; rhizophagous; root; rutabaga; wort. |
| rare (adj) | "unusual," late 14c., "thin, airy, porous;" mid-15c., "few in number and widely separated, sparsely distributed, seldom found;" from Old French rere "sparse" (14c.), from Latin rarus "thinly sown, having a loose texture; not thick; having intervals between, full of empty spaces," from PIE *ra-ro-, from root *ere- "to separate; adjoin" (source also of Sanskrit rte "besides, except," viralah "distant, tight, rare;" Old Church Slavonic rediku "rare," Old Hittite arhaš "border," Lithuanian irti "to be dissolved"). "Few in number," hence, "unusual." Related: Rareness. In chemistry, rare earth is from 1818. | ريءَ (کانسواءِ) اڻ لڀ | रय (कअनसवअ) अण लभ | |
| rash | "eruption of small red spots on skin," 1709, perhaps from French rache "a sore" (Old French rasche "rash, scurf"), from Vulgar Latin *rasicare "to scrape" (also source of Old Provençal rascar, Spanish rascar "to scrape, scratch," Italian raschina "itch"), from Latin rasus "scraped," past participle of radere "to scrape" (possibly from an extended form of PIE root *red- "to scrape, scratch, gnaw"). The connecting notion would be of itching. Figurative sense of "any sudden outbreak or proliferation" first recorded 1820. | ريش، رھڙو، ڦٽ ڦرڙي | रयश, रहड़व, फट फरड़य | |
| razor | late 13c., from Old French raseor "a razor" (12c.), from raser "to scrape, shave," from Medieval Latin rasare, frequentative of Latin radere (past participle rasus) "to scrape, shave," possibly from an extended form of PIE root *red- "to scrape, scratch, gnaw." Razor clam (1835, American English) so called because its shell resembles an old folding straight-razor. Razor-edge figurative of sharpness or a fine surface from 1680s. | رھڙيندڙ | रहड़यनदड़ | *red- *rēd-, Sindhi root (رھڙ) meaning "to scrape, scratch, gnaw." |
| re- | From Middle English re-, from Old French re-, from Latin re-, red- (“back; anew; again; against”), from PIE *wret-, a metathetic alteration of *wert- (“to turn”). Displaced native English ed-, eft-, a-, with-/wither-, gain-/again-. | وري ٻيھر. (ورٽ) ٻيھر ڪرڻ، وڪڙ ڏيڻ | वरय बयहर. (वरट) बयहर करण, वकड़ डयण | |
| receipt | late 14c., "act of receiving;" also "statement of ingredients in a potion or medicine;" from Anglo-French or Old North French receite "receipt, recipe, prescription" (c. 1300), altered (by influence of receit "he receives," from Vulgar Latin *recipit) from Old French recete, from Latin recepta "received," fem. past participle of recipere (see receive). Meaning "written acknowledgment of money or goods received" is from c. 1600. | رسيد | रसयद | *kap- Sindhi root (ھٿ) meaning "to grasp." It forms all or part of: accept; anticipate; anticipation; behave; behoof; behoove; cable; cacciatore; caitiff; capable; capacious; capacity; capias; capiche; capstan; caption; captious; captivate; captive; captor; capture; case (n.2) "receptacle;" catch; catchpoll; cater; chase (n.1) "a hunt;" chase (v.) |
| receive | c. 1300, from Old North French receivre (Old French recoivre) "seize, take hold of, pick up; welcome, accept," from Latin recipere "regain, take back, bring back, carry back, recover; take to oneself, take in, admit," from re- "back," though the exact sense here is obscure (see re-) + -cipere, combining form of capere "to take," from PIE root *kap- "to grasp." Radio and (later) television sense is attested from 1908. Related: Received; receiving. | رسائي | रसअयय | *kap- Sindhi root (ھٿ) meaning "to grasp." |
| record (v) | c. 1200, "to repeat, reiterate, recite; rehearse, get by heart," from Old French recorder "tell, relate, repeat, recite, report, make known" (12c.) and directly from Latin recordari "remember, call to mind, think over, be mindful of," from re- "restore" (see re-) + cor (genitive cordis) "heart" (as the metaphoric seat of memory, as in learn by heart), from PIE root *kerd- "heart." Meaning "set down in writing" first attested mid-14c.; that of "put sound or pictures on disks, tape, etc." is from 1892. Related: Recorded; recording. | وري ھردي سان ھنڊائڻ، وري ھردي تي چاڙھڻ، رڪارڊ جو مطلب ئي اھو آھي تھ دل سان سانڍڻ، پوءِ مادي طور تي تصور مٽيو. | वरय हरदय सअन हनडअयण, वरय हरदय तय चअड़हण, रकअरड जव मतलब यय अहव आहय तह दल सअन सअनढण, पव मअदय तवर तय तसवर मटयव. | *kerd- Sindhi root (ھردو، ڪردو) meaning "heart." |
| red | Old English read "red," from Proto-Germanic *rauthan (source also of Old Norse rauðr, Danish rød, Old Saxon rod, Old Frisian rad, Middle Dutch root, Dutch rood, German rot, Gothic rauþs), from PIE root *reudh- "red, ruddy," the only color for which a definite common PIE root word has been found. As a noun from mid-13c. | ريٽ، ريٽو، رتو | रयट, रयटव, रतव | *reudh- Sindhi root (ريٽو) meaning "red, ruddy." The only color for which a definite common PIE root word has been found. The initial -e- in the Greek word is because Greek tends to avoid beginning words with -r-. |
| refer | late 14c., "to trace back (to a first cause), attribute, assign," from Old French referer (14c.) and directly from Latin referre "to relate, refer," literally "to carry back," from re- "back" (see re-) + ferre "to carry, bear," from PIE root *bher- (1) "to carry," also "to bear children." Meaning "to commit to some authority for a decision" is from mid-15c.; sense of "to direct (someone) to a book, etc." is from c. 1600. Related: Referred; referring. | وري ڀر، رجوع | वरय भर, रजवअ | *bher- (1) Sindhi root (بار، ڀر) meaning "to carry," also "to bear children." |
| regime | "system of government or rule," 1792, from French régime, from Old French regimen (14c.), from Latin regimen "rule, guidance, government, means of guidance, rudder," from regere "to direct, to guide" (from PIE root *reg- "move in a straight line," with derivatives meaning "to direct in a straight line," thus "to lead, rule"). Earlier "course of diet, exercise," late 15c. In French, l'ancien régime refers to the system of government before the revolution of 1789. | راڄ، راج | रअॼ, रअज | *reg- Sindhi root (راج، راڄ) meaning "move in a straight line," with derivatives meaning "to direct in a straight line," thus "to lead, rule." |
| regiment | late 14c., "government, rule, control," from Old French regiment "government, rule" (14c.), from Late Latin regimentum "rule, direction," from Latin regere "to rule, to direct, keep straight, guide" (from PIE root *reg- "move in a straight line," with derivatives meaning "to direct in a straight line," thus "to lead, rule"). Meaning "unit of an army" first recorded 1570s (originally the reference was to permanent organization and discipline), from French. The exact number in the unit varies over time and place. | راڄ، (فوج اندر ھڪ ننڍڙو راڄ) | रअॼ, (फ़वज अनदर हक ननढड़व रअॼ) | *reg- Sindhi root (راج، راڄ) meaning "move in a straight line," with derivatives meaning "to direct in a straight line," thus "to lead, rule." |
| region | c. 1300, "tract of land of a considerable but indefinite extent," from Anglo-French regioun, Old French region "land, region, province" (12c.), from Latin regionem (nominative regio) "a district, portion of a country, territory, district; a direction, line; boundary line, limit," noun of state from past participle stem of regere "to direct, rule" (from PIE root *reg- "move in a straight line," with derivatives meaning "to direct in a straight line," thus "to lead, rule"). Phrase in the region of "about" (of numbers, etc.) is recorded from 1961. | راڄ | रअॼ | *reg- Sindhi root (راج، راڄ) meaning "move in a straight line," with derivatives meaning "to direct in a straight line," thus "to lead, rule." |
| reign | early 13c., "kingdom," from Old French reigne "kingdom, land, country" (Modern French règne), from Latin regnum "kingship, dominion, rule, realm," related to regere "to rule, to direct, keep straight, guide" (from PIE root *reg- "move in a straight line," with derivatives meaning "to direct in a straight line," thus "to lead, rule"). Meaning "period of rule" first recorded mid-14c. | راڄوڻي | रअॼवणय | *reg- Sindhi root (راج، راڄ) meaning "move in a straight line," with derivatives meaning "to direct in a straight line," thus "to lead, rule." |
| relief (n) | late 14c., "alleviation of distress, hunger, sickness, etc; state of being relieved; that which mitigates or removes" (pain, grief, evil, etc.)," from Anglo-French relif, from Old French relief "assistance," literally "a raising, that which is lifted," from stressed stem of relever (see relieve). Meaning "aid to impoverished persons" is attested from c. 1400; that of "deliverance of a besieged town" is from c. 1400. Earlier in English as "that which is left over or left behind," also "feudal payment to an overlord made by an heir upon taking possession of an estate" (both c. 1200). | ھلڪاڻ، لھواري، سک | हलकअण, लहवअरय, सक | *legwh- Sindhi root (لڳڙ، ھلڪو) meaning "not heavy, having little weight." |
| rely (v) | early 14c., "to gather, assemble" (transitive and intransitive), from Old French relier "assemble, put together; fasten, attach, rally, oblige," from Latin religare "fasten, bind fast," from re-, intensive prefix (see re-), + ligare "to bind" (from PIE root *leig- "to tie, bind"). Sense of "depend, trust" is from 1570s, perhaps via notion of "rally to, fall back on." Typically used with on, perhaps by influence of lie (v.2). Related: Relied; relying. | لاڳڻ | लअगण | *leig- Sindhi root (لاڳ) meaning "to tie, bind." |
| remember | From Middle English remembren, from Old French remembrer (“to remember”), from Late Latin rememorari (“to remember again”), from re- + memor (“mindful”), from PIE *mer-, *(s)mer- (“to think about, be mindful, remember”). Cognate with Old English mimorian, mymerian (“to remember, commemorate”), Old English māmorian (“to deliberate, plan out, design”). | سمر، سمرڻ، ياد ڪرڻ، ورد ڪرڻ | समर, समरण, यअद करण, वरद करण | *(s)mer- (1) Sindhi root (سمرڻ، ياد) meaning "to remember." |
| render | late 14c., "repeat, say again," from Old French rendre "give back, present, yield" (10c.), from Vulgar Latin *rendere (formed by dissimilation or on analogy of its antonym, prendre "to take"), from Latin reddere "give back, return, restore," from red- "back" (see re-) + combining form of dare "to give" (from PIE root *do- "to give"). | وري ڏيڻ، ورائي ڏيڻ | वरय डयण, वरअयय डयण | *do- *dō-, Sindhi root (ڏي وٺ) meaning "to give." |
| revert | c. 1300, "to come to oneself again," from Old French revertir "return, change back," from Vulgar Latin *revertire, variant of Latin revertere "turn back, turn about; come back, return," from re- "back" (see re-) + vertere "to turn" (from PIE root *wer- (2) "to turn, bend"). Of position or property from mid-15c.; application to customs and ideas is from 1610s. | وري ورڻ (ساڳي جاءِ تي واپس ورڻ) | वरय वरण (सअगय जअ तय वअपस वरण) | *wer- (2) Sindhi root (ور، ويڙھ) forming words meaning "to turn, bend." |
| revoke | mid-14c., from Old French revoquer (13c.), from Latin revocare "rescind, call back," from re- "back" (see re-) + vocare "to call" (from PIE root *wekw- "to speak"). Related: Revoked; revoking. | وري واڪڻ | वरय वअकण | *wekw- Sindhi root (واڪ) meaning "to speak." |
| revolve | late 14c., "to change direction, bend around, turn (the eyes) back," from Old French revolver and directly from Latin revolvere "roll back, unroll, unwind; happen again, return; go over, repeat," from re- "back, again" (see re-) + volvere "to roll," from PIE root *wel- (3) "to turn, revolve." In 15c., "to turn over (in the mind or heart), meditate." Meaning "travel around a central point" first recorded 1660s (earlier "cause to travel in an orbit around a central point," mid-15c.). Related: Revolved; revolving. | وري ولڻ، وري موٽڻ | वरय वलण, वरय मवटण | *wel- (3) Sindhi root (ول، ور) meaning "to turn, revolve," with derivatives referring to curved, enclosing objects. |
| rex (n) | "a king," 1610s, from Latin rex (genitive regis) "a king," related to regere "to keep straight, guide, lead, rule," from PIE root *reg- "move in a straight line," with derivatives meaning "to direct in a straight line," thus "to lead, rule" (source also of Sanskrit raj- "king;" Old Irish ri "king," genitive rig). | راجا، مھندار | रअजअ, महनदअर | *reg- Sindhi root (راج، راڄ) meaning "move in a straight line," with derivatives meaning "to direct in a straight line," thus "to lead, rule." |
| rhyme (n) | "agreement in terminal sounds," 1560s, partially restored spelling, from Middle English ryme, rime (c. 1200) "measure, meter, rhythm," later "rhymed verse" (mid-13c.), from Old French rime (fem.), related to Old Provençal rim (masc.), earlier *ritme, from Latin rithmus, from Greek rhythmos "measured flow or movement, rhythm; proportion, symmetry; arrangement, order; form, shape, wise, manner; soul, disposition," related to rhein "to flow,"from PIE root *sreu- "to flow." | سُر، تار (راڳ جو سُر) | सर, तअर (रअग जव सर) | *sreu- Sindhi root (سر، سير) meaning "to flow." It forms all or part of: amenorrhea; catarrh; diarrhea; gonorrhea; hemorrhoids; maelstrom; rheo-; rheology; rheostat; rheum; rheumatic; rheumatism; rheumatoid; rhinorrhea; rhythm; seborrhea; stream. |
| rhythm | 1550s, "rhymed verse, metrical movement," from Latin rhythmus "movement in time," from Greek rhythmos "measured flow or movement, rhythm; proportion, symmetry; arrangement, order; form, shape, wise, manner; soul, disposition," related to rhein "to flow,"from PIE root *sreu- "to flow." Rhythm method of birth control attested from 1936. Rhythm and blues, U.S. music style, is from 1949 (first in "Billboard"). | رڌم | रधम | *sreu- Sindhi root (سر، سير) meaning "to flow." It forms all or part of: amenorrhea; catarrh; diarrhea; gonorrhea; hemorrhoids; maelstrom; rheo-; rheology; rheostat; rheum; rheumatic; rheumatism; rheumatoid; rhinorrhea; rhythm; seborrhea; stream. |
| rich | Old English rice "strong, powerful; great, mighty; of high rank," in later Old English "wealthy," from Proto-Germanic *rikijaz (source also of Old Norse rikr, Swedish rik, Danish rig, Old Frisian rike "wealthy, mighty," Dutch rijk, Old High German rihhi "ruler, powerful, rich," German reich "rich," Gothic reiks "ruler, powerful, rich"), borrowed from a Celtic source akin to Gaulish *rix, Old Irish ri (genitive rig) "king," from PIE root *reg- "move in a straight line," with derivatives meaning "to direct in a straight line," thus "to lead, rule" (compare rex). | رَچ، رڄ، راڄ وارو | रच, रॼ, रअॼ वअरव | *reg- Sindhi root (راج، راڄ) meaning "move in a straight line," with derivatives meaning "to direct in a straight line," thus "to lead, rule." |
| riddle | "coarse sieve," mid-14c., alteration of late Old English hriddel, a dissimilation of hridder, from Proto-Germanic *hrida- (source also of German Reiter), from PIE root *krei- "to sieve" (source also of Latin cribrum "sieve, riddle," Greek krinein "to separate, distinguish, decide") | ڪِري ڪيل سمجهڻ (ڳجهه) معمو | करय कयल समजहण (गजहह) मअमव | |
| ride | From Middle English riden, from Old English rīdan, from Proto-Germanic *rīdaną, from PIE *reydʰ-. | رٿ | रथ | |
| rig | From Early Modern English rygge, probably of North Germanic origin. Compare Norwegian rigge (“to bind up; wrap around; rig; equip”), Swedish dialectal rigga (“to rig a horse”). Possibly from Proto-Germanic *rik- (“to bind”), from PIE *rign-, *reyg- (“to bind”); or related to Old English *wrīhan, wrīohan, wrēohan, wrēon (“to bind; wrap up; cover”). See also wry (“to cover; clothe; dress; hide”). | رگھ، رگھڻ، چهنبڻ، سُڪ ڪرڻ | रगह, रगहण, चहनबण, सक करण | |
| right | "morally correct," Old English riht "just, good, fair; proper, fitting; straight, not bent, direct, erect," from Proto-Germanic *rehtan (source also of Old Frisian riucht "right," Old Saxon reht, Middle Dutch and Dutch recht, Old High German reht, German recht, Old Norse rettr, Gothic raihts), from PIE root *reg- "move in a straight line," also "to rule, to lead straight, to put right" (source also of Greek orektos "stretched out, upright;" Latin rectus "straight, right;" Old Persian rasta- "straight; right," aršta- "rectitude;" Old Irish recht "law;" Welsh rhaith, Breton reiz "just, righteous, wise"). | راڄتي، ريت، ريتي، | रअॼतय, रयत, रयतय, | *reg- Sindhi root (راج، راڄ) meaning "move in a straight line," with derivatives meaning "to direct in a straight line," thus "to lead, rule." |
| rip (v) | "tear apart," c. 1400, probably of North Sea Germanic origin (compare Flemish rippen "strip off roughly," Frisian rippe "to tear, rip") or else from a Scandinavian source (compare Swedish reppa, Danish rippe "to tear, rip"). In either case, from Proto-Germanic *rupjan-, from PIE root *reup-, *reub- "to snatch." Meaning "to slash open" is from 1570s. Related: Ripped; ripping. | رھڙڻ، رھٽڻ، ڇلڻ | रहड़ण, रहटण, छलण | |
| ritual (adj) | 1560s, from Middle French ritual or directly from Latin ritualis "relating to (religious) rites," from ritus "religious observance or ceremony, custom, usage," perhaps from PIE root *re- "to reason, count." Related: Ritually. | ريت، روايت (مذھبي رسم) | रयत, रवअयत (मज़हबय रसम) | |
| rive (v) | "tear in pieces, strike asunder," c. 1200, from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse rifa "to tear apart" (compare Swedish rifva, Danish rive "scratch, tear"), from PIE root *rei- "to scratch, tear, cut" | رھڙڻ، رھٽڻ، ڇلڻ | रहड़ण, रहटण, छलण | |
| road | From Middle English rode, rade (“ride, journey”), from Old English rād (“riding, hostile incursion”), from Proto-Germanic *raidō (“a ride”), from PIE *reydʰ- (“to ride”). Cognate to raid, a doublet acquired from Scots, and West Frisian reed (paved trail/road, driveway). | رٿ جي بگڙيل شڪل | रथ जय बगड़यल शकल | |
| roar | From Middle English roren, raren, from Old English rārian (“to roar; wail; lament”), from Proto-Germanic *rairijaną (“to bellow; roar”), from PIE *rey- (“to shout; bellow; yell; bark”), perhaps of imitative origin. Cognate with Scots rare, rair (“to roar”), Saterland Frisian roorje (“to roar”), German Low German raren, reren (“to roar; howl”), German röhren (“to roar”). | روڙ (رڙ) راڙ | रवड़ (रड़) रअड़ | |
| rob (v) | late 12c., from Old French rober "rob, steal, pillage, ransack, rape," from West Germanic *rauba "booty" (source also of Old High German roubon "to rob," roub "spoil, plunder;" Old English reafian, source of the reave in bereave), from Proto-Germanic *raubon "to rob," from PIE *runp- "to break". | رونڀ، ڪاھ، ڦُرڻ | रवनभ, कअह, फरण | |
| robot (n) | 1923, from English translation of 1920 play "R.U.R." ("Rossum's Universal Robots"), by Karel Capek (1890-1938), from Czech robotnik "forced worker," from robota "forced labor, compulsory service, drudgery," from robotiti "to work, drudge," from an Old Czech source akin to Old Church Slavonic rabota "servitude," from rabu "slave," from Old Slavic *orbu-, from PIE *orbh- "pass from one status to another" (see orphan). The Slavic word thus is a cousin to German Arbeit "work" (Old High German arabeit). According to Rawson the word was popularized by Karel Capek's play, "but was coined by his brother Josef (the two often collaborated), who used it initially in a short story." | اَرب، (بغير رب جي) پاڻمرادو | अरब, (बग़यर रब जय) पअणमरअदव | |
| rocket | type of self-propelling projectile, 1610s, from Italian rocchetto "a rocket," literally "a bobbin," diminutive of rocca "a distaff," so called because of cylindrical shape. The Italian word probably is from a Germanic source (compare Old High German rocko "distaff," Old Norse rokkr), from Proto-Germanic *rukkon-, from PIE root *rug- "fabric, spun yarn." | رگ، ڌاڳو، جنھن جي ويڙھ جي شڪل سان راڪيٽ لفظ کنيون ويو آھي. | रग, धअगव, जनहन जय वयड़ह जय शकल सअन रअकयट लफ़ज़ कनयवन वयव आहय. | |
| rogue (n) | 1560s, "idle vagrant," perhaps a shortened form of roger (with a hard -g-), thieves' slang for a begging vagabond who pretends to be a poor scholar from Oxford or Cambridge, which is perhaps an agent noun in English from Latin rogare "to ask." Another theory [Klein] traces it to Celtic (compare Breton rog "haughty"); OED says, "There is no evidence of connexion with F. rogue 'arrogant.' " | روڳي، ھاڃيڪار | रवगय, हअञयकअर | |
| rouge (n) | 1753, in cosmetic sense, "blush," from French rouge "red coloring matter," noun use of adjective "red" (12c.), from Latin rubeus, related to ruber "red" (from PIE root *reudh- "red, ruddy"). Replaced native paint in this sense. The verb is attested from 1777. Related: Rouged; rouging. The same word had been borrowed from French in Middle English with the sense "red color; red" (early 15c.). | راڳو، روڳ، ريٽو رنگ | रअगव, रवग, रयटव रनग | *reudh- Sindhi root (ريٽو) meaning "red, ruddy." The only color for which a definite common PIE root word has been found. |
| row | "line of people or things," Old English ræw "a row, line; succession, hedge-row," probably from Proto-Germanic *rai(h)waz (source also of Middle Dutch rie, Dutch rij "row;" Old High German rihan "to thread," riga "line;" German Reihe "row, line, series;" Old Norse rega "string"), possibly from PIE root *rei- "to scratch, tear, cut" (source also of Sanskrit rikhati "scratches," rekha "line"). Meaning "a number of houses in a line" is attested from mid-15c., originally chiefly Scottish and northern English. Phrase a hard row to hoe attested from 1823, American English. | ريکا، لڪير (ريکا واري تصور تحت کنيل لفظ) | रयकअ, लकयर (रयकअ वअरय तसवर तहत कनयल लफ़ज़) | |
| royal | mid-13c., "fit for a king;" late 14c., "pertaining to a king," from Old French roial "royal, regal; splendid, magnificent" (12c., Modern French royal), from Latin regalis "of a king, kingly, royal, regal," from rex (genitive regis) "king," from PIE root *reg- "move in a straight line," with derivatives meaning "to direct in a straight line," thus "to lead, rule." Meaning "thorough, total" attested from 1940s; that of "splendid, first-rate" from 1853. Battle royal (1670s) preserves the French custom of putting the adjective after the noun (as in attorney general); the sense of the adjective here is "on a grand scale" (compare pair-royal "three of a kind in cards or dice," c. 1600). The Royal Oak was a tree in Boscobel in Shropshire in which Charles II hid himself during flight after the Battle of Worcester in 1651. Sprigs of oak were worn to commemorate his restoration in 1660. | راءِ، راول، راڄوال | रअ, रअवल, रअॼवअल | *reg- Sindhi root (راج، راڄ) meaning "move in a straight line," with derivatives meaning "to direct in a straight line," thus "to lead, rule." |
| rubber | "thing that rubs" (a brush, cloth, etc.), 1530s, agent noun from rub (v.). The meaning "elastic substance from tropical plants" (short for India rubber) first recorded 1788, introduced to Europe 1744 by Charles Marie de la Condamine, so called because it originally was used as an eraser. | رٻڙ | रबड़ | |
| rude | late 13c., "coarse, rough" (of surfaces), from Old French ruide (13c.) or directly from Latin rudis "rough, crude, unlearned," a word of uncertain etymology, related to rudus "rubble." The usual preferred derivation is that it is from the same source as Latin rufus "red" (see rufous) via a notion of raw ("red") meat, but de Vaan points out "there is not a shimmer of a meaning 'red' in rudis or in rudus 'rubble', so that the supposed shift from 'crude (meat)' > 'crude' rests in the air." Ultimately from IE *rood | رُڏ | रड | *reudh- Sindhi root (ريٽو) meaning "red, ruddy." The only color for which a definite common PIE root word has been found. The initial -e- in the Greek word is because Greek tends to avoid beginning words with -r-. |
| ruin (n) | late 14c., "act of giving way and falling down," from Old French ruine "a collapse" (14c.), and directly from Latin ruina "a collapse, a rushing down, a tumbling down" (source also of Spanish ruina, Italian rovina), related to ruere "to rush, fall violently, collapse," from PIE *reue- (2) "to smash, knock down, tear out, dig up" (see rough (adj.)). Meaning "complete destruction of anything" is from 1670s. Ruins "remains of a decayed building or town" is from mid-15c.; the same sense was in the Latin plural noun. | رَئڻ، رئي ڇڏڻ، تباھ ڪري ڇڏڻ | रयण, रयय छडण, तबअह करय छडण | |
| rule | c. 1200, "to control, guide, direct," from Old French riuler "impose rule," from Latin regulare "to control by rule, direct," from Latin regula "rule, straight piece of wood," from PIE root *reg- "move in a straight line," with derivatives meaning "to direct in a straight line," thus "to lead, rule." Legal sense "establish by decision" is recorded from early 15c. Meaning "mark with lines" is from 1590s. Meaning "to dominate, prevail" is from 1874. "Rule Brittania," patriotic song, is from 1740. Related: Ruled; ruling. | راڄوڻو، راڄول، | रअॼवणव, रअॼवल, | *reg- Sindhi root (راج، راڄ) meaning "move in a straight line," with derivatives meaning "to direct in a straight line," thus "to lead, rule." |
| rumor (n) | late 14c., from Old French rumor "commotion, widespread noise or report" (Modern French rumeur), from Latin rumorem (nominative rumor) "noise, clamor, common talk, hearsay, popular opinion," related to ravus "hoarse," from PIE *reu- "to bellow." Related: Rumorous. Rumor mill is from 1887. Dutch rumoer, German Rumor are from French. | رَئي جيان، ھوائي، افواھ | रयय जयअन, हवअयय, अफ़वअह | |
| run (v) | the modern verb is a merger of two related Old English words, in both of which the first letters sometimes switched places. The first is intransitive rinnan, irnan "to run, flow, run together" (past tense ran, past participle runnen), cognate with Middle Dutch runnen, Old Saxon, Old High German, Gothic rinnan, German rinnen "to flow, run." The second is Old English transitive weak verb ærnan, earnan "ride, run to, reach, gain by running" (probably a metathesis of *rennan), from Proto-Germanic *rannjanan, causative of the root *ren- "to run." This is cognate with Old Saxon renian, Old High German rennen, German rennen, Gothic rannjan. Both are from PIE *ri-ne-a-, nasalized form of root *rei- "to run, flow" | رَئڻ، ريڙھو، وھڪرو (ھتان ڀڄڻ جو تصور ورتو ويو) | रयण, रयड़हव, वहकरव (हतअन भॼण जव तसवर वरतव वयव) | *rei- Sindhi root (رئي) meaning "to flow, run." It forms all or part of: derive; ember-days; rennet (n.1); Rhine; rialto; rill; rio; rival; rivulet; run; runnel. |
| rust | From Middle English rust, rost, roust, from Old English rust, rūst (“rust”), from Proto-Germanic *rustaz (“rust”), from PIE *rudʰso- (“red”), from PIE *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”). Cognate with Scots roust (“rust”), Saterland Frisian rust (“rust”), West Frisian roast (“rust”), Dutch roest (“rust”), German Rost (“rust”), Danish rust (“rust”), Swedish rost (“rust”), Norwegian rust, ryst (“rust”). Related to red. | ريٽو (رت جھڙو رنگ) | रयटव (रत जहड़व रनग) | *reudh- Sindhi root (ريٽو) meaning "red, ruddy." The only color for which a definite common PIE root word has been found. The initial -e- in the Greek word is because Greek tends to avoid beginning words with -r-. |
| rye | Old English ryge, from Proto-Germanic *ruig (source also of Old Saxon roggo, Old Norse rugr, Old Frisian rogga, Middle Dutch rogghe, Old High German rocko, German Roggen), related to or from Balto-Slavic words (such as Old Church Slavonic ruži, Russian rozh' "rye;" Lithuanian rugys "grain of rye," plural rugiai), from a European PIE root *wrughyo- "rye." Meaning "whiskey" (made from rye) first attested 1835. Rye bread attested from mid-15c. | رائي، رءِ (پراڻي زماني جو فصل، جنھن مان شراب ٺاھيو ويندو ھئو) | रअयय, र (परअणय ज़मअनय जव फ़सल, जनहन मअन शरअब ठअहयव वयनदव हयव) | |
| sad | Old English sæd "sated, full, having had one's fill (of food, drink, fighting, etc.), weary of," from Proto-Germanic *sathaz (source also of Old Norse saðr, Middle Dutch sat, Dutch zad, Old High German sat, German satt, Gothic saþs "satiated, sated, full"), from PIE *seto-, from root *sa- "to satisfy." | سوداءُ | सवदअ | *sa- *sā-, Sindhi root (سا، ساھ، سک) meaning "to satisfy." It forms all or part of: assets; hadron; sad; sate; satiate; satiety; satisfy; satire; saturate; saturation. |
| saint | early 12c., from Old French saint, seinte "a saint; a holy relic," displacing or altering Old English sanct, both from Latin sanctus "holy, consecrated" (used as a noun in Late Latin; also source of Spanish santo, santa, Italian san, etc.), properly past participle of sancire "consecrate" (see sacred). Adopted into most Germanic languages (Old Frisian sankt, Dutch sint, German Sanct). | سنت | सनत | |
| salary (n) | late 13c., "compensation, payment," whether periodical, for regular service or for a specific service; from Anglo-French salarie, Old French salaire "wages, pay, reward," from Latin salarium "an allowance, a stipend, a pension," said to be originally "salt-money, soldier's allowance for the purchase of salt" [Lewis & Short] noun use of neuter of adjective salarius "of or pertaining to salt; yearly revenue from the sale of salt;" as a noun, "a dealer in salt fish," from sal (genitive salis) "salt" (from PIE root *sal- "salt"). The Via Salaria was so called because the Sabines used it to fetch sea-salt near the Porta Collina. Japanese sarariman "male salaried worker," literally "salary-man," is from English. | سلوڻي، پگهار (سلوڻو لوڻ جي اپت) | सलवणय, पगहअर (सलवणव लवण जय अपत) | *sal- Sindhi root (سلوڻ، لوڻ) meaning "salt." It forms all or part of: hali-; halide; halieutic; halite; halo-; halogen; sal; salad; salami; salary; saline; salmagundi; salsa; salsify; salt; salt-cellar; saltpeter; sauce; sausage; silt; souse. |
| saline (adj) | "made of salt," c. 1500, probably from a Latin word related to salinum "salt cellar" and salinae "salt pits," from sal (genitive salis) "salt" (from PIE root *sal- "salt"). Also in Middle English as a noun meaning "salt pit" (13c.). Saline solution attested from 1833. | لوڻيل، لوڻ مان ٺھيل | लवणयल, लवण मअन ठहयल | *sal- Sindhi root (سلوڻ، لوڻ) meaning "salt." |
| salt | Old English sealt "salt" (n.; also as an adjective, "salty, briny"), from Proto-Germanic *saltom (source also of Old Saxon, Old Norse, Old Frisian, Gothic salt, Dutch zout, German Salz), from PIE root *sal- "salt." | سلوڻو | सलवणव | *sal- Sindhi root (سلوڻ، لوڻ) meaning "salt." |
| same | perhaps abstracted from Old English swa same "the same as," but more likely from Old Norse same, samr "same," both from Proto-Germanic *samaz "same" (source also of Old Saxon, Old High German, Gothic sama, Old High German samant, German samt "together, with," Gothic samana "together," Dutch zamelen "to collect," German zusammen "together"), from PIE *samos "same," from suffixed form of root *sem- (1) "one; as one, together with." | سَمُ (هڪجهڙو) | सम (हकजहड़व) | *sem- (1) Sindhi root (سم، برابر، پورو، ھڪ ڪرو) meaning "one; as one, together with." |
| sause (n) | mid-14c., from Old French sauce, sausse, from Latin salsa "things salted, salt food," noun use of fem. singular or neuter plural of adjective salsus "salted," from past participle of Old Latin sallere "to salt," from sal (genitive salis) "salt" (from PIE root *sal- "salt"). Meaning "something which adds piquancy to words or actions" is recorded from c. 1500; sense of "impertinence" first recorded 1835 (see saucy, and compare sass). Slang meaning "liquor" first attested 1940. | ساسڙو (سلوڻو) کٽائي، چٽڻي | सअसड़व (सलवणव) कटअयय, चटणय | *sal- Sindhi root (سلوڻ، لوڻ) meaning "salt." |
| say (v) | Old English secgan "to utter, inform, speak, tell, relate," from Proto-Germanic *sagjanan (source also of Old Saxon seggian, Old Norse segja, Danish sige, Old Frisian sedsa, Middle Dutch segghen, Dutch zeggen, Old High German sagen, German sagen "to say"), from PIE *sokwyo-, from root *sekw- (3) "to say, utter" (source also of Hittite shakiya- "to declare," Lithuanian sakyti "to say," Old Church Slavonic sociti "to vindicate, show," Old Irish insce "speech," Old Latin inseque "to tell say"). | سَلڻ سُڻائِڻ(ٻڌائڻ) | सलण सणअयण(बधअयण) | |
| scar (n) | "bare and broken rocky face of a cliff or mountain," 1670s, earlier "rock, crag" (14c.), from Old Norse sker "isolated rock or low reef in the sea," from Proto-Germanic *sker- "to cut" (from PIE root *sker- (1) "to cut") on the notion of "something cut off." | ڪٽ جو نشان | कट जव नशअन | *sker- (1) also *ker-, Sindhi root (ڪرٽ، چير، ڪپ، ڪٽ) meaning "to cut." It forms all or part of: bias; carnage; carnal; carnation; carnival; carnivorous; carrion; cenacle; charcuterie; charnel; corium; cortex; crone; cuirass; currier; curt; decorticate; excoriate; incarnadine; incarnate; incarnation; kirtle; scabbard; scar (n.2) "bare and broken rocky face of a cliff or mountain;" scaramouche; scarf (n.2) "connecting joint;" scarp; score; scrabble; scrap (n.1) "small piece;" scrape; screen; screw; scrimmage; scrofula; scrub (n.1) "low, stunted tree;" scurf; shard; share (n.1) "portion;" share (n.2) "iron blade of a plow;" sharp; shear; shears; sheer (adj.) "absolute, utter;" shirt; shore (n.) "land bordering a large body of water;" short; shrub; skerry; skirmish; skirt. |
| schizo- | word-forming element meaning "division; split, cleavage," from Latinized form of Greek skhizo-, combining form of skhizein "to split, cleave, part, separate," from PIE root *skei- "to cut, split." | چير ڦاڙ | चयर फअड़ | *skei- Sindhi root (چير) meaning "to cut, split," extension of root *sek- "to cut." It forms all or part of: abscissa; conscience; conscious; ecu; escudo; escutcheon; esquire; nescience; nescient; nice; omniscience; omniscient; plebiscite; prescience; prescient; rescind; rescission; science; scienter; scilicet; sciolist; scission; schism; schist; schizo-; schizophrenia; scudo; sheath; sheathe; sheave (n.) "grooved wheel to receive a cord, pulley;" shed (v.) "cast off;" shin (n.) "fore part of the lower leg;" shingle (n.1) "thin piece of wood;" shit (v.); shive; shiver (n.1) "small piece, splinter, fragment, chip;" shoddy; shyster; skene; ski; skive (v.1) "split or cut into strips, pare off, grind away;" squire. |
| school | "place of instruction," Old English scol, from Latin schola "intermission of work, leisure for learning; learned conversation, debate; lecture; meeting place for teachers and students, place of instruction; disciples of a teacher, body of followers, sect," from Greek skhole "spare time, leisure, rest, ease; idleness; that in which leisure is employed; learned discussion;" also "a place for lectures, school;" originally "a holding back, a keeping clear," from skhein "to get" (from PIE root *segh- "to hold") + -ole by analogy with bole "a throw," stole "outfit," etc. The original notion is "leisure," which passed to "otiose discussion" (in Athens or Rome the favorite or proper use for free time), then "place for such discussion." The Latin word was widely borrowed (Old French escole, French école, Spanish escuela, Italian scuola, Old High German scuola, German Schule, Swedish skola, Gaelic sgiol, Welsh ysgol, Russian shkola). Translated in Old English as larhus, literally "lore house," but this seems to have been a glossary word only. Meaning "students attending a school" in English is attested from c. 1300; sense of "school building" is first recorded 1590s. Sense of "people united by a general similarity of principles and methods" is from 1610s; hence school of thought (1864). School of hard knocks "rough experience in life" is recorded from 1912 (in George Ade); to tell tales out of school "betray damaging secrets" is from 1540s. School bus is from 1908. School days is from 1590s. School board from 1870. | سگھ، سگھ ۽ سکيا ڏيندڙ ادارو سگھارو ڪندڙ | सगह, सगह ۽ सकयअ डयनदड़ अदअरव सगहअरव कनदड़ | *segh- Sindhi root (سگھ، سوگھ) meaning "to hold." |
| school (n) | "group of fish," late 14c., scole, from Middle Dutch schole (Dutch school) "group of fish or other animals," cognate with Old English scolu "band, troop, crowd of fish," from West Germanic *skulo- (source also of Old Saxon scola "troop, multitude," West Frisian skoal), perhaps with a literal sense of "division," from PIE root *skel- (1) "to cut." Compare shoal (n.2)). For possible sense development, compare section (n.) from Latin secare "to cut." | ڇال، مڇين جو ولر | छअल, मछयन जव वलर | *skel- (1) also *kel-, Sindhi root (ڇال) meaning "to cut." |
| science | mid-14c., "what is known, knowledge (of something) acquired by study; information;" also "assurance of knowledge, certitude, certainty," from Old French science "knowledge, learning, application; corpus of human knowledge" (12c.), from Latin scientia "knowledge, a knowing; expertness," from sciens (genitive scientis) "intelligent, skilled," present participle of scire "to know," probably originally "to separate one thing from another, to distinguish," related to scindere "to cut, divide," from PIE root *skei- "to cut, split" (source also of Greek skhizein "to split, rend, cleave," Gothic skaidan, Old English sceadan "to divide, separate"). | سيک، (ڪپڻ) سئي سان (سھي سان) ڄاڻ، سڻس، اھو علم جيڪو پنھنجي حواسن ذريعي سھي ڪري سگھجي. | सयक, (कपण) सयय सअन (सहय सअन) ॼअण, सणस, अहव अलम जयकव पनहनजय हवअसन ज़रयअय सहय करय सगहजय. | *skei- Sindhi root (چير) meaning "to cut, split," extension of root *sek- "to cut." It forms all or part of: abscissa; conscience; conscious; ecu; escudo; escutcheon; esquire; nescience; nescient; nice; omniscience; omniscient; plebiscite; prescience; prescient; rescind; rescission; science; scienter; scilicet; sciolist; scission; schism; schist; schizo-; schizophrenia; scudo; sheath; sheathe; sheave (n.) "grooved wheel to receive a cord, pulley;" shed (v.) "cast off;" shin (n.) "fore part of the lower leg;" shingle (n.1) "thin piece of wood;" shit (v.); shive; shiver (n.1) "small piece, splinter, fragment, chip;" shoddy; shyster; skene; ski; skive (v.1) "split or cut into strips, pare off, grind away;" squire. |
| seam | Old English seam "seam, suture, junction," from Proto-Germanic *saumaz (source also of Old Frisian sam "hem, seam," Old Norse saumr, Middle Dutch som, Dutch zoom, Old High German soum, German Saum "hem"), from PIE root *syu- "to bind, sew." Meaning "raised band of stitching on a ball" is recorded from 1888. Geological use is from 1590s. | سيم، حد، پسگردائي جي حد مڪان | सयम, हद, पसगरदअयय जय हद मकअन | *syu- syū-, also sū:-, Sindhi root (سئه، سيب) meaning "to bind, sew." |
| season (n) | c. 1300, "a period of the year," with reference to weather or work, also "proper time, suitable occasion," from Old French seison, also saison "season, date; right moment, appropriate time" (Modern French saison) "a sowing, planting," from Latin sationem (nominative satio) "a sowing, planting," noun of action from past participle stem of serere "to sow" (from PIE root *sē- "to sow"). | سھڻ جي مند، مند | सहण जय मनद, मनद | *sē- Sindhi root (سيھ، ٻيج) meaning "to sow." It forms all or part of: disseminate; inseminate; seed; seme (adj.); semen; seminal; seminar; seminary; semination; sinsemilla; sow (v.); season. |
| secretary | late 14c., "person entrusted with secrets," from Medieval Latin secretarius "clerk, notary, confidential officer, confidant," a title applied to various confidential officers, noun use of adjective meaning "private, secret, pertaining to private or secret matters" (compare Latin secretarium "a council-chamber, conclave, consistory"), from Latin secretum "a secret, a hidden thing" (see secret (n.)). Meaning "person who keeps records, write letters, etc.," originally for a king, first recorded c. 1400. As title of ministers presiding over executive departments of state, it is from 1590s. The word also is used in both French and English to mean "a private desk," sometimes in French form secretaire. The South African secretary bird so called (1786) in reference to its crest, which, when smooth, resembles a pen stuck over the ear. Compare Late Latin silentiarius "privy councilor, 'silentiary," from Latin silentium "a being silent." | نائب، جيڪو ڳجه رکندڙ ھجي، ڪِري ڪيل شيون سنڀالي رکي، ڳجهن ڪمن ۾ مددگار | नअयब, जयकव गजह रकनदड़ हजय, करय कयल शयवन सनभअलय रकय, गजहन कमन में मददगअर | *krei- Sindhi root (ڪري، ڪريل) meaning "to sieve," thus "discriminate, distinguish." |
| sect | mid-14c., "distinctive system of beliefs or observances; party or school within a religion," from Old French secte, sete "sect, religious community," or directly from Late Latin secta "religious group, sect in philosophy or religion," from Latin secta "manner, mode, following, school of thought," literally "a way, road, beaten path," from fem. of sectus, variant past participle of sequi "follow," from PIE root *sekw- (1) "to follow." Confused in this sense with Latin secta, fem. past participle of secare "to cut" (from PIE root *sek- "to cut"). Meaning "separately organized religious body" is recorded from 1570s. | چاڪيل (سيکاٽ + چاڪ) مڃيندڙن جو ٻين کان جدا ڪيل لڏو (فرقو) | चअकयल (सयकअट + चअक) मञयनदड़न जव बयन कअन जदअ कयल लडव (फ़रक़व) | *sekw- (1) Sindhi root (سِک) meaning "to follow." |
| seduce | 1520s, "to persuade a vassal, etc., to desert his allegiance or service," from Latin seducere "lead away, lead astray," from se- "aside, away" (see secret (n.)) + ducere "to lead," from PIE root *deuk- "to lead." Sexual sense, now the prevailing one, is attested from 1550s and apparently was not in Latin. Originally "entice (a woman) to a surrender of chastity." Related: Seduced; seducing. | ڌاڪڻ، جنسي لحاظ سان اڳڀرائي ڪرڻ | धअकण, जनसय लहअज़ सअन अगभरअयय करण | *deuk- Sindhi root (ڌاڪ، ديوڪ) meaning "to lead." |
| see | Old English seon "to see, look, behold; observe, perceive, understand; experience, visit, inspect" (contracted class V strong verb; past tense seah, past participle sewen), from Proto-Germanic *sehwanan (source also of Old Saxon, Old High German sehan, Middle High German, German sehen, Old Frisian sia, Middle Dutch sien, Old Norse sja, Gothic saihwan), from PIE root *sekw- (2) "to see," which is probably identical with *sekw- (1) "to follow" (see sequel), a root which produced words for "say" in Greek and Latin, and also words for "follow" (such as Latin sequor), but "opinions differ in regard to the semantic starting-point and sequences" [Buck]. Thus see might originally mean "follow with the eyes." | سيهو | सयहव | *sekw- (1) Sindhi root (سِک) meaning "to follow." |
| seer | Old English sēon, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch zien and German sehen, perhaps from an Indo-European *si"arneh, root shared by Latin sequi ‘follow’. | سياڻو | सयअणव | *sekw- (1) Sindhi root (سِک) meaning "to follow." |
| semen | From Middle English semen, from Latin sēmen (“seed”), from PIE *seh₁- (“to sow; plant”). | سُھ (ھلڪي پوک) سُھو | सह (हलकय पवक) सहव | *sē- Sindhi root (سيھ، ٻيج) meaning "to sow." It forms all or part of: disseminate; inseminate; seed; seme (adj.); semen; seminal; seminar; seminary; semination; sinsemilla; sow (v.); season. |
| semester | 1827, from German Semester "half-year course in a university," from Latin semestris, in cursus semestris "course of six months," from semestris, semenstris "of six months, lasting six months, half-yearly, semi-annual," from sex "six" (see six) + mensis "month" (see moon (n.)). Related: Semestral; semestrial. | ڇھ مونڌرو، ڇماھي | छह मवनधरव, छमअहय | *me- (2) *mē-, Sindhi root (مئه، مئڻ) meaning "to measure." Some words may belong instead to root *med- "to take appropriate measures." |
| senate | c. 1200, "legal and administrative body of ancient Rome," from Old French senat or Latin senatus "highest council of the state in ancient Rome," literally "council of elders," from senex (genitive senis) "old man, old" (from PIE root *sen- "old"). Attested from late 14c. in reference to governing bodies of free cities in Europe; of national governing bodies from 1550s; specific sense of upper house of U.S. legislature is recorded from 1775. | سائين جو سٿ، مٿاھين درجي جي ويھڪ | सअययन जव सथ, मथअहयन दरजय जय वयहक | *sen- Sindhi root (سائين) meaning "old." It forms all or part of: monseigneur; seignior; senate; senescent; seneschal; senicide; senile; senility; senior; seniority; senor; senora; senorita; shanachie; Shannon; signor; sir; sire; surly. |
| serum | 1670s, "watery animal fluid," from Latin serum "watery fluid, whey," from PIE verbal stem *ser- "to run, flow" (source also of Greek oros "whey;" Sanskrit sarah "flowing, liquid," sarit "brook, river"). First applied 1893 to blood serum used in medical treatments. | سِير، پاڻياٺ جو وھڪرو | सयर, पअणयअठ जव वहकरव | |
| serve | late 12c., "to render habitual obedience to," also "minister, give aid, give help," from Old French servir "to do duty toward, show devotion to; set table, serve at table; offer, provide with," from Latin servire "be a servant, be in service, be enslaved;" figuratively "be devoted; be governed by; comply with; conform; flatter," originally "be a slave," related to servus "slave," which is of uncertain origin. Perhaps from Etruscan (compare Etruscan proper names Servi, Serve, Latinized as Servius), but de Vaan says it is from Proto-Italic *serwo- "shepherd," *serwā- "observation," from PIE *seruo- "guardian" (source also of Avestan haraiti "heeds, protects"): | سار، سنڀال | सअर, सनभअल | |
| set (v) | Old English settan (transitive) "cause to sit, put in some place, fix firmly; build, found; appoint, assign," from Proto-Germanic *(bi)satejanan "to cause to sit, set" (source also of Old Norse setja, Swedish sätta, Old Saxon settian, Old Frisian setta, Dutch zetten, German setzen, Gothic satjan), causative form of PIE *sod-, a variant of root *sed- (1) "to sit." | سٿ، اسٿا، سٿ ڪرڻ | सथ, असथअ, सथ करण | *sed- (1) Sindhi root (سٿ) meaning "to sit." It forms all or part of: assess; assiduous; assiento; assize; banshee; beset; cathedra; cathedral; chair; cosset; dissident; dodecahedron; Eisteddfod; ephedra; ephedrine; ersatz; icosahedron; inset; insidious; nest; niche; nick (n.) |
| settle | "long bench," 1550s, from Middle English setle "a seat," from Old English setl "a seat, stall; position, abode; setting of a heavenly body," related to sittan "to sit," from Proto-Germanic *setla- (source also of Middle Low German, Middle Dutch setel, Dutch zetel, German Sessel, Gothic sitls), from PIE *sedla- (source also of Latin sella "seat, chair," Old Church Slavonic sedlo "saddle," Old English sadol "saddle"), from root *sed- (1) "to sit." | سٿائڻ، اسٿاڻ، سٿڻ، آباد ڪرڻ | सथअयण, असथअण, सथण, आबअद करण | *sed- (1) Sindhi root (سٿ) meaning "to sit." It forms all or part of: assess; assiduous; assiento; assize; banshee; beset; cathedra; cathedral; chair; cosset; dissident; dodecahedron; Eisteddfod; ephedra; ephedrine; ersatz; icosahedron; inset; insidious; nest; niche; nick (n.) |
| severe (adj) | 1540s, from Middle French severe (12c., Modern French sévère) or directly from Latin severus "serious, grave, strict, austere," which is probably from PIE root *segh- "to have, hold," on the notion of "steadfastness, toughness." From 1660s with reference to styles or tastes; from 1725 of diseases. | سوگهي، تنگي | सवगहय, तनगय | *segh- Sindhi root (سگھ، سوگھ) meaning "to hold." |
| sew | Old English siwian "to stitch, sew, mend, patch, knit together," earlier siowian, from Proto-Germanic *siwjanan (source also of Old Norse syja, Swedish sy, Danish sye, Old Frisian sia, Old High German siuwan, Gothic siujan "to sew"), from PIE root *syu- "to bind, sew." Related: Sewed; sewing. To sew (something) up "bring it to a conclusion" is a figurative use attested by 1904. | سوڻ، سبڻ | सवण, सबण | *syu- syū-, also sū:-, Sindhi root (سئه، سيب) meaning "to bind, sew." |
| sewer (n) | c. 1400, "conduit," from Anglo-French sewere, Old North French sewiere "sluice from a pond" (13c.), literally "something that makes water flow," from shortened form of Gallo-Roman *exaquaria (source of Middle French esseveur), from Latin ex "out" (see ex-) + aquaria, fem. of aquarius "pertaining to water," from aqua "water" (from PIE root *akwa- "water"). Specifically of underground channels for wastewater from c. 1600; figurative use of this is from 1640s. | پاڻيءَ جو نيڪاس | पअणय जव नयकअस | *akwa- *akwā-, Sindhi root (اُپ، اٻ، پاڻي) meaning "water." |
| shave (n) | Old English sceafan (strong verb, past tense scof, past participle scafen), "to scrape, shave, polish," from Proto-Germanic *skaban (source also of Old Norse skafa, Middle Dutch scaven, German schaben, Gothic skaban "scratch, shave, scrape"), from PIE *skabh-, collateral form of root *(s)kep- "to cut, to scrape, to hack" (see scabies). Related: Shaved; shaving. Original strong verb status is preserved in past tense form shaven. Specifically in reference to cutting the hair close from mid-13c. Figurative sense of "to strip (someone) of money or possessions" is attested from late 14c. | ڪپڻ، وار ڪوڙڻ | कपण, वअर कवड़ण | |
| shell | Old English sciell, scill, Anglian scell "seashell, eggshell," related to Old English scealu "shell, husk," from Proto-Germanic *skaljo "piece cut off; shell; scale" (source also of West Frisian skyl "peel, rind," Middle Low German schelle "pod, rind, egg shell," Gothic skalja "tile"), with the shared notion of "covering that splits off," from PIE root *skel- (1) "to cut." Italian scaglia "chip" is from Germanic. | ڇل، ڇوڏو، ڇلڻ وارو کوپو | छल, छवडव, छलण वअरव कवपव | *skel- (1) also *kel-, Sindhi root (ڇال) meaning "to cut." It forms all or part of: coulter; cutlass; half; halve; scale (n.1) "skin plates on fish or snakes;" scale (n.2) "weighing instrument;" scalene; scallop; scalp; scalpel; school (n.2) "group of fish;" sculpture; shale; sheldrake; shelf; shell; shield; shoal (n.2) "large number;" skoal; skill. |
| sick | From Middle English sik, sike, seek, seke, seok, from Old English sēoc (“sick; ill”), from Proto-Germanic *seukaz (compare West Frisian siik, Dutch ziek, German siech, Norwegian Bokmål syk, Norwegian Nynorsk sjuk), from PIE *sewg- (“to be troubled or grieved”); compare Middle Irish socht (“silence, depression”), Old Armenian հիւծանիմ (hiwcanim, “I am weakening”). | سوڳ، دک، پريشان | सवग, दक, परयशअन | |
| silver (n) | Old English seolfor, Mercian sylfur "silver; money," from Proto-Germanic *silabur- (source also of Old Saxon silvbar, Old Frisian selover, Old Norse silfr, Middle Dutch silver, Dutch zilver, Old High German silabar, German silber "silver; money," Gothic silubr "silver"), which is of uncertain origin. It seems to be Germanic/Balto-Slavic (source also of Old Church Slavonic s(u)rebo, Russian serebro, Polish srebro, Lithuanian sidabras "silver"), but has long been presumed to be a Wanderwort (a loan-word that has spread among several languages) displacing the usual IE word for the metal (represented by Latin argentum; see argent). | چاندي، ارجن، چمڪ | चअनदय, अरजन, चमक | *arg- Sindhi root (ارج، اڇاڻ، چاندي) meaning "to shine; white," hence "silver" as the shining or white metal. |
| similar | "having characteristics in common," 1610s (earlier similary, 1560s), from French similaire, from a Medieval Latin extended form of Latin similis "like, resembling, of the same kind," from Old Latin semol "together," from PIE root *sem- (1) "one; as one, together with." The noun meaning "that which is similar" is from 1650s. Related: Similarly. | سم، برابر ، پورو ، هم وزن ، هڪ جهڙو ، يَڪسان ، هَمسَر ، مَٽ ، ثاني ، هڪ جيترو ، هڪ جيڏو ، سڀ. | सम, बरअबर , पवरव , हम वज़न , हक जहड़व , यकसअन , हमसर , मट , सअनय , हक जयतरव , हक जयडव , सभ. | *sem- (1) Sindhi root (سم، برابر، پورو، ھڪ ڪرو) meaning "one; as one, together with." |
| sing | Old English singan "to chant, sing, celebrate, or tell in song," also used of birds (class III strong verb; past tense sang, past participle sungen), from Proto-Germanic *sengwan (source also of Old Saxon singan, Old Frisian sionga, Middle Dutch singhen, Dutch zingen, Old High German singan, German singen, Gothic siggwan, Old Norse syngva, Swedish sjunga), from PIE root *sengwh- "to sing, make an incantation." The criminal slang sense of "to confess to authorities" is attested from 1610s. | سنگ، سنگيت، راڳ ويراڳ | सनग, सनगयत, रअग वयरअग | |
| sire | c. 1200, title placed before a name and denoting knighthood, from Old French sire "lord (appellation), sire, my lord," from Vulgar Latin *seior, from Latin senior "older, elder," from PIE root *sen- "old." Standing alone and meaning "your majesty" it is attested from early 13c. General sense of "important elderly man" is from mid-14c.; that of "father, male parent" is from mid-13c. | سائين (شان ۽ مان جو لقب) | सअययन (शअन ۽ मअन जव लक़ब) | *sen- Sindhi root (سائين) meaning "old." It forms all or part of: monseigneur; seignior; senate; senescent; seneschal; senicide; senile; senility; senior; seniority; senor; senora; senorita; shanachie; Shannon; signor; sir; sire; surly. |
| six | From Middle English six, from Old English syx, siex, from Proto-Germanic *sehs, from PIE *swéḱs. Compare West Frisian seis, Dutch zes, Low German söss, sess, German sechs, Norwegian and Danish seks, also Latin sex, Sanskrit षष् (ṣaṣ). | ڇهه | छहह | |
| slide (v) | Old English slidan (intransitive, past tense slad, past participle sliden) "to glide, slip, fall, fall down;" figuratively "fail, lapse morally, err; be transitory or unstable," from Proto-Germanic *slidan "to slip, slide" (source also of Old High German slito, German Schlitten "sleigh, sled"), from PIE root *sleidh- "to slide, slip" (source also of Lithuanian slysti "to glide, slide," Old Church Slavonic sledu "track," Greek olisthos "slipperiness," olisthanein "to slip," Middle Irish sloet "slide"). Meaning "slip, lose one's footing" is from early 13c. Transitive sense from 1530s. Phrase let (something) slide "let it take its own course, take no consideration of" is in Chaucer (late 14c.) and Shakespeare. Sliding scale in reference to payments, etc., is from 1842. | سڻڀي، سرڪڻي | सणभय, सरकणय | |
| slip (n) | "potter's clay," mid-15c., "mud, slime," from Old English slypa, slyppe "slime, paste, pulp, soft semi-liquid mass," related to slupan "to slip" (from PIE root *sleubh- "to slide, slip"). | سڻڀ، سيلڀ | सणभ, सयलभ | |
| slot | "bar or bolt used to fasten a door, window, etc.," c. 1300, from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German slot (compare Old Norse slot, Old High German sloz, German Schloss "bolt, bar, lock, castle;" Old Saxon slutil "key," Dutch slot "a bolt, lock, castle"), from Proto-Germanic stem *slut- "to close" (source also of Old Frisian sluta, Dutch sluiten, Old High German sliozan, German schliessen "to shut, close, bolt, lock"), from PIE root *klau- "hook," also "peg, nail, pin," all things used as locks or bolts in primitive structures. | ڪِلو، بندڻو | कलव, बनदणव | *klau- also *kleu-, klēu-, Sindhi root (ڪلو) meaning "hook, crook," also "crooked or forked branch" (used as a bar or bolt in primitive structures). |
| smirk (v) | Old English smearcian "to smile." No exact cognates in other languages, but probably related to smerian "to laugh at, scorn," from Proto-Germanic *smer-, *smar-, variant of PIE *smei- "to smile;" see smile (v.), which after c. 1500 gradually restricted smirk to the unpleasant sense "smile affectedly; grin in a malicious or smug way." In some 18c. glossaries smirk is still simply "to smile." Related: Smirked; smirking. The noun is recorded by 1560s. | مرڪڻ (مسڪائڻ) | मरकण (मसकअयण) | |
| snow | From Middle English snow, snaw, from Old English snāw (“snow”), from Proto-Germanic *snaiwaz (“snow”), from PIE *snóygʷʰos (“snow”), from the root *sneygʷʰ-. Cognate with Scots snaw (“snow”), West Frisian snie (“snow”), Dutch sneeuw (“snow”), German Schnee (“snow”), Danish sne (“snow”), Norwegian snø (“snow”), Swedish snö (“snow”), Icelandic snjór (“snow”), Latin nix (“snow”), Russian снег (sneg), Ancient Greek νίφα (nípha), dialectal Albanian nehë (“place where the snow melts”), Sanskrit स्नेह (snéha, “oil, grease”). | سڻڀ، سڻڀو (ڌرتيءَ تي برفباريءَ جي ڪري ترڪڻ واري حالت جي ڪري گهڻو ڪري اھو نالو پيو آھي) | सणभ, सणभव (धरतय तय बरफ़बअरय जय करय तरकण वअरय हअलत जय करय गहणव करय अहव नअलव पयव आहय) | |
| so | From Middle English so, swo, zuo, swa, swe, from Old English swā, swǣ, swē (“so, as, the same, such, that”), from Proto-Germanic *swa, *swē (“so”), from PIE *swē, *swō (reflexive pronomial stem). Cognate with Scots sae (“so”), West Frisian sa (“so”), Low German so (“so”), Dutch zo (“so”), German so (“so”), Danish så (“so”), Norwegian Nynorsk so, Swedish så ("so, such that"), Old Latin suad (“so”), Albanian sa (“how much, so, as”), Ancient Greek ὡς (hōs, “as”). | سو | सव | |
| soap | Old English sape "soap, salve" (originally a reddish hair dye used by Germanic warriors to give a frightening appearance), from Proto-Germanic *saipon "dripping thing, resin" (source also of Middle Low German sepe, West Frisian sjippe, Dutch zeep, Old High German seiffa, German seife "soap," Old High German seifar "foam," Old English sipian "to drip"), from PIE *soi-bon-, from root *seib- "to pour out, drip, trickle" (source also of Latin sebum "tallow, suet, grease"). | صابڻ، ساڀڻ، | सअबण, सअभण, | |
| socket (n) | c. 1300, "spearhead" (originally one shaped like a plowshare), from Anglo-French soket "spearhead, plowshare" (mid-13c.), diminutive of Old French soc "plowshare," from Vulgar Latin *soccus, perhaps from a Gaulish source, from Celtic *sukko- (source also of Welsh swch "plowshare," Middle Irish soc "plowshare"), properly "hog's snout," from PIE *su- "pig" (source also of Latin sus "swine;" see sow (n.) "female pig"). | سوئر جي ناسن جھڙو (سوئر جي نڪ جي شڪل تي ٺھيل) | सवयर जय नअसन जहड़व (सवयर जय नक जय शकल तय ठहयल) | |
| somber (adj) | 1760 "gloomy, shadowy" (earlier sombrous, c. 1730), from French sombre "dark, gloomy," from Old French sombre (14c.), from an adjective from Late Latin subumbrare "to shadow," from sub "under" (see sub-) + umbra "shade, shadow," perhaps from a suffixed form of PIE *andho- "blind, dark" (see umbrage). Related: Somberly; somberness. | انڌ، ڇانو، اوندھ (انڌو لفظ مان نڪتل) | अनध, छअनव, अवनदह (अनधव लफ़ज़ मअन नकतल) | *andho- Sindhi root (انڌو) meaning "blind". It forms all or part of: umbrella. |
| sonic (adj) | 1923, from Latin sonus "sound" (from PIE root *swen- "to sound") + -ic. Sonic boom is attested from 1952. | سيڻ وارو، سڏ (آواز) | सयण वअरव, सड (आवअज़) | *swen- also swenə-, Sindhi root meaning (سيڻ، سڏ) "to sound." |
| sooth | From Middle English sooth, from Old English sōþ (“truth; true, actual, real”), from Proto-Germanic *sanþaz (“truth; true”), from PIE *h₁sónts, *h₁s-ont- (“being, existence, real, true”), from PIE *h₁es- (“to be”). Akin to Old Saxon sōþ (“true”), Old High German sand (“true”), Old Norse sannr (“true”), Gothic 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 (sunja, “truth”), Old English sēon (“to be”), Old English synn (“sin, guilt"; literally, "being the one guilty”). | سچ | सच | |
| sore | From Middle English sor, from Old English sār (“ache, wound”, noun) and sār (“painful, grievous”, adjective), from Proto-Germanic *sairą (noun) (compare Dutch zeer (“sore, ache”), Danish sår (“wound”)), and *sairaz (“sore”, adjective) (compare German sehr (“very”)), from PIE *sh₂eyro-, enlargement of *sh₂ey- (“to be fierce, afflict”) (compare Hittite [script needed] (sāwar, “anger”), Welsh hoed (“pain”), Ancient Greek αἱμωδία (haimōdía, “sensation of having teeth on edge”)). | سور | सवर | |
| sorrow | From Middle English sorow, sorwe, from Old English sorh, sorg, from Proto-Germanic *surgō (compare West Frisian soarch, Dutch zorg, German Sorge, Danish and Norwegian sorg), from PIE *swergʰ- (“watch over, worry; be ill, suffer”) (compare Old Irish serg (“sickness”), Tocharian B sark (“sickness”), Lithuanian sirgti (“be sick”), Sanskrit सूर्क्षति (sū́rkṣati, “worry”). | سوڳ، دک، پريشان | सवग, दक, परयशअन | |
| sorry | From Middle English sory, from Old English sāriġ (“feeling or expressing grief, sorry, grieved, sorrowful, sad, mournful, bitter”), from Proto-Germanic *sairagaz (“sad”), from PIE *sayǝw- *sowr (“hard, rough, painful”), equivalent to sore + -y. Cognate with Scots sairie (“sad, grieved”), West Frisian searich (“sad, sorry”), Low German serig (“sick, scabby”), German dialectal sehrig (“sore, sad, painful”), Swedish sårig. More at sore. | سُور، تڪليف يا دک جي ڪيفيت | सवर, तकलयफ़ यअ दक जय कयफ़यत | |
| sound (n) | "noise, what is heard, sensation produced through the ear," late 13c., soun, from Old French son "sound, musical note, voice," from Latin sonus "sound, a noise," from PIE *swon-o-, from root *swen- "to sound." | سڏ، سيڻ (آواز) | सड, सयण (आवअज़) | *swen- also swenə-, Sindhi root meaning (سيڻ، سڏ) "to sound." |
| sovereign (adj) | early 14c., "great, superior, supreme," from Old French soverain "highest, supreme, chief," from Vulgar Latin *superanus "chief, principal" (source also of Spanish soberano, Italian soprano), from Latin super "over" (from PIE root *uper "over"). Spelling influenced by folk-etymology association with reign. Milton spelled it sovran, as though from Italian sovrano. Of remedies or medicines, "potent in a high degree," from late 14c. | سپر، سٻڙ يا مٿاھين اھليت | सपर, सबड़ यअ मथअहयन अहलयत | *uper Sindhi root (اپر، اڀر) meaning "over." |
| sow (n) | Old English sugu, su "female of the swine," from Proto-Germanic *su- (source also of Old Saxon, Old High German su, German Sau, Dutch zeug, Old Norse syr), from PIE root *su- (source also of Sanskrit sukarah "wild boar, swine;" Avestan hu "wild boar;" Greek hys "swine;" Latin sus "swine," swinus "pertaining to swine;" Old Church Slavonic svinija "swine;" Lettish sivens "young pig;" Welsh hucc, Irish suig "swine; Old Irish socc "snout, plowshare"), possibly imitative of pig noise, a notion reinforced by the fact that Sanskrit sukharah means "maker of (the sound) 'su.' " Related to swine. As a term of abuse for a woman, attested from c. 1500. Sow-bug "hog louse" is from 1750. | سوئاري (مادي سوئر) | सवयअरय (मअदय सवयर) | |
| sow (v) | Old English sawan "to scatter seed upon the ground or plant it in the earth, disseminate" (class VII strong verb; past tense seow, past participle sawen), from Proto-Germanic *sean (source also of Old Norse sa, Old Saxon saian, Middle Dutch sayen, Dutch zaaien, Old High German sawen, German säen, Gothic saian), from PIE root *sē- "to sow," source of semen, season (n.), seed (n.). Figurative sense was in Old English. | سَئڻ، ٻج پوکڻ | सयण, बज पवकण | *sē- Sindhi root (سيھ، ٻيج) meaning "to sow." It forms all or part of: disseminate; inseminate; seed; seme (adj.); semen; seminal; seminar; seminary; semination; sinsemilla; sow (v.); season. |
| spell | From Middle English spell, spel, from Old English spel (noun), from Proto-Germanic *spellą (“speech, account, tale”), from PIE *spel- (“to tell”). Cognate with dialectal German Spill, Icelandic spjall (“discussion, talk”), spjalla (“to discuss, to talk”), guðspjall (“gospel”) and Albanian fjalë (“word”). | ڦھل (ڦھلائڻ جو ڏاتو لفظ) لفظ يا ڳالھ کي کولي ٻڌائڻ | फहल (फहलअयण जव डअतव लफ़ज़) लफ़ज़ यअ गअलह कय कवलय बधअयण | |
| sperm (n) | "male seminal fluid," late 14c., probably from Old French esperme "seed, sperm" (13c.) and directly from Late Latin sperma "seed, semen," from Greek sperma "the seed of plants, also of animals," literally "that which is sown," from speirein "to sow, scatter," from PIE *sper-mn-, from root *sper- "to spread, to sow" (see sparse). Sperm bank is attested from 1963 | ڦَل، سڦل | फल, सफल | |
| spin | Old English spinnan (transitive) "draw out and twist fibers into thread," strong verb (past tense spann, past participle spunnen), from Proto-Germanic *spenwan (source also of Old Norse and Old Frisian spinna, Danish spinde, Dutch spinnen, Old High German spinnan, German spinnen, Gothic spinnan), from PIE *spen-wo-, suffixed form of root *(s)pen- "to draw, stretch, spin." | ڦرڻو، ڦِرڻ، چڪر ڪٽڻ | फरणव, फरण, चकर कटण | *(s)pen- Sindhi root (ڦرڻ) meaning "to draw, stretch, spin." It forms all or part of: append; appendix; avoirdupois; compendium; compensate; compensation; counterpoise; depend; dispense; equipoise; expend; expense; expensive; hydroponics; impend; painter (n.2) "rope or chain that holds an anchor to a ship's side;" pansy; penchant; pend; pendant; pendentive; pending; pendular; pendulous; pendulum; pension; pensive; penthouse; perpendicular; peso; poise; ponder; ponderous; pound (n.1) "measure of weight;" prepend; prepense; preponderate; propensity; recompense; span (n.1) "distance between two objects;" span (n.2) "two animals driven together;" spangle; spanner; spend; spider; spin; spindle; spinner; spinster; stipend; suspend; suspension. |
| spine | late Middle English: shortening of Old French espine, or from Latin spina ‘thorn, prickle, backbone’. Ultimately from PIE *(s)pīn- (backbone) | ڦڻ، ڦڻي (ڪرنگهي جي ھڏي) | फण, फणय (करनगहय जय हडय) | |
| spiral | 1550s, from Middle French spiral (16c.), from Medieval Latin spiralis "winding around a fixed center, coiling" (mid-13c.), from Latin spira "a coil, fold, twist, spiral," from Greek speira "a winding, a coil, twist, wreath, anything wound or coiled," from PIE *sper-ya-, from base *sper- (2) "to turn, twist." Related: Spirally. Spiral galaxy first attested 1913. | ڦريل، ڦيرو کاڌل | फरयल, फयरव कअधल | |
| spirit | mid-13c., "animating or vital principle in man and animals," from Anglo-French spirit, Old French espirit "spirit, soul" (12c., Modern French esprit) and directly from Latin spiritus "a breathing (respiration, and of the wind), breath; breath of a god," hence "inspiration; breath of life," hence "life;" also "disposition, character; high spirit, vigor, courage; pride, arrogance," related to spirare "to breathe," perhaps from PIE *(s)peis- "to blow" (source also of Old Church Slavonic pisto "to play on the flute"). But de Vaan says "Possibly an onomatopoeic formation imitating the sound of breathing. There are no direct cognates." | ڦِس (ساھ کڻڻ جي سان سان) جيون جو اپٽار، ساھ کڻڻ، جتان اھو تصور سڄي دنيا ۾ ھليو، تھ جيون معنا ساھ، روح معنا ساھ، (عربيءَ ۾ روح اصل ريحه مان نڪتل آھي جنھن جي معنا بھ ھوا آھي) | फस (सअह कणण जय सअन सअन) जयवन जव अपटअर, सअह कणण, जतअन अहव तसवर सॼय दनयअ में हलयव, तह जयवन मअनअ सअह, रवह मअनअ सअह, (अरबय में रवह असल रयहह मअन नकतल आहय जनहन जय मअनअ बह हवअ आहय) | |
| spring | "season following winter, first of the four seasons of the year; the season in which plants begin to rise," c. 1400 (earlier springing time, late 14c.), a special sense of an otherwise now-archaic spring (n.) "act or time of springing or appearing; the first appearance; the beginning, birth, rise, or origin" of anything (see spring v., and compare spring (n.2), spring (n.3)). The notion is of the "spring of the year," when plants begin to rise (as in spring of the leaf, 1520s). The Middle English noun also was used of sunrise, the waxing of the moon, rising tides, sprouting of the beard or pubic hair, etc.; compare 14c. spring of dai "sunrise," spring of mone "moonrise," late Old English spring "carbuncle, pustule." | ڦَرجڻ جي مُند، گل ٻوٽي جو وري ڦرجڻ | फरजण जय मनद, गल बवटय जव वरय फरजण | |
| spy (v) | mid-13c., "to watch stealthily," from Old French espiier "observe, watch closely, spy on, find out," probably from Frankish *spehon or some other Germanic source, from Proto-Germanic *spehon- (source also of Old High German *spehon "to look out for, scout, spy," German spähen "to spy," Middle Dutch spien), the Germanic survivals of the productive PIE root *spek- "to observe." Old English had spyrian "make a track, go, pursue; ask about, investigate," also a noun spyrigend "investigator, inquirer." Italian spiare, Spanish espiar also are Germanic loan-words. Meaning "to catch sight of" is from c. 1300. Children's game I spy so called by 1946. | سونپڻ، سونپ، نگھباني، سپارتڻ | सवनपण, सवनप, नगहबअनय, सपअरतण | *spek- Sindhi root (سپڪ، سونپ) meaning "to observe." It forms all or part of: aspect; auspex; auspices; auspicious; bishop; circumspect; conspicuous; despicable; despise; episcopal; especial; espionage; espy; expect; frontispiece; gyroscope; haruspex; horoscope; inspect; inspection; inspector; introspect; introspection; perspective; perspicacious; perspicacity; prospect; prospective; respect; respite; retrospect; scope; -scope; scopophilia; -scopy; skeptic; species; specimen; specious; spectacle; spectacular; spectrum; speculate; speculation; speculum; spice; spy; suspect; suspicion; suspicious; telescope. |
| squad (n) | 1640s, "small number of military men detailed for some purpose," from French esquade, from Middle French escadre, from Spanish escuadra or Italian squadra "battalion," literally "square," from Vulgar Latin *exquadra "to square," from Latin ex "out" (see ex-) + quadrare "make square," from quadrus "a square" (from PIE root *kwetwer- "four"). Before the widespread use of of automatic weapons, infantry troops tended to fight in a square formation to repel cavalry or superior forces. Extended to sports 1902, police work 1905. | چونڪ، چونڪي، چوڪي، فوجين جو ھڪ جٿو | चवनक, चवनकय, चवकय, फ़वजयन जव हक जथव | *kwetwer- Sindhi root (چار) meaning "four." |
| square (n) | mid-13c., "tool for measuring right angles, carpenter's square," from Old French esquire "a square, squareness," from Vulgar Latin *exquadra, back-formation from *exquadrare "to square," from Latin ex "out" (see ex-) + quadrare "make square, set in order, complete," from quadrus "a square" (from PIE root *kwetwer- "four"). Meaning "square shape or area" is recorded by late 14c. (Old English used feower-scyte). Geometric sense "four-sided rectilinear figure" is from 1550s; mathematical sense of "a number multiplied by itself" is first recorded 1550s. Sense of "open space in a town or park" is from 1680s; that of "area bounded by four streets in a city" is from c. 1700. As short for square meal, from 1882. Square one "the very beginning" (often what one must go back to) is from 1960, probably a figure from board games. | چونڪ، چار پاسائون، چارائون | चवनक, चअर पअसअयवन, चअरअयवन | *kwetwer- Sindhi root (چار) meaning "four." |
| stable | early 13c., "building or enclosure where horses or cows are kept, building for domestic animals," from Old French stable, estable "a stable, stall" (Modern French étable), also applied to cowsheds and pigsties, from Latin stabulum "a stall, fold, aviary, beehive, lowly cottage, brothel, etc.," literally "a standing place," from PIE *ste-dhlo-, suffixed form of root *sta- "to stand, make or be firm." Meaning "collection of horses belonging to one stable" is attested from 1570s; transferred sense of "group of fighters under same management" is from 1897; that of "group of prostitutes working for the same employer" is from 1937. | اسٿاڀن، اسٿابل (اصطبل) | असथअभन, असथअबल (असतबल) | *sta- *stā-, Sindhi root (اسٿ) meaning "to stand, set down, make or be firm," with derivatives meaning "place or thing that is standing." |
| stall | From Middle English stall, from Old English steall (“standing place, position”), from Proto-Germanic *stallaz, from PIE sth-n *stel- (“to place, put, post, stand”). | اسٿال | असथअल | *stel- Sindhi root (اسٿل) meaning "to put, stand, put in order," with derivatives referring to a standing object or place. It forms all or part of: apostle; catastaltic; diastole; epistle; forestall; Gestalt; install; installment; pedestal; peristalsis; peristaltic; stale (adj.); stalk (n.); stall (n.1) "place in a stable for animals;" stall (n.2) "pretense to avoid doing something;" stall (v.1) "come to a stop, become stuck;" stallage; stallion; stele; stell; still (adj.); stilt; stole (n.); stolid; stolon; stout; stultify; systaltic; systole. |
| stand | Old English standan "occupy a place; stand firm; congeal; stay, continue, abide; be valid, be, exist, take place; oppose, resist attack; stand up, be on one's feet; consist, amount to" (class VI strong verb; past tense stod, past participle standen), from Proto-Germanic *standanan (source also of Old Norse standa, Old Saxon and Gothic standan, Old High German stantan, parallel with simpler forms, such as Swedish stå, Dutch staan, German stehen [see discussion in OED]), from *stathula, from PIE root *sta- "to stand, make or be firm." | اسٿا، سڌا، سڌو بيھڻ | असथअ, सधअ, सधव बयहण | *sta- *stā-, Sindhi root (اسٿ) meaning "to stand, set down, make or be firm," with derivatives meaning "place or thing that is standing." |
| star | From Middle English sterre, from Old English steorra (“star”), from Proto-Germanic *sternô, *sternǭ (“star”), from PIE *h₂stḗr (“star”). | ستارو | सतअरव | *ster- (2) Sindhi root (ستارو) meaning "star." Buck and others doubt the old suggestion that it is a borrowing from Akkadian istar "venus." The source of the common Balto-Slavic word for "star" (Lithuanian žvaigždė, Old Church Slavonic zvezda, Polish gwiazda, Russian zvezda) is not explained. |
| start (v) | Old English *steortian, *stiertan, Kentish variants of styrtan "to leap up" (attested only in Northumbrian past participle sturtende), from Proto-Germanic *stert- (source also of Old Frisian stirta "to fall, tumble," Middle Dutch sterten, Dutch storten "to rush, fall," Old High German sturzen, German stürzen "to hurl, throw, plunge"). According to Watkins, the notion is "move briskly, move swiftly," and the Proto-Germanic word is from PIE root *ster- (1) "stiff." | سوٽجڻ، ڦونڊجڻ | सवटजण, फवनडजण | *ster- (1) Sindhi root (ستڻ) meaning "stiff." It forms all or part of: cholesterol; redstart; starch; stare; stark; stark-naked; start; startle; starve; stere; stereo-; stern (adj.); stork; strut; torpedo; torpid; torpor. |
| state | c. 1200, "circumstances, position in society, temporary attributes of a person or thing, conditions," from Old French estat "position, condition; status, stature, station," and directly from Latin status "a station, position, place; way of standing, posture; order, arrangement, condition," figuratively "standing, rank; public order, community organization," noun of action from past participle stem of stare "to stand" from PIE root *sta- "to stand, make or be firm. | اسٿا، جوڙجڪ، رياست | असथअ, जवड़जक, रयअसत | *sta- *stā-, Sindhi root (اسٿ) meaning "to stand, set down, make or be firm," with derivatives meaning "place or thing that is standing." |
| steer (v) | "guide the course of a vehicle," originally by a rudder or something like it, Old English steran (Mercian), stieran (West Saxon) "steer, guide, direct; govern, rule; restrain, correct, punish," from Proto-Germanic *steurjanan (source also of Old Norse styra, Old Frisian stiora, Dutch sturen, Old High German stiuren, German steuern "to steer," Gothic stiurjan "to establish, assert"), related to *steuro "a rudder, a steering," from PIE *steu-ro- (source also of Greek stauros "stake, pole"), extended form of root *sta- "to stand, make or be firm." | اسٿي رکڻ، قائم رکڻ | असथय रकण, क़अयम रकण | *sta- *stā-, Sindhi root (اسٿ) meaning "to stand, set down, make or be firm," with derivatives meaning "place or thing that is standing." |
| stem | Old English stemn, stefn "stem of a plant, trunk of a tree," also "either end-post of a ship," from Proto-Germanic *stamniz (source also of Old Saxon stamm, Old Norse stafn "stem of a ship;" Danish stamme, Swedish stam "trunk of a tree;" Old High German stam, German Stamm), from suffixed form of PIE root *sta- "to stand, make or be firm." | اسٿي، اسٿان، سٿان، سڌي حالت، بيٺل، سنئون سڌو اڀو بيٺل | असथय, असथअन, सथअन, सधय हअलत, बयठल, सनयवन सधव अभव बयठल | *sta- *stā-, Sindhi root (اسٿ) meaning "to stand, set down, make or be firm," with derivatives meaning "place or thing that is standing." |
| stimulus | plural stimuli, 1680s, originally as a medical term, "something that goads a lazy organ" (often the male member), from a modern use of Latin stimulus "a goad, a pointed stick," figuratively "a sting, a pang; incitement, spur," from PIE *sti- "point, prick, pierce" (see stick (v.)). General sense of "something that excites or arouses the mind or spirit" is from 1791. Psychological sense is first recorded 1894. | اسٿ، اسٿو، اسٿر، سڌاڻ | असथ, असथव, असथर, सधअण | |
| sting (v) | Old English stingan "to stab, pierce, or prick with a point" (of weapons, insects, plants, etc.), from Proto-Germanic *stingan (source also of Old Norse stinga, Old High German stungen "to prick," Gothic us-stagg "to prick out," Old High German stanga, German stange "pole, perch," German stengel "stalk, stem"), perhaps from PIE *stengh-, nasalized form of root *stegh- "to stick, prick, sting." Specialized to insects late 15c. Intransitive sense "be sharply painful" is from 1848. Slang meaning "to cheat, swindle" is from 1812. Old English past tense stang, past participle stungen; the past tense later leveled to stung. | ڏنگڻ، ٽُنگڻ، چَڪڻ | डनगण, टनगण, चकण | *stegh- Sindhi root (ٽنگ) meaning "to stick, prick, sting." It forms all or part of: stag; sting; stochastic. |
| stream | Old English stream "a course of water," from Proto-Germanic *strauma- (source also of Old Saxon strom, Old Norse straumr, Danish strøm, Swedish ström, Norwegian straum, Old Frisian stram, Dutch stroom, Old High German stroum, German Strom "current, river"), from PIE root *sreu- "to flow." | سِير، (وھڪرو) | सयर, (वहकरव) | *sreu- Sindhi root (سر، سير) meaning "to flow." It forms all or part of: amenorrhea; catarrh; diarrhea; gonorrhea; hemorrhoids; maelstrom; rheo-; rheology; rheostat; rheum; rheumatic; rheumatism; rheumatoid; rhinorrhea; rhythm; seborrhea; stream. |
| structure | mid-15c., "action or process of building or construction;" 1610s, "that which is constructed, a building or edifice;" from Latin structura "a fitting together, adjustment; a building, mode of building;" figuratively, "arrangement, order," from structus, past participle of struere "to pile, place together, heap up; build, assemble, arrange, make by joining together," related to strues "heap," from PIE *streu-, extended form of root *stere- "to spread." | استر ساخت | असतर सअखत | *stere- *sterə-, also *ster-, Sindhi root (اسٿر) meaning "to spread." |
| sub- | word-forming element meaning "under, beneath; behind; from under; resulting from further division," from Latin preposition sub "under, below, beneath, at the foot of," also "close to, up to, towards;" of time, "within, during;" figuratively "subject to, in the power of;" also "a little, somewhat" (as in sub-horridus "somewhat rough"), from PIE *(s)up- (perhaps representing *ex-upo-), a variant form of the root *upo "under," also "up from under." The Latin word also was used as a prefix and in various combinations. | اپ، ھيٺيون | अप, हयठयवन | *upo Sindhi root (اپ) meaning "under," also "up from under," hence "over." |
| suck | From Middle English souken, suken, from Old English sūcan (“to suck”), from Proto-Germanic *sūkaną, *sūganą (“to suck, suckle”), from PIE *seug-, *sug-, *suk-. Cognate with Scots souke (“to suck”), obsolete Dutch zuiken (“to suck”). Akin also to Old English sūgan (“to suck”), West Frisian sûge, sûge (“to suck”), Dutch zuigen (“to suck”), German saugen (“to suck”), Swedish suga (“to suck”), Icelandic sjúga (“to suck”), Latin sugō (“suck”), Welsh sugno (“suck”). Related to soak. | سڱ، سڱي | सङ, सङय | |
| suffer (v) | mid-13c., "allow to occur or continue, permit, tolerate, fail to prevent or suppress," also "to be made to undergo, endure, be subjected to" (pain, death, punishment, judgment, grief), from Anglo-French suffrir, Old French sofrir "bear, endure, resist; permit, tolerate, allow" (Modern French souffrir), from Vulgar Latin *sufferire, variant of Latin sufferre "to bear, undergo, endure, carry or put under," from sub "up, under" (see sub-) + ferre "to carry, bear," from PIE root *bher- (1) "to carry," also "to bear children." | ڀاري، اھنج ۾ اچڻ | भअरय, अहनज में अचण | *bher- (1) Sindhi root (بار، ڀر) meaning "to carry," also "to bear children." |
| Suffix -cracy | word-forming element forming nouns meaning "rule or government by," from French -cratie or directly from Medieval Latin -cratia, from Greek -kratia "power, might; rule, sway; power over; a power, authority," from kratos "strength," from PIE *kre-tes- "power, strength," suffixed form of root *kar- "hard." The connective -o- has come to be viewed as part of it. Productive in English from c. 1800. | ڪار، ڪرت، ڪندڙ | कअर, करत, कनदड़ | *kar- also *ker-, Sindhi root (ڪار ڪرت) meaning "hard.". |
| suffix -er | From Middle English -er, -ere, from Old English -ere (agent suffix), from Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz (agent suffix). Usually thought to have been borrowed from Latin -ārius. Cognate with Dutch -er and -aar, Low German -er, German -er, Swedish -are, Icelandic -ari, Gothic -𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 (-areis). Compare also Ancient Greek -ήριος (-ḗrios), Old Church Slavonic -арь (-arĭ). Reinforced by the synonymous but unrelated Old French -or, -eor (Anglo-Norman variant -our), from Latin -(ā)tor, from PIE *-tōr, *aro, *wer (holding the skill or possession. | وارو (فاعل) | वअरव (फ़अअल) | |
| Suffix -grad | Russian, "city," from Old Church Slavonic gradŭ "town, city, citadel," from PIE *ghor-dho-, from root *gher- (1) "to grasp, enclose," with derivatives referring to enclosure. | گهر (گھرڙو) روسي يا روس جي اثر ھيٺ ايندڙ شھرن جي نالن پويان گهر جو تصور سنڌي ٻوليءَ جو آھي. | गहर (गहरड़व) रवसय यअ रवस जय असर हयठ अयनदड़ शहरन जय नअलन पवयअन गहर जव तसवर सनधय बवलय जव आहय. | *gher- (1) Sindhi root (گهر) meaning "to grasp, enclose." |
| suffix -nomy | Proto-Indo-European root meaning "assign, allot; take." | نيم، قائدو، ريت، رواج، دستور، نامي | नयम, क़अयदव, रयत, रवअज, दसतवर, नअमय | *nem- Sindhi root (نامي، نالي) meaning "assign, allot; take." |
| Suffix (-logy) | word-forming element meaning "a speaking, discourse, treatise, doctrine, theory, science," from Greek -logia (often via French -logie or Medieval Latin -logia), from root of legein "to speak;" thus, "the character or deportment of one who speaks or treats of (a certain subject);" from PIE root *leg- (1) "to collect, gather," with derivatives meaning "to speak (to 'pick out words')." Often via Medieval Latin -logia, French -logie. | لاڳ، لڳل، لاڳاپيل | लअग, लगल, लअगअपयल | *leg- (1) Sindhi root (لڳ، لڳڻ) meaning "to collect, gather," with derivatives meaning "to speak" on the notion of "to gather words, to pick out words." |
| summer | "hot season of the year," Old English sumor "summer," from Proto-Germanic *sumra- (source also of Old Saxon, Old Norse, Old High German sumar, Old Frisian sumur, Middle Dutch somer, Dutch zomer, German Sommer), from PIE root *sem- (2) "summer" (source also of Sanskrit sama "season, half-year," Avestan hama "in summer," Armenian amarn "summer," Old Irish sam, Old Welsh ham, Welsh haf "summer"). | سانوڻ، گرمين جي مُند | सअनवण, गरमयन जय मनद | |
| summit (n) | c. 1400, "highest point, peak," from Middle French somete, from Old French somete "summit, top," diminutive of som, sum "highest part, top of a hill," from Latin summum, neuter of noun use of summus "highest," related to super "over" (from PIE root *uper "over"). The meaning "meeting of heads of state" (1950) is from Winston Churchill's metaphor of "a parley at the summit." | سپڙ (سٻڙ) مٿين جڳھ | सपड़ (सबड़) मथयन जगह | *uper Sindhi root (اپر، اڀر) meaning "over." |
| super | Borrowed from Latin super (“above”), from Pre-Italic or PIE *eks-uper, from *eḱs (“out of”) (English ex-), from *h₁eǵʰs + *uperi (English over). Cognate to hyper, from Ancient Greek, ultimately from Indo European *subh'ar | سٻر، سپر (مھا، وڏو) | सबर, सपर (महअ, वडव) | *uper Sindhi root (اپر، اڀر) meaning "over." |
| supernatant (adj) | "floating on the surface," 1660s, from Latin supernatantem (nominative supernatans), present participle of supernatare "to swim above," from super "above, over" (see super-) + natare "to swim," frequentative of nare "to swim" (from PIE root *sna- "to swim"). Related: Supernatation (1620s). | سپڙ سناڻدڙ (ترندڙ، پاڻيءَ مٿان ترڻ وارو) | सपड़ सनअणदड़ (तरनदड़, पअणय मथअन तरण वअरव) | *sna- *snā-, Sindhi root (سناڻ) meaning "to swim," with extended form *(s)nāu- "to swim, flow; to let flow," hence "to suckle." |
| support (v) | late 14c., "to aid," also "to hold up, prop up, put up with, tolerate," from Old French suporter "to bear, endure, sustain, support" (14c.), from Latin supportare "convey, carry, bring up, bring forward," from assimilated form of sub "up from under" (see sub-) + portare "to carry," from PIE root *per- (2) "to lead, pass over." Related: Supported; supporting. | اپارڻ ۾ مدد ڏيڻ، گڏائي اپارڻ | अपअरण में मदद डयण, गडअयय अपअरण | *per- (1) Sindhi root (پھرين) forming prepositions, etc., meaning "forward," and, by extension, "in front of, before, first, chief, toward, near, against," etc. |
| sur- | word-forming element meaning "over, above, beyond, in addition," especially in words from Anglo-French and Old French, from Old French sour-, sor-, sur-, from Latin super "above, over," from PIE root *uper "over." | سپڙ مٿاھان لفظ ٺاھيندڙ لفظ | सपड़ मथअहअन लफ़ज़ ठअहयनदड़ लफ़ज़ | *uper Sindhi root (اپر، اڀر) meaning "over." |
| survive (v) | mid-15c. (implied in surviving), "to outlive, continue in existence after the death of another," originally in the legal (inheritance) sense, from Anglo-French survivre, Old French souvivre (12c., Modern French survivre), from Latin supervivere "live beyond, live longer than," from super "over, beyond" (see super-) + vivere "to live" (from PIE root *gwei- "to live"). Intransitive sense "to live on" is from late 15c. Related: Survived; surviving. | جيو سار، تڳڻ | जयव सअर, तगण | *gwei- also *gweie-, Sindhi root (جيو) meaning "to live." |
| swan (n) | Old English swan "swan," from Proto-Germanic *swanaz "singer" (source also of Old Saxon swan, Old Norse svanr, Danish svane, Swedish svan, Middle Dutch swane, Dutch zwaan, Old High German swan, German Schwan), probably literally "the singing bird," from PIE root *swen- "to make sound." It is thus related to Old English geswin "melody, song" and swinsian "to make melody." In classical mythology, sacred to Apollo and to Venus. The singing of swans before death was alluded to by Chaucer (late 14c.), but swan-song (1831) is a translation of German Schwanengesang. The ancient Indo-European mythical swan-maiden so called by mythographers from 1829. Swan dive is recorded from 1898. | سيڻ وارو پکي (ھنج) | सयण वअरव पकय (हनज) | *swen- also swenə-, Sindhi root meaning (سيڻ، سڏ) "to sound." |
| sweet | From Middle English sweete, swete, from Old English swēte (“sweet”), from Proto-Germanic *swōtuz (“sweet”), from PIE *swéh₂dus (“sweet”). Cognate with Scots sweit, North Frisian sweete, West Frisian swiet, Low German sööt, Dutch zoet, German süß, Danish sød, Swedish söt, Norwegian søt, Latin suāvis (“sweet”). | سواد | सवअद | |
| syn- | word-forming element meaning "together with, jointly; alike; at the same time," also sometimes completive or intensive, from Greek syn (prep.) "with, together with, along with, in the company of," from PIE *ksun- "with" (source also of Russian so- "with, together," from Old Russian su(n)-). Assimilated to -l-, reduced to sy- before -s- and -z-, and altered to sym- before -b-, -m- and -p-. Since 1970s also with a sense of "synthetic." | سان (سان گڏ) | सअन (सअन गड) | |
| system | From French système (“system”) or Late Latin systēma (“system; harmony”), from Ancient Greek σύστημα (sústēma, “whole made of several parts or members”), from σύν (sún, “with, together”) + ἵστημι (hístēmi, “to stand”) (PIE *steh₂- (“to stand (up)”) | سٿان، اسٿان، بيھارڻ، سڌو ڪرڻ، سنئون سڌو ڪرڻ | सथअन, असथअन, बयहअरण, सधव करण, सनयवन सधव करण | |
| syzygy (n) | "conjunction or opposition of a heavenly body with the sun," 1650s, from Late Latin syzygia, from Greek syzygia "yoke of animals, pair, union of two, conjunction," from syzygein "to yoke together," from assimilated form of syn- "together" (see syn-) + zygon "yoke" (from PIE root *yeug- "to join"). Related: Syzygial; Syzygiacal; Syzygetic. | سيوڳي (ٻن تارن جو ميلاپ) | सयवगय (बन तअरन जव मयलअप) | *yeug- Sindhi root (يوگ، ميلاپ) meaning "to join." |
| tacho- | word-forming element meaning "speed," from Latinized form of Greek takho-, combining form of takhos "speed, swiftness, fleetness, velocity," related to takhys "swift," of unknown origin. | تکو، رفتار سان | तकव, रफ़तअर सअन | |
| talent (n) | late 13c., "inclination, disposition, will, desire," from Old French talent (12c.), from Medieval Latin talenta, plural of talentum "inclination, leaning, will, desire" (11c.), in classical Latin "balance, weight; sum of money," from Greek talanton "a balance, pair of scales," hence "weight, definite weight, anything weighed," and in later times sum of money," from PIE *tele- "to lift, support, weigh," "with derivatives referring to measured weights and thence money and payment" | ٽل، ڪٿ (تخمينو ڪرڻ جو ھنر) | टल, कथ (तखमयनव करण जव हनर) | |
| tassel | Middle English (also denoting a clasp for a cloak): from Old French tassel ‘clasp’, of unknown origin. | تسر، تسري، ڪپڙي جو ھڪ قسم | तसर, तसरय, कपड़य जव हक क़सम | |
| taut (adj) | mid-13c., tohte "stretched or pulled tight," possibly from tog-, past participle stem of Old English teon "to pull, drag," from Proto-Germanic *theuhanan, from PIE root *deuk- "to lead," which would connect it to tow (v.) and tie. Related: Tautness. | ٽاٽ، تاڻيل | टअट, तअणयल | *deuk- Sindhi root (ڌاڪ، ديوڪ) meaning "to lead." |
| teach (v) | Old English tæcan (past tense tæhte, past participle tæht) "to show, point out, declare, demonstrate," also "to give instruction, train, assign, direct; warn; persuade," from Proto-Germanic *taikijan "to show" (source also of Old High German zihan, German zeihen "to accuse," Gothic ga-teihan "to announce"), from PIE root *deik- "to show, point out." Related to Old English tacen, tacn "sign, mark" (see token). Related: Taught; teaching. | ديک، ڏيک، (ڏيکارڻ، سيکارڻ) | दयक, डयक, (डयकअरण, सयकअरण) | *deuk- Sindhi root (ڌاڪ، ديوڪ) meaning "to lead." |
| tear (v) | From Middle English teren, from Old English teran (“to tear, lacerate”), from Proto-Germanic *teraną (“to tear, tear apart, rip”), from PIE *der- (“to tear, tear apart”). Cognate with Scots tere, teir, tair (“to rend, lacerate, wound, rip, tear out”), Dutch teren (“to eliminate, efface, live, survive by consumption”), German zehren (“to consume, misuse”), German zerren (“to tug, rip, tear”), Danish tære (“to consume”), Swedish tära (“to fret, consume, deplete, use up”), Icelandic tæra (“to clear, corrode”). Outside Germanic, cognate to Ancient Greek δέρω (dérō, “to skin”), Albanian ther (“to slay, skin, pierce”). | ٽوڙ، اڊيڙ، | टवड़, अडयड़, | |
| technolgy | 1610s, "a discourse or treatise on an art or the arts," from Greek tekhnologia "systematic treatment of an art, craft, or technique," originally referring to grammar, from tekhno-, combining form of tekhnē "art, skill, craft in work; method, system, an art, a system or method of making or doing," from PIE *teks-na- "craft" (of weaving or fabricating), from suffixed form of root *teks- "to weave," also "to fabricate." For ending, see -logy. | ٽڪ (چَرخي ايٽ جي چوٽيُن ۾ پيل لوهِي سِيخَ جنهن جي ڦرڻ سان سُٽ ٺهي.) ٽڪساٺ، چرخي سان لاڳاپيل | टक (चरखय अयट जय चवटयन में पयल लवहय सयख जनहन जय फरण सअन सट ठहय.) टकसअठ, चरखय सअन लअगअपयल | *teks- Sindhi root (ٽڪ) meaning "to weave," also "to fabricate," especially with an ax," also "to make wicker or wattle fabric for (mud-covered) house walls." It forms all or part of: architect; context; dachshund; polytechnic; pretext; subtle; technical; techno-; technology; tectonic; tete; text; textile; tiller (n.1) ""bar to turn the rudder of a boat;" tissue; toil (n.2) "net, snare." |
| tense (adj) | "stretched tight," 1660s, from Latin tensus, past participle of tendere "to stretch, extend," from PIE root *ten- "to stretch." Figurative sense of "in a state of nervous tension" is first recorded 1821. Related: Tensely; tenseness. | تڻاءُ | तणअ | *ten- Sindhi root (تڻ تاڻ) meaning "to stretch," with derivatives meaning "something stretched, a string; thin." It forms all or part of: abstain; abstention; abstinence; abstinent; atelectasis; attend; attenuate; attenuation; baritone; catatonia; catatonic; contain; contend; continue; detain; detente; detention; diatonic; distend; entertain; extend; extenuate; hypotenuse; hypotonia; intend; intone (v.1) "to sing, chant;" isotonic; lieutenant; locum-tenens; maintain; monotony; neoteny; obtain; ostensible; peritoneum; pertain; pertinacious; portend; pretend; rein; retain; retinue; sitar; subtend; sustain; tantra; telangiectasia; temple (n.1) "building for worship;" temple (n.2) "flattened area on either side of the forehead;" temporal; tenable; tenacious; tenacity; tenant; tend (v.1) "to incline, to move in a certain direction;" tendency; tender (adj.) "soft, easily injured;" tender (v.) "to offer formally;" tendon; tendril; tenement; tenesmus; tenet; tennis; tenon; tenor; tense (adj.) "stretched tight;" tensile; tension; tensor; tent (n.) "portable shelter;" tenterhooks; tenuous; tenure; tetanus; thin; tone; tonic. |
| tent | c. 1300, "portable shelter of skins or coarse cloth stretched over poles," from Old French tente "tent, hanging, tapestry" (12c.), from Medieval Latin tenta "a tent," literally "something stretched out," noun use of fem. singular of Latin tentus "stretched," variant past participle of tendere "to stretch," from PIE root *ten- "to stretch." The notion is of "stretching" hides over a framework. Tent caterpillar first recorded 1854, so called from the tent-like silken webs in which they live gregariously. | تڻيل، ڪپڙي يا چمڙي جي تھن کي تاڻي (ڇڪي) مٿان ٻڌي ڇپرو ٺاھجي. | तणयल, कपड़य यअ चमड़य जय तहन कय तअणय (छकय) मथअन बधय छपरव ठअहजय. | *ten- Sindhi root (تڻ تاڻ) meaning "to stretch," with derivatives meaning "something stretched, a string; thin." |
| term (n) | c. 1200, terme "limit in time, set or appointed period," from Old French terme "limit of time or place, date, appointed time, duration" (11c.), from Latin terminus "end, boundary line," in Medieval Latin "expression, definition," related to termen "boundary, end" (see terminus). Old English had termen "term, end," from Latin. Sense of "period of time during which something happens" first recorded c. 1300, especially of a school or law court session (mid-15c.). The meaning "word or phrase used in a limited or precise sense" is first recorded late 14c., from Medieval Latin use of terminus to render Greek horos "boundary," employed in mathematics and logic. Hence in terms of "in the language or phraseology peculiar to." Meaning "completion of the period of pregnancy" is from 1844. Term-paper in U.S. educational sense is recorded from 1931. | توڙ (ڇيھ، حد) | तवड़ (छयह, हद) | |
| tetra- | before vowels tetr-, word-forming element meaning "four," from Greek tetra-, combining form of tettares (Attic), tessares "the numeral four" (from PIE root *kwetwer- "four"). | چئن وارو، چارائون | चयन वअरव, चअरअयवन | *kwetwer- Sindhi root (چار) meaning "four." |
| text | late 14c., "wording of anything written," from Old French texte, Old North French tixte "text, book; Gospels" (12c.), from Medieval Latin textus "the Scriptures, text, treatise," in Late Latin "written account, content, characters used in a document," from Latin textus "style or texture of a work," literally "thing woven," from past participle stem of texere "to weave, to join, fit together, braid, interweave, construct, fabricate, build," from PIE root *teks- "to weave, to fabricate, to make; make wicker or wattle framework." | ٽڪيل لکت، (ٽڪ لفظ مان ورتل، اڻڻ جيان لکت) | टकयल लकत, (टक लफ़ज़ मअन वरतल, अणण जयअन लकत) | *teks- Sindhi root (ٽڪ) meaning "to weave," also "to fabricate," especially with an ax," also "to make wicker or wattle fabric for (mud-covered) house walls." It forms all or part of: architect; context; dachshund; polytechnic; pretext; subtle; technical; techno-; technology; tectonic; tete; text; textile; tiller (n.1) ""bar to turn the rudder of a boat;" tissue; toil (n.2) "net, snare." |
| textile | 1620s, from Latin textilis "a web, canvas, woven fabric, cloth, something woven," noun use of textilis "woven, wrought," from texere "to weave," from PIE root *teks- "to weave," also "to fabricate." As an adjective from 1650s. | ٽڪ (ائٽ جو چرخو) مان اڻاوٽ | टक (अयट जव चरखव) मअन अणअवट | *teks- Sindhi root (ٽڪ) meaning "to weave," also "to fabricate," especially with an ax," also "to make wicker or wattle fabric for (mud-covered) house walls." It forms all or part of: architect; context; dachshund; polytechnic; pretext; subtle; technical; techno-; technology; tectonic; tete; text; textile; tiller (n.1) ""bar to turn the rudder of a boat;" tissue; toil (n.2) "net, snare." |
| thee | From Middle English thee, the, from Middle English þē (“thee”, originally dative, but later also accusative), from Proto-Germanic *þiz (“thee”), from PIE *te (“second-person singular pronoun”). Cognate with German Low German di (“thee”), German dir (“thee”, dative pron.), Icelandic þér (“thee”). | تون | तवन | |
| there | From Middle English there, ther, thare, thar, thore, from Old English þēr, þǣr, þār (“there; at that place”), from Proto-Germanic *þar (“at that place; there”), from PIE *tar- (“there”), from demonstrative pronominal base *to- (“the, that”) + adverbial suffix *-r. Cognate with Scots thar, thair (“there”), North Frisian dear, deer, där (“there”), Saterland Frisian deer (“there”), West Frisian dêr (“there”), Dutch daar (“there”), Low German dar (“there”), German da, dar- (“there”), Danish der (“there”), Norwegian der (“there”), Swedish där (“there”), Icelandic þar (“in that place, there”). | تر (ويجھڙائي) | तर (वयजहड़अयय) | |
| thermo- | before vowels therm-, word-forming element meaning "hot, heat, temperature," used in scientific and technical words, from Greek thermos "hot, warm," therme "heat" (from PIE root *gwher- "to heat, warm"). | ڄر، باھ، گرميءَ سان لاڳاپيل | ॼर, बअह, गरमय सअन लअगअपयल | *gwher- Sindhi root (ڄر) meaning "to heat, warm." It forms all or part of: brand; brandish; brandy; brimstone; brindled; forceps; Fornax; fornicate; fornication; fornix; furnace; hypothermia; thermal; thermo-; Thermopylae; Thermos. |
| thick | From Middle English thicke, from Old English þicce (“thick, dense”), from Proto-Germanic *þekuz (“thick”), from PIE *tégus (“thick”). Cognate with Danish tyk (“thick”), Dutch dik (“thick”), Faroese tjúkkur (“thick”), German dick (“thick”), Icelandic þykkur (“thick”), Norwegian Bokmål tykk (“thick”), Norwegian Nynorsk tjukk (“thick”), Saterland Frisian tjuk (“thick”), Swedish tjock (“thick”). Related to Old Irish tiug (“thick”) and Welsh tew (“thick”). | ٺڳ (آڪڙ واري حالت) | ठग (आकड़ वअरय हअलत) | |
| thick (adj) | Old English þicce "dense, viscous, solid, stiff; numerous, abundant; deep," also as an adverb, "thickly, closely, often, frequently," from Proto-Germanic *thiku- (source also of Old Saxon thikki, Old High German dicchi, German dick, Old Norse þykkr, Old Frisian thikke), from PIE *tegu- "thick" (source also of Gaelic tiugh). Secondary Old English sense of "close together" is preserved in thickset and proverbial phrase thick as thieves (1833). Meaning "stupid" is first recorded 1590s. | دِڳ، دڳو، سخت ٽڪرو | दग, दगव, सखत टकरव | |
| thin | Old English þynne "narrow, lean, scanty, not dense; fluid, tenuous; weak, poor," from Proto-Germanic *thunni "thin" (source also of West Frisian ten, Middle Low German dunne, Middle Dutch dunne, Dutch dun, Old High German dunni, German dünn, Old Norse þunnr, Swedish tunn, Danish tynd), from PIE *tnu- "stretched, stretched out" (hence "thin"), from root *ten- "to stretch" (source also of Latin tenuis "thin, slender"). | تڻيل سنھي (سنھي ڪيل) | तणयल सनहय (सनहय कयल) | *ten- Sindhi root (تڻ تاڻ) meaning "to stretch," with derivatives meaning "something stretched, a string; thin." |
| thing | Old English þing "meeting, assembly, council, discussion," later "entity, being, matter" (subject of deliberation in an assembly), also "act, deed, event, material object, body, being, creature," from Proto-Germanic *thinga- "assembly" (source also of Old Frisian thing "assembly, council, suit, matter, thing," Middle Dutch dinc "court-day, suit, plea, concern, affair, thing," Dutch ding "thing," Old High German ding "public assembly for judgment and business, lawsuit," German Ding "affair, matter, thing," Old Norse þing "public assembly"). The Germanic word is perhaps literally "appointed time," from a PIE *tenk- (1), from root *ten- "stretch," perhaps on notion of "stretch of time for a meeting or assembly." | تڻيل، ٺھيل ڪا بھ شيءِ | तणयल, ठहयल कअ बह शय | |
| think | Old English þencan "imagine, conceive in the mind; consider, meditate, remember; intend, wish, desire" (past tense þohte, past participle geþoht), probably originally "cause to appear to oneself," from Proto-Germanic *thankjan (source also of Old Frisian thinka, Old Saxon thenkian, Old High German denchen, German denken, Old Norse þekkja, Gothic þagkjan). Old English þencan is the causative form of the distinct Old English verb þyncan "to seem, to appear" (past tense þuhte, past participle geþuht), from Proto-Germanic *thunkjan (source also of German dünken, däuchte). Both are from PIE *tong- "to think, feel" which also is the root of thought and thank. | تانگه، سوچ، اڪير، ڇڪ | तअनगह, सवच, अकयर, छक | |
| thirst | Old English þurst, from Proto-Germanic *thurstu- (source also of Old Saxon thurst, Frisian torst, Dutch dorst, Old High German and German durst), from Proto-Germanic verbal stem *thurs- (source also of Gothic thaursjan, Old English thyrre), from PIE root *ters- "to dry." Figurative sense of "vehement desire" is attested from c. 1200. | ترشنا | तरशनअ | *ters- Sindhi root (تار، ترش) meaning "to dry." It forms all or part of: inter; Mediterranean; metatarsal; parterre; subterranean; tarsal; tarsus; Tartuffe; terra; terrace; terra-cotta; terrain; terran; terraqueous; terrarium; terrene; terrestrial; terrier; territory; thirst; toast; torrent; torrid; turmeric; tureen. |
| thou | From Middle English thou, thow, thu, þou, from Old English þū, from Proto-Germanic *þū, from PIE *túh₂. Akin to Old Frisian thū (West Frisian do), Old Saxon thū (Low German du), Old Dutch thū (Middle Dutch du, Limburgish doe), Old High German dū (German du), Old Norse þú, (Icelandic þú, Faroese tú, Danish du, Norwegian du, Swedish du, Old Swedish þu), Latin tu, Ancient Greek σύ (sú) (Greek εσύ (esý)). | تون | तवन | |
| three | Old English þreo, fem. and neuter (masc. þri, þrie), from Proto-Germanic *thrijiz (source also of Old Saxon thria, Old Frisian thre, Middle Dutch and Dutch drie, Old High German dri, German drei, Old Norse þrir, Danish tre), from nominative plural of PIE root *trei- "three" (source also of Sanskrit trayas, Avestan thri, Greek treis, Latin tres, Lithuanian trys, Old Church Slavonic trye, Irish and Welsh tri "three"). | ٽي | टय | |
| thrill (v) | early 14c., "to pierce, penetrate," metathesis of Old English þyrlian "to perforate, pierce," from þyrel "hole" (in Middle English, also "nostril"), from þurh "through" (compare Middle High German dürchel "pierced, perforated;" from PIE root *tere- (2) "cross over, pass through, overcome") + -el. Meaning "give a shivering, exciting feeling" is first recorded 1590s, via metaphoric notion of "pierce with emotion." Related: Thrilled; thrilling. | ٿر ٿر، ٿرڪڻ، ڪنبائيڻو | थर थर, थरकण, कनबअययणव | *tere- (2) *terə- Sindhi root (ٿر، ٿر) meaning "cross over, pass through, overcome." |
| thrust (v) | late 12c., from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse þrysta "to thrust, force, press," from Proto-Germanic *thrustijanan, perhaps from PIE *treud- "push, press" (see threat), but OED finds this derivation doubtful. Related: Thrusting. | ٿڙڪو ڏيارڻ، ڌڪڻ | थड़कव डयअरण, धकण | |
| thug | 1810, "member of a gang of murderers and robbers in India who strangled their victims," from Marathi thag, thak "cheat, swindler," Hindi thag, perhaps from Sanskrit sthaga-s "cunning, fraudulent," from sthagayati "(he) covers, conceals," from PIE root *(s)teg- "to cover." | ٺگ | ठग | *(s)teg- Sindhi root (ڍڪ، ٽگھ) meaning "to cover," especially with a roof. |
| tie | Old English teag, "cord, band, thong, fetter," literally "that with which anything is tied," from Proto-Germanic *taugo (source also of Old Norse taug "tie," tygill "string"), from PIE root *deuk- "to lead" (source also of Old English teon "to draw, pull, drag"). | ٽاءُ | टअ | *deuk- Sindhi root (ڌاڪ، ديوڪ) meaning "to lead." |
| tight | From Middle English tight, tyght, tyȝt, tiht, variants of thight, thiht, from Old English *þīht, *þiht (attested in meteþiht) and Old Norse þéttr, both from Proto-Germanic *þinhtaz, from PIE *tenkt- (“dense, thick, tight”), from PIE *ten- (“to stretch, pull”). Cognate with Scots ticht, West Frisian ticht, Danish tæt, Icelandic þéttur (“dense”), Norwegian tett, Swedish tät, Dutch dicht (“dense”), German dicht (“dense”). | ٽاٽ، تاڻ واري حالت مان ورتل | टअट, तअण वअरय हअलत मअन वरतल | |
| time | Old English tima "limited space of time," from Proto-Germanic *timon- "time" (source also of Old Norse timi "time, proper time," Swedish timme "an hour"), from PIE *di-mon-, suffixed form of root *da- "to divide." | دَمُ، ٽاڻ، (وقت) | दम, टअण, (वक़त) | *da- *dā-, Sindhi root (دم) meaning "to divide." It forms all or part of: betide; daimon; Damocles; deal (v.); deal (n.1) "part, portion;" demagogue; demiurge; democracy; demography; demon; demotic; dole; endemic; epidemic; eudaemonic; geodesic; geodesy; ordeal; pandemic; pandemonium; tidal; tide (n.) "rise and fall of the sea;" tidings; tidy; time; zeitgeist. |
| tissue | mid-14c., "band or belt of rich material," from Old French tissu "a ribbon, headband, belt of woven material" (c. 1200), noun use of tissu "woven, interlaced," past participle of tistre "to weave," from Latin texere "to weave, to make," from PIE root *teks- "to weave," also "to fabricate." The biological sense is first recorded 1831, from French, introduced c. 1800 by French anatomist Marie-François-Xavier Bichal (1771-1802). Meaning "piece of absorbent paper used as a handkerchief" is from 1929. Tissue-paper is from 1777, supposedly so called because it was made to be placed between tissues to protect them. | اڻا، اڻيل پسو، ائٽ يا چرخي جي اڻت جيان سنھا سنھا اکا | अणअ, अणयल पसव, अयट यअ चरखय जय अणत जयअन सनहअ सनहअ अकअ | *teks- Sindhi root (ٽڪ) meaning "to weave," also "to fabricate," especially with an ax," also "to make wicker or wattle fabric for (mud-covered) house walls." |
| to | From Middle English to (“to”), from Old English tō (“to”), from Proto-Germanic *tō, *ta (“to”), from PIE *de, *do (“to”). Cognate with Scots tae, to (“to”), North Frisian to, tö, tu (“to”), Saterland Frisian tou (“to”), Low German to (“to”), Dutch toe (“to”), German zu (“to”), West Frisian ta (“to”). Non-Germanic cognates include Albanian ndaj (“towards”), Irish do (“to, for”), Breton da (“to, for”), Welsh i (“to, for”), Russian до (do, “to”). | ڏي، ڏانھن | डय, डअनहन | |
| tog | early 18th century (as a slang term for a coat or outer garment): apparently an abbreviation of obsolete criminals' slang togeman ( s ) ‘a light cloak’, from French toge or Latin toga (see toga). | ٽاگ | टअग | *(s)teg- Sindhi root (ڍڪ، ٽگھ) meaning "to cover," especially with a roof. |
| tonic | 1640s, "relating to or characterized by muscular tension," from Greek tonikos "of stretching," from tonos "a stretching," from PIE root *ten- "to stretch." The meaning "maintaining the healthy firmness of tissues" is recorded from 1680s, first extended 1756 to "having the property of restoring to health." Related: Tonical (1580s). | ٽاڻ واري، ٽانڪ | टअण वअरय, टअनक | *ten- Sindhi root (تڻ تاڻ) meaning "to stretch," with derivatives meaning "something stretched, a string; thin." |
| tooth | Old English toð (plural teð), from Proto-Germanic *tanthu- (source also of Old Saxon, Danish, Swedish, Dutch tand, Old Norse tönn, Old Frisian toth, Old High German zand, German Zahn, Gothic tunþus), from PIE root *dent- "tooth." Plural teeth is an instance of i-mutation. The loss of -n- before spirants is regular in Old English, Old Frisian, and Old Saxon: compare goose (n.), five, mouth (n.). Also thought, from stem of think; couth from the stem of can (v.1); us from *uns. | ڏند، ڏاٺ | डनद, डअठ | *dent- Sindhi root (ڏند، ڏاٺ) meaning "tooth." It forms all or part of: al dente; dandelion; dental; dentifrice; dentist; dentition; denture; glyptodon; indent (v.1) "to make notches;" mastodon; orthodontia; periodontal; teethe; tooth; toothsome; tusk; trident. |
| torque | "rotating force," 1882, from Latin torquere "to twist, turn, turn about, twist awry, distort, torture," from PIE *torkw-eyo-, causative of root *terkw- "to twist." The word also is used (since 1834) by antiquarians and others as a term for the twisted metal necklace worn anciently by Gauls, Britons, Germans, etc., from Latin torques "collar of twisted metal," from torquere. Earlier it had been called in English torques (1690s). Torque-wrench is from 1941. | ٿڙڪ، ڦسڪ، گسڪ | थड़क, फसक, गसक | *terkw- Sindhi root (ٿڙڪ) meaning "to twist." It forms all or part of: contort; distort; extort; extortion; nasturtium; queer; retort; thwart; torch; torment; torque (n.) "rotating force;" torsion; tort; torticollis; tortuous; torture; truss. |
| tower | Old English torr "tower, watchtower," from Latin turris "a tower, citadel, high structure" (also source of Old French tor, 11c., Modern French tour; Spanish, Italian torre "tower"), possibly from a pre-Indo-European Mediterranean language. Meaning "lofty pile or mass" is recorded from mid-14c. Also borrowed separately 13c. as tour, from Old French tur; the modern spelling (1520s) represents a merger of the two forms. | ٿُڙ، وڻ جو ڊگهو اڀو حصو (ان مان ئي اونچي عمارت کي سڏيل لڳي ٿو) | थड़, वण जव डगहव अभव हसव (अन मअन यय अवनचय अमअरत कय सडयल लगय थव) | |
| trans- | word-forming element meaning "across, beyond, through, on the other side of, to go beyond," from Latin trans (prep.) "across, over, beyond," perhaps originally present participle of a verb *trare-, meaning "to cross," from PIE *tra-, variant of root *tere- (2) "cross over, pass through, overcome." In chemical use indicating "a compound in which two characteristic groups are situated on opposite sides of an axis of a molecule" [Flood]. | تارڻ، اڳتي پھچائڻ | तअरण, अगतय पहचअयण | *tere- (2) *terə- Sindhi root (تارڻ، ٿر، ٿر) meaning "cross over, pass through, overcome." |
| tray | From Middle English treye, from Old English trēġ, trīġ (“wooden board, tray”), from Proto-Germanic *trawją (“wooden vessel”), from PIE *drewo-, *dóru (“tree; wood”). Cognate with Old Norse treyja (“carrier”), Old Swedish trø (“wooden grain measure”), Low German Treechel (“dough trough”), Ancient Greek δρουίτη (drouítē, “tub, vat”), Sanskrit द्रोण (droṇa, “trough”). Related to trough and tree. | ترائي، ڪاٺيءَ مان ٺهيل سڌي پليٽ | तरअयय, कअठय मअन ठहयल सधय पलयट | *deru- also *dreu-, Sindhi root (ڏار، ڪاٺ) meaning "be firm, solid, steadfast," with specialized senses "wood," "tree" and derivatives referring to objects made of wood. |
| tree | From Middle English tre, tree, treo, treou, trew, trow, from Old English trēo, trēow (“tree, wood, timber, beam, log, stake, stick, grove, cross, rood”), from Proto-Germanic *trewą (“tree, wood”), from pre-Germanic *dréwom, thematic e-grade derivative of PIE *dóru (“tree”). | ٿڙ | थड़ | *deru- also *dreu-, Sindhi root (ڏار، ڪاٺ) meaning "be firm, solid, steadfast," with specialized senses "wood," "tree" and derivatives referring to objects made of wood. |
| triangle | late 14c., from Old French triangle (13c.), from Latin triangulum "triangle," noun use of neuter of adjective triangulus "three-cornered, having three angles," from tri- "three" (see tri-) + angulus "corner, angle" (see angle (n.)). | ٽه انگڙو، ٽڪنڊو | टह अनगड़व, टकनडव | |
| trick | Alternatively, perhaps from Dutch trek (“a pull, draw, trick”), from trekken (“to draw”), from Middle Dutch trekken, trēken (“to pull, place, put, move”), from Old Dutch *trekkan, *trekan (“to move, drag”), from Proto-Germanic *trakjaną, *trekaną (“to drag, scrape, pull”), from PIE *dreg- (“to drag, scrape”). | ٺڙڪ، حرفت واري نموني جي حالت | ठड़क, हरफ़त वअरय नमवनय जय हअलत | |
| trigonometry | "branch of mathematics that deals with relations between sides and angles of triangles," 1610s, from Modern Latin trigonometria (Barthelemi Pitiscus, 1595), from Greek trigonon "triangle" (from tri- "three" (see tri-) + gōnia "angle, corner" (from PIE root *genu- (1) "knee; angle") + metron "a measure" (from PIE root *me- (2) "to measure"). | ٽي + گوڏائين (پاساين) + مئڻي (ماپ) رياضي جي اھا شاخ جيڪا ٽڪنڊن جي ماپن کي ٻڌائي | टय + गवडअययन (पअसअयन) + मयणय (मअप) रयअज़य जय अहअ शअख जयकअ टकनडन जय मअपन कय बधअयय | *genu- (1) Sindhi root (گوڏو) meaning "knee; angle." It forms all or part of: agonic; decagon; diagonal; geniculate; genuflect; genuflection; -gon; goniometer; heptagon; hexagon; knee; kneel; octagon; orthogonal; pentagon; polygon; trigonometry. |
| trinity | early 13c., "the Father, Son and Holy Spirit," constituting one God in prevailing Christian doctrine, from Old French trinite "Holy Trinity" (11c.), from Late Latin trinitatem (nominative trinitas) "Trinity, triad" (Tertullian), from Latin trinus "threefold, triple," from plural of trini "three at a time, threefold," related to tres (neuter tria) "three" (see three). The Latin word was widely borrowed in European languages with the spread of Christianity (Irish trionnoid, Welsh trindod, German trinität). Old English used þrines as a loan-translation of Latin trinitas. Related: Trinitarian. | ٽکڙي، (عيسائين جي عقيدي ۾ پيءُ. پٽ ۽ مقدس روح جو ميلاپ) | टकड़य, (अयसअययन जय अक़यदय में पय. पट ۽ मक़दस रवह जव मयलअप) | |
| tub | Middle English: probably of Low German or Dutch origin; compare with Middle Low German, Middle Dutch tubbe .From indic word *tubh'o | ٽڀو (وڏو ٿانءُ) | टभव (वडव थअन) | |
| twi- | word-forming element meaning "two, twice, double, in two ways," from Old English twi- "two, in two ways, twice, double," from Proto-Germanic *twi- (source also of Old Frisian twi-, Old Norse tvi-, Dutch twee-, Old High German zwi-, German zwei-), from PIE *dwis (source also of Sanskrit dvi-, Greek di-, Old Latin dvi-, Latin bi-, Lithuanian dvi-), from root *dwo- "two." Cognate with bi-. Older instances of it include Middle English twinter "two years old" (c. 1400, of cattle, sheep, etc.), reduced from Old English twi-wintre, and Old English twispræc "double or deceitful speech." | ڏُئي، ڏڪي سان، ٻڪي سان | डयय, डकय सअन, बकय सअन | *dwo- Sindhi root (ڏون، ٻن وارو) meaning "two." |
| twin | From Middle English twinne, twynne, from Old English ġetwin, ġetwinn (“twin, multiple”, noun) and twinn (“twin, two-fold, double, two by two”, adjective), from Proto-Germanic *twinjaz, *twinaz (“two each”), from PIE *dwino- (“twin”), from PIE *dwóh₁ (“two”). Cognate with Scots twyn (“twin”), Dutch tweeling (“twin”), German Zwilling (“twin”), Swedish tvilling (“twin”), Faroese tvinnur (“a double set”), Icelandic tvenna (“duo, pair”), Lithuanian dvynys (“twin”), Russian двойня (dvojnja, “twin”). | ڏون، (ڏڪو، ٻٽو مان کنيل) | डवन, (डकव, बटव मअन कनयल) | *dwo- Sindhi root (ڏون، ٻن وارو) meaning "two." |
| two | From Middle English two, twa, from Old English twā, neuter of twēġen (whence twain), from Proto-Germanic *twai, from PIE *dwóh₁. Cognate with Scots twa (“two”); North Frisian tou, tuu (“two”); Saterland Frisian twäin, two (“two”); West Frisian twa (“two”); Dutch twee (“two”); Low German twee, twei (“two”); German zwei, zwo (“two”); Danish and Norwegian to (“two”); Swedish två, tu (“two”); Icelandic tvö (“two”); Latin duō (“two”); Ancient Greek δύο (dúo, “two”); Irish dhá (“two”); Lithuanian dù (“two”); Russian два (dva, “two”); Albanian dy (“two”); Old Armenian երկու (erku, “two”); Sanskrit द्व (dvá, “two”); Tocharian A wu, Tocharian B wi (“two”). | ڏون | डवन | *dwo- Sindhi root (ڏون، ٻن وارو) meaning "two." |
| ugly | mid-13c., uglike "frightful or horrible in appearance," from a Scandinavian source, such as Old Norse uggligr "dreadful, fearful," from uggr "fear, apprehension, dread" (perhaps related to agg "strife, hate") + -ligr "-like" (see -ly (1)). Meaning softened to "very unpleasant to look at" late 14c. Extended sense of "morally offensive" is attested from c. 1300; that of "ill-tempered" is from 1680s, ultimately from IU *ugly (with same meaning) | اگلي، گدلو يا گدلي | अगलय, गदलव यअ गदलय | |
| umbrage (n) | *andho- Sindhi root (انڌو) meaning "blind". It forms all or part of: umbrage, somber, umbrella | انڌ، ڇانو، اوندھ (انڌو لفظ مان نڪتل) | अनध, छअनव, अवनदह (अनधव लफ़ज़ मअन नकतल) | *andho- Sindhi root (انڌو) meaning "blind". It forms all or part of: umbrella. |
| un- | prefix of negation, Old English un-, from Proto-Germanic *un- (source also of Old Saxon, Old Frisian, Old High German, German un-, Gothic un-, Dutch on-), from PIE *n- (source of Sanskrit a-, an- "not," Greek a-, an-, Old Irish an-, Latin in-), combining form of PIE root *ne- "not." Often euphemistic (such as untruth for "lie"). | اڻ | अण | *ne- Sindhi root (اڻ) meaning "not." |
| under | From Old English under, from Proto-Germanic *under (whence also German unter, Dutch onder, Danish and Norwegian under), from a merger of PIE *n̥dʰér (“under”) and *n̥tér (“inside”). Akin to Old High German untar (“under”), Latin infrā (“below, beneath”) and inter (“between, among”). | اندر، انتر | अनदर, अनतर | |
| up | Old English up(p), uppe, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch op and German auf, From Indo European *Obh | اڀ (مٿي) | अभ (मथय) | *upo Sindhi root (اُڀو) meaning "under," also "up from under," hence "over." |
| upper | Old English up(p), uppe, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch op and German auf, From Indo European *Obh'ar | اُپر (اپار) مٿاھون | अपर (अपअर) मथअहवन | *upo Sindhi root (اُڀو) meaning "under," also "up from under," hence "over." |
| us | From Middle English us, from Old English ūs (“us”, dative personal pronoun), from Proto-Germanic *uns (“us”), from PIE *ne-, *nō-, *n-ge-, *n-sme- (“us”). Cognate with West Frisian us, ús (“us”), Low German us (“us”), Dutch ons (“us”), German uns (“us”), Danish os (“us”), Latin nōs (“we, us”). | اسان، اسين | असअन, असयन | |
| utter | Old English ūtera, ūttra ‘outer’, comparative of ūt ‘out’; compare with outer. From Indo-European *ucht'ar (make a sound) | اچار | अचअर | |
| vacate (adj) | 1640s, "to make void, to annul," from Latin vacatus, past participle of vacare "be empty, be void," from PIE *wak-, extended form of root *eue- "to leave, abandon, give out." Meaning "to leave, give up, quit" (a place) is attested from 1791. Related: Vacated; vacating. | وائکائپ | वअयकअयप | *eue- *euə-, Sindhi root (وائک) meaning "to leave, abandon, give out," with derivatives meaning "abandoned, lacking, empty." It forms all or part of: avoid; devastation; devoid; evacuate; evanescent; vacant; vacate; vacation; vacuity; vacuole; vacuous; vacuum; vain; vanish; vanity; vaunt; void; wane; want; wanton; waste. |
| valid | From Middle French valide (“healthy, sound, in good order”), from Latin validus, from valeō (“I am strong, I am healthy, I am worth”) + -idus, from PIE *wal (“be strong”). | ٻل جي حساب سان | बल जय हसअब सअन | *wal- Sindhi root (ولڻ) meaning "to be strong." It forms all or part of: ambivalence; Arnold; avail; bivalent; convalesce; countervail; Donald; equivalent; evaluation; Gerald; Harold; invalid (adj.1) "not strong, infirm;" invalid (adj.2) "of no legal force;" Isold; multivalent; polyvalent; prevalent; prevail; Reynold; Ronald; valediction; valence; Valerie; valetudinarian; valiance; valiant; valid; valor; value; Vladimir; Walter; wield. |
| value | From Middle English valew, value, from Old French value ( = Italian valuta), feminine past participle of valoir, from Latin valēre (“be strong, be worth”), from PIE *walh₂- (“to be strong”). | ٻل، طاقت ۽ معيار جي حساب سان | बल, तअक़त ۽ मअयअर जय हसअब सअन | *wal- Sindhi root (ولڻ) meaning "to be strong." |
| valve | late 14c., "one of the halves of a folding door," from Latin valva (plural valvae) "section of a folding or revolving door," literally "that which turns," related to volvere "to roll," from PIE root *wel- (3) "to turn, revolve." Sense extended 1610s to "membranous fold regulating flow of bodily fluids;" 1650s to "mechanical device that works like an anatomical valve;" and 1660s in zoology to "halves of a hinged shell." Related: Valved. | ول، ڦرڻ، موٽڻ، ڇل، ور وڪڙ | वल, फरण, मवटण, छल, वर वकड़ | *wel- (3) Sindhi root (ول، ور) meaning "to turn, revolve," with derivatives referring to curved, enclosing objects. |
| vehicle | 1610s, "a medium through which a drug or medicine is administered," also "any means of conveying or transmitting," from French véhicule (16c.), from Latin vehiculum "means of transport, vehicle, carriage, conveyance," from vehere "to bear, carry, convey," from PIE root *wegh- "to go, move, transport in a vehicle," which also is the source of English wagon. Sense of "cart or other conveyance" in English first recorded 1650s. | وڃ، وھٽ (جتان پوءِ يورپ ۾ اھا گاڏي ٿي وئي.) | वञ, वहट (जतअन पव यवरप में अहअ गअडय थय वयय.) | *wegh- Sindhi root (ويگ) meaning "to go, move, transport in a vehicle." It forms all or part of: always; away; convection; convey; convex; convoy; deviate; devious; envoy; evection; earwig; foy; graywacke; impervious; invective; inveigh; invoice; Norway; obviate; obvious; ochlocracy; ogee; pervious; previous; provection; quadrivium; thalweg; trivia; trivial; trivium; vector; vehemence; vehement; vehicle; vex; via; viaduct; viatic; viaticum; vogue; voyage; wacke; wag; waggish; wagon; wain; wall-eyed; wave (n.); way; wee; weigh; weight; wey; wiggle. |
| venerate (v) | 1620s, back-formation from veneration, or else from Latin veneratus, past participle of venerari "to reverence, worship," from venus (genitive veneris) "beauty, love, desire" (from PIE root *wen- (1) "to desire, strive for"). Related: Venerated; venerating. | وڻجڻ، وڻڻ | वणजण, वणण | *wen- (1) Sindhi root (وڻ) meaning "to desire, strive for." It forms all or part of: vanadium; Vanir; venerate; veneration; venerable; venereal; venery (n.1) "pursuit of sexual pleasure;" venery (n.2) "hunting, the sports of the chase;" venial; venison; venom; Venus; wean; ween; Wend "Slavic people of eastern Germany;" win; winsome; wish; wont; wynn. |
| venom (n) | mid-13c., venim, venym, "poison secreted by some animals and transferred by biting," from Anglo-French and Old French venim, venin "poison; malice," from Vulgar Latin *venimen (source also of Italian veleno, Spanish veneno), from Latin venenum "poison," earlier (pre-classical) "drug, medical potion," also "charm, seduction," probably originally "love potion," from PIE *wenes-no-, from root *wen- (1) "to desire, strive for." Variously deformed in post-Latin languages, apparently by dissimilation. Modern spelling in English from late 14c. The meaning "bitter, virulent feeling or language" is first recorded c. 1300. | وڻڻو، وڻيل (چاھ لوڀ جي انت جي ڪري ھتي شايد زھر سان لاڳاپيو ويل آھي) | वणणव, वणयल (चअह लवभ जय अनत जय करय हतय शअयद ज़हर सअन लअगअपयव वयल आहय) | *wen- (1) Sindhi root (وڻ) meaning "to desire, strive for." |
| vent (v) | late 14c., "emit from a confined space," probably a shortening of aventer "expose oneself to the air" (c. 1300), from Old French eventer "let out, expose to air," from Vulgar Latin *exventare, from Latin ex "out" + ventus "wind" (from PIE *wē-nt-o‑ "blowing," suffixed (participial) form of root *we- "to blow"). | وڃڻ، نڪرڻ (جاءِ ڇڏڻ) | वञण, नकरण (जअ छडण) | *we- wē-, Sindhi root (وھ) meaning "to blow." It forms all or part of: Nirvana; vent; ventilate; weather; wind (n.1) "air in motion;" window; wing. |
| Venus (n) | late Old English, from Latin Venus (plural veneres), in ancient Roman mythology, the goddess of beauty and love, especially sensual love, from venus "love, sexual desire; loveliness, beauty, charm; a beloved object," from PIE root *wen- (1) "to desire, strive for." Applied by the Romans to Greek Aphrodite, Egyptian Hathor, etc. Applied in English to any beautiful, attractive woman by 1570s. As the name of the most brilliant planet from late 13c., from this sense in Latin (Old English called it morgensteorra and æfensteorra). The venus fly-trap (Dionæa muscipula) was discovered 1760 by Gov. Arthur Dobbs in North Carolina and description sent to Collinson in England. The Central Atlantic Coast Algonquian name for the plant, /titipiwitshik/, yielded regional American English tippity wichity. | وڻيل، ٺاھوڪي (محبوبه) لڀ جي ديوي | वणयल, ठअहवकय (महबवबह) लभ जय दयवय | *wen- (1) Sindhi root (وڻ) meaning "to desire, strive for." |
| ver- | German prefix "denoting destruction, reversal, or completion" [Watkins], from Proto-Germanic *fer-, *far-, from PIE root *per- (1) "forward," hence "through." | پري ، ڏُور ، پرانهون. صفت ٻاهريون ، پرديسي. ڌاريو ، اوپرو ، اوڦٽو. ”توڙي لک لُٽاءِ، ته به پَرُ پنهنجو نه ٿئي“ چوڻي. | परय , डवर , परअनहवन. सफ़त बअहरयवन , परदयसय. धअरयव , अवपरव , अवफटव. ”तवड़य लक लटअ, तह बह पर पनहनजव नह थयय“ चवणय. | *per- (1) Sindhi root (پھرين) forming prepositions, etc., meaning "forward," and, by extension, "in front of, before, first, chief, toward, near, against," etc. |
| verb | "a word that asserts or declares; that part of speech of which the office is predication, and which, either alone or with various modifiers or adjuncts, combines with a subject to make a sentence" [Century Dictionary], late 14c., from Old French verbe "word; word of God; saying; part of speech that expresses action or being" (12c.) and directly from Latin verbum "verb," originally "a word," from PIE root *were- (3) "to speak" (source also of Avestan urvata- "command;" Sanskrit vrata- "command, vow;" Greek rhetor "public speaker," rhetra "agreement, covenant," eirein "to speak, say;" Hittite weriga- "call, summon;" Lithuanian vardas "name;" Gothic waurd, Old English word "word"). | ورتا، ور، چوڻ، ٻڌائڻ | वरतअ, वर, चवण, बधअयण | |
| verify (v) | early 14c., from Old French verifier "substantiate, find out the truth about" (14c.), from Medieval Latin verificare "make true," from Latin verus "true" (from PIE root *were-o- "true, trustworthy") + combining form of facere "to make" (from PIE root *dhe- "to set, put"). | ورائي، وارڻ، سچائي (ور مان نڪتل قول، سچو ٻول) | वरअयय, वअरण, सचअयय (वर मअन नकतल क़वल, सचव बवल) | *were-o- *wērə-o-, Sindhi root (وار) meaning "true, trustworthy." It forms all or part of: aver; Varangian; veracious; veracity; verdict; veridical; verify; verisimilitude; verism; veritas; verity; very; voir dire; warlock. |
| vernal (adj) | "pertaining to spring," 1530s, from Late Latin vernalis "of the spring," from vernus "of spring," from Latin ver "the spring, spring-time," from PIE *wesr- "the spring" (source also of Old Norse var "spring," Greek ear, Armenian gar-un, Sanskrit vasantah, Persian bahar, Old Church Slavonic vesna "spring," Lithuanian vasara "summer")."pertaining to spring," 1530s, from Late Latin vernalis "of the spring," from vernus "of spring," from Latin ver "the spring, spring-time," from PIE *wesr- "the spring" (source also of Old Norse var "spring," Greek ear, Armenian gar-un, Sanskrit vasantah, Persian bahar, Old Church Slavonic vesna "spring," Lithuanian vasara "summer"). | وسنت (بسنت) | वसनत (बसनत) | |
| versatile (adj) | c. 1600, "inconstant," from Latin versatilis "turning, revolving, moving, capable of turning with ease to varied subjects or tasks," from past participle stem of versare "keep turning, be engaged in something, turn over in the mind," frequentative of vertere "to turn" (from PIE root *wer- (2) "to turn, bend"). Meaning "able to do many things well" is from 1762 in English. | وريل، گهڻ پاسائون | वरयल, गहण पअसअयवन | *wer- (2) Sindhi root (ور، ويڙھ) forming words meaning "to turn, bend." |
| verse | late Old English (replacing Old English fers, an early West Germanic borrowing directly from Latin), "line or section of a psalm or canticle," later "line of poetry" (late 14c.), from Anglo-French and Old French vers "line of verse; rhyme, song," from Latin versus "a line, row, line of verse, line of writing," from PIE root *wer- (2) "to turn, bend." The metaphor is of plowing, of "turning" from one line to another (vertere = "to turn") as a plowman does. | وراڻي، (ھتي بيت جي رديف قافيي جي ساڳي آواز تي ورڻ جي حساب سان ڪتب آيل آھي) | वरअणय, (हतय बयत जय रदयफ़ क़अफ़यय जय सअगय आवअज़ तय वरण जय हसअब सअन कतब आयल आहय) | *wer- (2) Sindhi root (ور، ويڙھ) forming words meaning "to turn, bend." |
| versus (prep.) | mid-15c., in legal case names, denoting action of one party against another, from Latin versus "turned toward or against," past participle of vertere "to turn," from PIE *wert- "to turn, wind," from root *wer- (2) "to turn, bend." | ورسڻ، آمھون سامھون مقابلي لاءِ | वरसण, आमहवन सअमहवन मक़अबलय लअ | *wer- (2) Sindhi root (ور، ويڙھ) forming words meaning "to turn, bend." |
| vertigo | early 15c., from Latin vertigo "dizziness, sensation of whirling," originally "a whirling or spinning movement," from vertere "to turn" (from PIE root *wer- (2) "to turn, bend"). | ورٽ، مٿو ڦرڻ | वरट, मथव फरण | *wer- (2) Sindhi root (ور، ويڙھ) forming words meaning "to turn, bend." |
| vessel | Middle English: from Anglo-Norman French vessel(e ), from late Latin vascellum, diminutive of vas ‘vessel’. | باسڻ، وڏو ٿانءُ | बअसण, वडव थअन | |
| vest | From French veste (“a vest, jacket”), from Latin vestis (“a garment, gown, robe, vestment, clothing, vesture”), from PIE *wes-ti(h₂)-, from *wes- (“to be dressed”) (English wear). Cognate with Spanish vestir. | ويس، وستر | वयस, वसतर | *eu- Sindhi root (ويس) meaning "to dress," with extended form *wes- (2) "to clothe." It forms all or part of: divest; exuviae; invest; revetment; transvestite; travesty; vest; vestry; wear. |
| via (adj) | 1779, from Latin via "by way of," ablative form of via "way, road, path, highway, channel, course," from PIE root *wegh- "to go, move, transport in a vehicle," which is also the source of English way (n.). | ويڳ سان (رستي سان) | वयग सअन (रसतय सअन) | *wegh- Sindhi root (ويگ) meaning "to go, move, transport in a vehicle." |
| view (n) | early 15c., "formal inspection or survey" (of land); mid-15c., "visual perception," from Anglo-French vewe "view," Old French veue "light, brightness; look, appearance; eyesight, vision," noun use of fem. past participle of veoir "to see," from Latin videre "to see" (from PIE root *weid- "to see"). Sense of "manner of regarding something" attested from early 15c. Meaning "sight or prospect of a landscape, etc." is recorded from c. 1600. | وِدِيو، ڏيک | वदयव, डयक | *weid- Sindhi root (ويد، وديا) meaning "to see." |
| virus | late 14c., "venomous substance," from Latin virus "poison, sap of plants, slimy liquid, a potent juice," probably from PIE root *weis- "to melt away, to flow," used of foul or malodorous fluids, with specialization in some languages to "poisonous fluid" (source also of Sanskrit visam "poison," visah "poisonous;" Avestan vish- "poison;" Latin viscum "sticky substance, birdlime;" Greek ios "poison," ixos "mistletoe, birdlime;" Old Church Slavonic višnja "cherry;" Old Irish fi "poison;" Welsh gwyar "blood"). Main modern meaning "agent that causes infectious disease" first recorded 1728 (in reference to venereal disease). The computer sense is from 1972. | وش، وس، زھر | वश, वस, ज़हर | |
| visa (n) | 1831, "official signature or endorsement on a passport," from French visa, from Modern Latin charta visa "verified paper," literally "paper that has been seen," from fem. past participle of Latin videre "to see" (from PIE root *weid- "to see"). Earlier visé (1810), from French past participle of viser "to examine, view." The credit card of this name was introduced 1976, replacing BankAmericard. | وِدِ، ويد، ويزا، ڏٺل ڪاڳر | वद, वयद, वयज़अ, डठल कअगर | *weid- Sindhi root (ويد، وديا) meaning "to see." |
| vision | c. 1300, "something seen in the imagination or in the supernatural," from Anglo-French visioun, Old French vision "presence, sight; view, look, appearance; dream, supernatural sight" (12c.), from Latin visionem (nominative visio) "act of seeing, sight, thing seen," noun of action from past participle stem of videre "to see," from PIE root *weid- "to see." The meaning "sense of sight" is first recorded late 15c. Meaning "statesman-like foresight, political sagacity" is attested from 1926. | ويساھ، وديا، ويد (پختو ساھس، يقين) | वयसअह, वदयअ, वयद (पखतव सअहस, यक़यन) | *weid- Sindhi root (ويد، وديا) meaning "to see." |
| vita (n) | plural vitae, Latin, literally "life," from PIE root *gwei- "to live." | جيءُ، جيون بابت | जय, जयवन बअबत | *gwei- also *gweie-, Sindhi root (جيو) meaning "to live." |
| vital (adj) | late 14c., "of or manifesting life," from Latin vitalis "of or belonging to life," from vita "life," related to vivere "to live," from PIE root *gwei- "to live." The sense of "necessary or important" is from 1610s, via the notion of "essential to life" (late 15c.). Vital capacity recorded from 1852. Related: Vitally. | جيو سان لاڳاپيل | जयव सअन लअगअपयल | *gwei- also *gweie-, Sindhi root (جيو) meaning "to live." |
| vocal | late 14c., "spoken, oral," from Old French vocal (13c.), from Latin vocalis "sounding, sonorous, speaking," as a noun, "a vowel," from vox (genitive vocis) "voice" (from PIE root *wekw- "to speak"). In reference to music (as opposed to instrumental), first recorded 1580s; meaning "outspoken" first attested 1871. Vocal cords is from 1872; see cord. | واڪو، واڪڻ | वअकव, वअकण | *wekw- Sindhi root (واڪ) meaning "to speak." |
| vogue | [1565] Borrowed from Middle French vogue (“wave, course of success”), from Old French vogue, from voguer (“to row, sway, set sail”), from Old Saxon wogōn (“to sway, rock”), var. of wagōn (“to float, fluctuate”), from Proto-Germanic *wagōną (“to sway, fluctuate”) and Proto-Germanic *wēgaz (“water in motion”), from Proto-Germanic *weganą (“to move, carry, weigh”), from PIE *weǵʰ- (“to move, go, transport”). Akin to Old Saxon wegan (“to move”), Old High German wegan (“to move”), Old English wegan (“to move, carry, weigh”), Old Norse vaga (“to sway, fluctuate”), Old English wagian (“to sway, totter”), German Woge (“wave”), Swedish våg (“wave”). More at wag. | وڳ، وڳ ويس | वग, वग वयस | *wegh- Sindhi root (ويگ) meaning "to go, move, transport in a vehicle." |
| voice (n) | late 13c., "sound made by the human mouth," from Old French voiz "voice, speech; word, saying, rumor, report" (Modern French voix), from Latin vocem (nominative vox) "voice, sound, utterance, cry, call, speech, sentence, language, word" (source also of Italian voce, Spanish voz), related to vocare "to call," from PIE root *wekw- "to speak." Replaced Old English stefn "voice," from Proto-Germanic *stemno, from PIE *stomen- (see stoma). Meaning "ability in a singer" is first attested c. 1600. Meaning "expression of feeling, etc." (in reference to groups of people, etc., such as Voice of America) is recorded from late 14c. Meaning "invisible spirit or force that directs or suggests" (especially in the context of insanity, as in hear voices in (one's) head) is from 1911. | واڪ، واڪڻ (دانهڻ) ٻڌائڻ | वअक, वअकण (दअनहण) बधअयण | *wekw- Sindhi root (واڪ) meaning "to speak." |
| vote | mid-15c., "formal expression of one's wish or choice with regard to a proposal, candidate, etc.," from Latin votum "a vow, wish, promise to a god, solemn pledge, dedication," noun use of neuter of votus, past participle of vovere "to promise, dedicate" (see vow (n.)). Meaning "totality of voters of a certain class or type" is from 1888. | ووئڻ، دانھن سڻڻ لاءِ پختو لفظ | ववयण, दअनहन सणण लअ पखतव लफ़ज़ | |
| vowel | c. 1300, from Old French voieul (Modern French voyelle), from Latin vocalis, in littera vocalis, literally "vocal letter," from vox (genitive vocis) "voice," from PIE root *wekw- "to speak." Vowel shift in reference to the pronunciation change between Middle and Modern English is attested from 1909. The Hawaiian word hooiaioia, meaning "certified," has the most consecutive vowels of any word in current human speech; the English record-holder is queueing. | وائي ڏيندڙ، وائلو | वअयय डयनदड़, वअयलव | *wekw- Sindhi root (واڪ) meaning "to speak." |
| vulva | late 14c., from Latin vulva, earlier volva "womb, female sexual organ," perhaps literally "wrapper," from volvere "to turn, twist, roll, revolve," also "turn over in the mind," from PIE root *wel- (3) "to turn, revolve," with derivatives referring to curved, enclosing objects. | يوني، يوني مٿان وريل تھ | यवनय, यवनय मथअन वरयल तह | *wel- (3) Sindhi root (ول، ور) meaning "to turn, revolve," with derivatives referring to curved, enclosing objects. |
| wade (v) | Old English wadan "to go forward, proceed, move, stride, advance" (the modern sense perhaps represented in oferwaden "wade across"), from Proto-Germanic *wadanan (source also of Old Norse vaða, Danish vade, Old Frisian wada, Dutch waden, Old High German watan, German waten "to wade"), from PIE root *wadh- (2) "to go," found only in Germanic and Latin (source also of Latin vadere "to go," vadum "shoal, ford," vadare "to wade"). Italian guado, French gué "ford" are Germanic loan-words. | وڌڻ (اڳتي وڌڻ) | वधण (अगतय वधण) | |
| wagon | "four-wheeled vehicle to carry heavy loads," late 15c., from Middle Dutch wagen, waghen, from Proto-Germanic *wagna- (source also of Old English wægn, Modern English wain, Old Saxon and Old High German wagan, Old Norse vagn, Old Frisian wein, German Wagen), from PIE *wogh-no-, suffixed form of root *wegh- "to go, move, transport in a vehicle" (source also of Latin vehiculum). It is thus related to way. | واڳڻ، وڃڻ، وھٽڻ (گاڏي جي تصور ۾) | वअगण, वञण, वहटण (गअडय जय तसवर में ) | *wegh- Sindhi root (ويگ) meaning "to go, move, transport in a vehicle." |
| wail | c. 1300, Middle English weilen, waylen (“to sob, cry, wail”),[1] from Old Norse væla (“to wail”),[2] from væ, vei (“woe”),[3] from Proto-Germanic *wai (whence also Old English wā (“woe”) (English woe)), from PIE *wai. The verb is first attested in the intransitive sense; the transitive sense developed in mid-14th c.. The noun came from the verb. | ويل، وائي | वयल, वअयय | |
| wain (n) | Old English wægn "wheeled vehicle, wagon, cart," from Proto-Germanic *wagna, from PIE *wogh-no-, suffixed form of root *wegh- "to go, move, transport in a vehicle" (source also of Latin vehiculum). A doublet of wagon. Largely fallen from use by c. 1600, but kept alive by poets, who found it easier to rhyme on than wagon. As a name for the Big Dipper/Plough, it is from Old English (see Charles's Wain). | وڳ لفظ مان نڪتل وڳڻي، وين | वग लफ़ज़ मअन नकतल वगणय, वयन | *wegh- Sindhi root (ويگ) meaning "to go, move, transport in a vehicle." |
| walk | From Middle English walken (“to move, roll, turn, revolve, toss”), from Old English wealcan (“to move round, revolve, roll, turn, toss”), ġewealcan (“to go, traverse”); and Middle English walkien (“to roll, stamp, walk, wallow”), from Old English wealcian (“to curl, roll up”); both from Proto-Germanic *walkaną, *walkōną (“to twist, turn, roll about, full”), from PIE *walg-, *walk- (“to twist, turn, move”). Cognate with Scots walk (“to walk”), Saterland Frisian walkje (“to full; drum; flex; mill”), West Frisian swalkje (“to wander, roam”), Dutch walken (“to full, work hair or felt”), Dutch zwalken (“to wander about”), German walken (“to flex, full, mill, drum”), Danish valke (“to waulk, full”), Latin valgus (“bandy-legged, bow-legged”). | وک، وانڪ، وانڪون، وکون | वक, वअनक, वअनकवन, वकवन | *wel- (3) Sindhi root (ول، ور) meaning "to turn, revolve," with derivatives referring to curved, enclosing objects. |
| wallet | late 14c., "bag, knapsack," of uncertain origin, probably from an unrecorded Old North French *walet "roll, knapsack," or similar Germanic word in Anglo-French or Old French, from Proto-Germanic *wall- "roll," from PIE root *wel- (3) "to turn, revolve." Meaning "flat case for carrying paper money" is first recorded 1834, American English. | ولَي رکڻو، ٻٽون | वलय रकणव, बटवन | *wel- (3) Sindhi root (ول، ور) meaning "to turn, revolve," with derivatives referring to curved, enclosing objects. |
| wand (n) | c. 1200, from Old Norse vondr "rod, switch" (cognate with Gothic wandus "rod," Middle Swedish vander), from Proto-Germanic *wend- "to turn," see wind (v.1)). The notion is of a bending, flexible stick. Compare cognate Old Norse veggr, Old English wag "wall," Old Saxon, Dutch wand, Old High German want, German Wand "wall," originally "wickerwork for making walls," or "wall made of wattle-work" (an insight into early Germanic domestic architecture). Magic wand is attested from c. 1400 and shows the etymological sense of "suppleness" already had been lost. | وينڊ، وينڊو ڪرڻ | वयनड, वयनडव करण | *we- wē-, Sindhi root (وھ) meaning "to blow." It forms all or part of: Nirvana; vent; ventilate; weather; wind (n.1) "air in motion;" window; wing. |
| want | c. 1200, "to be lacking," from Old Norse vanta "to lack, want," earlier *wanaton, from Proto-Germanic *wanen, from PIE *weno-, suffixed form of root *eue- "to leave, abandon, give out." The meaning "desire, wish for, feel the need of" is recorded by 1706. | وڻيو (جنھن کي چاھجي) | वणयव (जनहन कय चअहजय) | *wen- (1) Sindhi root (وڻ) meaning "to desire, strive for." |
| war (n) | From Middle English werre, from Late Old English werre, wyrre (“armed conflict”) from Old Northern French werre (compare Old French guerre, whence modern French guerre), from Frankish *werra (“riot, disturbance, quarrel”) from Proto-Germanic *werrō (“mixture, mix-up, confusion, turmoil”), from PIE *wers- (“to mix up, confuse, beat, thresh”). Akin to Old High German werra (“confusion, strife, quarrel”) (German verwirren (“to confuse”)), Old Saxon werran (“to confuse, perplex”), Dutch war (“confusion, disarray”), West Frisian war (“defense, self-defense, struggle", also "confusion”), Old English wyrsa, wiersa (“worse”), Old Norse verri (“worse”) (originally "confounded, mixed up"). There may be a connection with worse, wurst. | ويڙھ (جنگ) | वयड़ह (जनग) | |
| warm | Old English wearm (adjective), werman, wearmian (verb), of Germanic origin; related to Dutch and German warm, from an Indo-European root shared by Latin formus ‘warm’ and Greek thermos ‘hot’. | گرم | गरम | *gwher- Sindhi root (ڄر) meaning "to heat, warm." |
| warn | Old English warnian "to give notice of impending danger," also intransitive, "to take heed," from Proto-Germanic *warōnan (source also of Old Norse varna "to admonish," Old High German warnon "to take heed," German warnen "to warn"), from PIE root *wer- (4) "to cover." Related: Warned; warning. | وارڻ، خبردار ڪرڻ، جهلڻ | वअरण, खबरदअर करण, जहलण | *wer- (4) Sindhi root (وارڻ، ڍڪڻ) meaning "to cover." |
| warrant | c. 1200, "protector, defender," from Old North French warant "defender; surety, pledge; justifying evidence" (Old French garant), from Frankish *warand, from Proto-Germanic *war- "to warn, guard, protect" (source also of Old High German werento "guarantor," noun use of present participle of weren "to authorize, warrant;" German gewähren "to grant"), from PIE root *wer- (4) "to cover." Sense evolved via notion of "permission from a superior which protects one from blame or responsibility" (early 14c.) to "document conveying authority" (1510s). A warrant officer in the military is one who holds office by warrant (as from a government department), rather than by commission (from a head of state). | واڙڻ، بچڻ لاءِ وارو ڪرڻ | वअड़ण, बचण लअ वअरव करण | *wer- (4) Sindhi root (وارڻ، ڍڪڻ) meaning "to cover." |
| warrior | From Middle English werreour, from Anglo-Norman guerreier, Old French guerroiier (“fighter, combattant”), from Late Latin guerra (“war”), from Frankish *werra (“riot, disturbance, quarrel”), from Proto-Germanic *werzō, *werzá- (“confusion, disarray”), from PIE *wers- (“to mix up, confuse, beat, thresh”). Replaced Old English wiga. | ويڙھو | वयड़हव | |
| watch | Old English wæcce "a watching, state of being or remaining awake, wakefulness;" also "act or practice of refraining from sleep for devotional or penitential purposes;" from wæccan "keep watch, be awake," from Proto-Germanic *wakjan, from PIE root *weg- "to be strong, be lively." From c. 1200 as "one of the periods into which the night is divided," in reference to ancient times translating Latin vigilia, Greek phylake, Hebrew ashmoreth. From mid-13c. as "a shift of guard duty; an assignment as municipal watchman;" late 13c. as "person or group obligated to patrol a town (especially at night) to keep order, etc." | واجهاءِ، نھار | वअजहअ, नहअर | *weg- Sindhi root (وجه) meaning "to be strong, be lively." It forms all or part of: awake; bewitch; bivouac; invigilate; reveille; surveillance; vedette; vegetable; velocity; vigil; vigilant; vigilante; vigor; waft; wait; wake (v.) "emerge or arise from sleep;" waken; watch; Wicca; wicked; witch. |
| water | Old English wæter (noun), wæterian (verb), of Germanic origin; related to Dutch water, German Wasser, from an Indo-European root shared by Russian voda (compare with vodka), also by Latin unda ‘wave’ and Greek hudōr ‘water’. | واهڙ، واد، آڊھ (پاڻي) | वअहड़, वअद, आडह (पअणय) | *wed- (1) Sindhi root (واد آباد) meaning "water; wet." |
| wave (n) | "moving billow of water," 1520s, alteration (by influence of wave (v.)) of Middle English waw, which is from Old English wagian "to move to and fro," from Proto-Germanic *wag- (source also of Old Saxon, Old High German wag, Old Frisian weg, Old Norse vagr "water in motion, wave, billow," Gothic wegs "tempest"), probably from PIE root *wegh- "to go, move." The usual Old English word for "moving billow of water" was yð. The "hand motion" meaning is recorded from 1680s; meaning "undulating line" is recorded from 1660s. Of people in masses, first recorded 1852; in physics, from 1832. Sense in heat wave is from 1843. The crowd stunt in stadiums is attested under this name from 1984, the thing itself said to have been done first Oct. 15, 1981, at the Yankees-A's AL championship series game in the Oakland Coliseum; soon picked up and popularized at University of Washington. To make waves "cause trouble" is attested from 1962. | وِيئَر (ويو) پاڻيءَ جي سِير، وِير، اڻ سھي برقي وير | वययर (वयव) पअणय जय सयर, वयर, अण सहय बरक़य वयर | *wegh- Sindhi root (ويگ) meaning "to go, move, transport in a vehicle." |
| way | Old English weg, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch weg and German Weg, from a base meaning ‘move, carry’. Probably from Indic sense 'weg' | ويگُ (رستو) | वयग (रसतव) | *wegh- Sindhi root (ويگ) meaning "to go, move, transport in a vehicle." |
| weak (adj) | c. 1300, from Old Norse veikr "weak," cognate with Old English wac "weak, pliant, soft," from Proto-Germanic *waika- "yield" (source also of Old Saxon wek, Swedish vek, Middle Dutch weec, Dutch week "weak, soft, tender," Old High German weih "yielding, soft," German weich "soft"), from PIE root *weik- (2) "to bend, to wind." Sense of "lacking authority" is first recorded early 15c.; that of "lacking moral strength" late 14c. In grammar, denoting a verb inflected by regular syllabic addition rather than by change of the radical vowel, from 1833. Related: Weakly. Weak-kneed "wanting in resolve" is from 1870. | وِيڪَ، گهٽتائي، خامي | वयक, गहटतअयय, खअमय | *weik- (2) also *weig-, Sindhi root (اگهو، ويڪ) meaning "to bend, to wind." It forms all or part of: vetch; vicar; vicarious; vice- "deputy, assistant, substitute;" viceregent; vice versa; vicissitude; weak; weakfish; week; wicker; wicket; witch hazel; wych. |
| wear (n) | "action of wearing" (clothes), mid-15c., from wear (v.). Meaning "what one wears" is 1560s. To be the worse for wear is attested from 1782; noun phrase wear and tear is first recorded 1660s, implying the sense "process of being degraded by use." | ويس، ويسڻ، ويس پائڻ | वयस, वयसण, वयस पअयण | *eu- Sindhi root (ويس) meaning "to dress," with extended form *wes- (2) "to clothe." |
| weave | Old English wefan "to weave, form by interlacing yarn," figuratively "devise, contrive, arrange" (class V strong verb; past tense wæf, past participle wefen), from Proto-Germanic *weban (source also of Old Norse vefa, Middle Low German, Middle Dutch, Dutch weven, Old High German weban, German weben "to weave"), from PIE *webh- "to weave;" also "to move quickly" (source also of Sanskrit ubhnati "he laces together," Persian baftan "to weave," Greek hyphe, hyphos "web," Old English webb "web"). The form of the past tense altered in Middle English from wave to wove. Extended sense of "combine into a whole" is from late 14c.; meaning "go by twisting and turning" is from 1640s. Related: Wove; woven; weaving. | واڻڻ، اڻڻ، ڪپڙو ٺاھڻ (پراڻو لفظ ويڀ) | वअणण, अणण, कपड़व ठअहण (परअणव लफ़ज़ वयभ) | |
| wed (v) | Old English weddian "to pledge oneself, covenant to do something, vow; betroth, marry," also "unite (two other people) in a marriage, conduct the marriage ceremony," from Proto-Germanic *wadja (source also of Old Norse veðja, Danish vedde "to bet, wager," Old Frisian weddia "to promise," Gothic ga-wadjon "to betroth"), from PIE root *wadh- (1) "to pledge, to redeem a pledge" (source also of Latin vas, genitive vadis "bail, security," Lithuanian vaduoti "to redeem a pledge"), which is of uncertain origin. The sense has remained closer to "pledge" in other Germanic languages (such as German Wette "a bet, wager"); development to "marry" is unique to English. "Originally 'make a woman one's wife by giving a pledge or earnest money', then used of either party" [Buck]. Passively, of two people, "to be joined as husband and wife," from c. 1200. Related: Wedded; wedding. | واڌ، وڌڻ، ڏاوڻن ۾ اچڻ، شادي | वअध, वधण, डअवणन में अचण, शअदय | |
| week (n) | Old English wucu, wice, etc., from Proto-Germanic *wikō(n)- (source also of Old Norse vika, Old Frisian wike, Middle Dutch weke, Old High German wecha, German woche), probably originally with the sense of "a turning" or "succession" (compare Gothic wikon "in the course of," Old Norse vika "sea-mile," originally "change of oar," Old English wican "yield, give way"), from PIE root *weik- (2) "to bend, to wind." The vowel sound seems to have been uncertain in Old and Middle English and -e-, -i-, -o-, -u-, -y-, and various diphthongs are attested for it. | وَڪ (وڪڙ کائي ساڳي جڳھ تي اچڻ) وڪر، ست ڏينھن جو وڪڙ | वक (वकड़ कअयय सअगय जगह तय अचण) वकर, सत डयनहन जव वकड़ | *weik- (2) also *weig-, Sindhi root (اگهو، ويڪ) meaning "to bend, to wind." |
| weep (v) | Old English wepan "shed tears, cry; bewail, mourn over; complain" (class VII strong verb; past tense weop, past participle wopen), from Proto-Germanic *wopjan (source also of Old Norse op, Old High German wuof "shout, shouting, crying," Old Saxon wopian, Gothic wopjan "to shout, cry out, weep"), from PIE *wab- "to cry, scream" (source also of Latin vapulare "to be flogged;" Old Church Slavonic vupiti "to call," vypu "gull"). Of water naturally forming on stones, walls, etc., from c. 1400. Related: Wept; weeping; weeper. | واڀڻ، ڦاٽڻ، رڙيون ڪرڻ (ٻاھر ھن لفظ روئڻ جي زمري ۾ صورت ورتي) | वअभण, फअटण, रड़यवन करण (बअहर हन लफ़ज़ रवयण जय ज़मरय में सवरत वरतय) | |
| weight | From Middle English weight, weiȝte, weght, wight, from Old English wiht, ġewiht (“weight”), from Proto-Germanic *wihtiz ("weight"; compare *weganą (“to move”)), from PIE *weǵʰ- (“to move; pull; draw; drive”). Cognate with Scots wecht, weicht (“weight”), Saterland Frisian Wächte (“scale”), Gewicht (“weight”), West Frisian gewicht (“weight”), Dutch gewicht (“weight”), German Low German Wicht, Gewicht (“weight”) and German Gewicht (“weight”). | وٽ (ماپڻ) | वट (मअपण) | *wegh- Sindhi root (ويگ) meaning "to go, move, transport in a vehicle." |
| weird | From Middle English werde, wierde, wirde, wyrede, wurde, from Old English wyrd, wurd (“that which happens, fate, chance, fortune, destiny, Fate, the Fates, Providence, event, phenomenon, transaction, fact, deed”), from Proto-Germanic *wurdiz (“fate, destiny”), from PIE *wert- (“to turn, wind”). Cognate with Icelandic urður (“fate”). Related to Old English weorþan (“to become”). Note: Weird was extinct by the 16th century in English. It survived in Scots, whence Shakespeare borrowed it in naming the Weird Sisters, reintroducing it to English. The senses "abnormal", "strange" etc. arose via reinterpretation of Weird Sisters and date from after this reintroduction. | ورٽ، وڪڙ اچڻ. (سور جي ڪيف جي ڪري اھو ائين تبديل ٿيو. | वरट, वकड़ अचण. (सवर जय कयफ़ जय करय अहव अययन तबदयल थयव. | *wer- (2) Sindhi root (ور، ويڙھ) forming words meaning "to turn, bend." |
| wharf (n) | late Old English hwearf "shore, bank where ships can tie up," earlier "dam, embankment," from Proto-Germanic *hwarfaz (source also of Middle Low German werf "mole, dam, wharf," German Werft "shipyard, dockyard"); related to Old English hwearfian "to turn," perhaps in a sense implying "busy activity," from PIE root *kwerp- "to turn, revolve" (source also of Old Norse hverfa "to turn round," German werben "to enlist, solicit, court, woo," Gothic hvairban "to wander," Greek kartos "wrist," Sanskrit surpam "winnowing fan"). Wharf rat is from 1812 as "type of rat common on ships and docks;" extended sense "person who hangs around docks" is recorded from 1836. | واڙو، ٻيڙين جو. سمنڊ جي بند وٽ ٻيڙين بيھارڻ جو ٿاڪ | वअड़व, बयड़यन जव. समनड जय बनद वट बयड़यन बयहअरण जव थअक | |
| what | Old English hwæt, referring to things in abstraction; also "why, wherefore; indeed, surely, truly," from Proto-Germanic pronoun *hwat (source also of Old Saxon hwat, Old Norse hvat, Danish hvad, Old Frisian hwet, Dutch wat, Old High German hwaz, German was, Gothic hva "what"), from PIE *kwod, neuter singular of *kwos "who," from PIE root *kwo-, stem of relative and interrogative pronouns. Corresponding to Latin quid. | ڪُه، ڇا | कह, छअ | *kwo- also *kwi-, Sindhi root (ڪھُ، ڪُ), stem of relative and interrogative pronouns. |
| wheel | Old English hweol, hweogol "wheel," from Proto-Germanic *hwewlaz (source also of Old Norse hvel, Old Swedish hiughl, Old Frisian hwel, Middle Dutch weel), from PIE *kw(e)-kwl-o- "wheel, circle," suffixed, reduplicated form of root *kwel- (1) "revolve, move round; sojourn, dwell." Figurative sense is early 14c. Wheel of fortune attested from early 15c. Slang wheels "a car" is recorded from 1959. Wheeler-dealer is from 1954, a rhyming elaboration of dealer. | ول، ويل، ويرو، چڪرو | वल, वयल, वयरव, चकरव | *kwel- (1) also *kwelə-, Sindhi root (ول، ولو) meaning "revolve, move round; sojourn, dwell." |
| when | Old English hwænne, hwenne, hwonne, from Proto-Germanic *hwan- (source also of Old Saxon hwan, Old Frisian hwenne, Middle Dutch wan, Old High German hwanne, German wann "when," wenn "if, whenever"), from pronominal stem *hwa-, from PIE root *kwo-, stem of relative and interrogative pronouns. Equivalent to Latin quom, cum. As a conjunction in late Old English. Say when "tell me when to stop pouring you this drink" is from 1889. | ڪڏھن | कडहन | *kwo- also *kwi-, Sindhi root (ڪھُ، ڪُ), stem of relative and interrogative pronouns. |
| where | Old English hwær, hwar "at what place," from Proto-Germanic adverb *hwar (source also of Old Saxon hwar, Old Norse hvar, Old Frisian hwer, Middle Dutch waer, Old High German hwar, German wo, Gothic hvar "where"), equivalent to Latin cur, from PIE root *kwo-, stem of relative and interrogative pronouns. Where it's at attested from 1903. | ڪٿي | कथय | *kwo- also *kwi-, Sindhi root (ڪھُ، ڪُ), stem of relative and interrogative pronouns. |
| which | Old English hwilc (West Saxon, Anglian), hwælc (Northumbrian) "which," short for hwi-lic "of what form," from Proto-Germanic *hwa-lik- (source also of Old Saxon hwilik, Old Norse hvelikr, Swedish vilken, Old Frisian hwelik, Middle Dutch wilk, Dutch welk, Old High German hwelich, German welch, Gothic hvileiks "which"), from *hwi- "who" (from PIE root *kwo-, stem of relative and interrogative pronouns) + *likan "body, form" (source also of Old English lic "body;" see like (adj.)). In Middle English used as a relative pronoun where Modern English would use who, as still in the Lord's Prayer. Old English also had parallel forms hwelc and hwylc, which disappeared 15c. | ڪھڙو | कहड़व | *kwo- also *kwi-, Sindhi root (ڪھُ، ڪُ), stem of relative and interrogative pronouns. |
| while (n) | Old English hwile, accusative of hwil "a space of time," from Proto-Germanic *hwilo (source also of Old Saxon hwil, Old Frisian hwile, Old High German hwila, German Weile, Gothic hveila "space of time, while"), originally "rest" (compare Old Norse hvila "bed," hvild "rest"), from PIE *kwi-lo-, suffixed form of root *kweie- "to rest, be quiet." Notion of "period of rest" became in Germanic "period of time." | ويل، گهڙي (وقت جي وٿي) | वयल, गहड़य (वक़त जय वथय) | *kweie- *kweiə-, also *kwyeə-, Sindhi root (ويل) meaning "to rest, be quiet." It forms all or part of: acquiesce; acquit; awhile; coy; quiesce; quiescent; quiet; quietism; quietude; quietus; quit; quitclaim; quite; quit-rent; quittance; requiescat; requiem; requite; while; whilom. |
| whiskey | 1715, from Gaelic uisge beatha "whisky," literally "water of life," from Old Irish uisce "water" (from PIE *ud-skio-, suffixed form of root *wed- (1) "water; wet") + bethu "life" (from PIE *gwi-wo-tut-, suffixed form of *gwi-wo-, from root *gwei- "to live"). According to Barnhart, the Gaelic is probably a loan-translation of Medieval Latin aqua vitae, which had been applied to intoxicating drinks since early 14c. (compare French eau de vie "brandy"). Other early spellings in English include usquebea (1706) and iskie bae (1580s). In Ireland and Scotland obtained from malt; in the U.S. commonly made from corn or rye. Spelling distinction between Scotch whisky and Irish and American whiskey is a 19c. innovation. Whisky sour is recorded from 1889. | وسڪڻي، وسڪو، شراب جو ھڪ قسم، پيئڻ ۽ جيئڻ. (وسڪي) | वसकणय, वसकव, शरअब जव हक क़सम, पययण ۽ जययण. (वसकय) | See *wed & *gwei (پيئڻ ۽ جيئڻ) |
| sky (n) | c. 1200, "a cloud," from Old Norse sky "cloud," from Proto-Germanic *skeujam "cloud, cloud cover" (source also of Old English sceo, Old Saxon scio "cloud, region of the clouds, sky;" Old High German scuwo, Old English scua, Old Norse skuggi "shadow;" Gothic skuggwa "mirror"), from PIE root *(s)keu- "to cover, conceal." | ڪوش، ڍڪ کوپو ، ڍڪُ، پڙدو. | कवश, ढक कवपव , ढक, पड़दव. | *(s)keu- Sindhi root (ڪوش) meaning "to cover, conceal." It forms all or part of: chiaroscuro; cunnilingus; custody; cutaneous; cuticle; -cyte; cyto-; hide (v.1) "to conceal;" hide (n.1) "skin of a large animal;" hoard; hose; huddle; hut; kishke; lederhosen; meerschaum; obscure; scum; skewbald; skim; sky. |
| whisper (v) | Old English hwisprian "speak very softly, murmur" (only in a Northumbrian gloss for Latin murmurare), from Proto-Germanic *hwis- (source also of Middle Dutch wispelen, Old High German hwispalon, German wispeln, wispern, Old Norse hviskra "to whisper"), from PIE *kwei- "to hiss, whistle," imitative. Transitive sense is from 1560s. Related: Whispered; whispering. An alternative verb, now obsolete, was whister (late 14c., from Old English hwæstrian), and Middle English had whistringe grucchere "a slanderer." | سر پر ڪرڻ، سس ڦس، سرڀاٽ ڪرڻ، | सर पर करण, सस फस, सरभअट करण, | |
| who | Old English hwa "who," sometimes "what; anyone, someone; each; whosoever," from Proto-Germanic *hwas (source also of Old Saxon hwe, Danish hvo, Swedish vem, Old Frisian hwa, Dutch wie, Old High German hwer, German wer, Gothic hvo (fem.) "who"), from PIE root *kwo-, stem of relative and interrogative pronouns. | ڪير | कयर | *kwo- also *kwi-, Sindhi root (ڪھُ، ڪُ), stem of relative and interrogative pronouns. |
| whose | genitive of who; from Old English hwæs, genitive of hwa "who," from PIE root *kwo-, stem of relative and interrogative pronouns. | ڪنھن جو | कनहन जव | *kwo- also *kwi-, Sindhi root (ڪھُ، ڪُ), stem of relative and interrogative pronouns. |
| why | Old English hwi, instrumental case (indicating for what purpose or by what means) of hwæt (see what), from Proto-Germanic adverb *hwi (source also of Old Saxon hwi, Old Norse hvi), from PIE *kwi- (source of Greek pei "where"), locative of root *kwo-, stem of relative and interrogative pronouns. As an interjection of surprise or emphasis, recorded from 1510s. As a noun, "cause, reason" from c. 1300. | ڪو، ڇو | कव, छव | *kwo- also *kwi-, Sindhi root (ڪھُ، ڪُ), stem of relative and interrogative pronouns. |
| wicket | Middle English (in the sense ‘small door or grille’): from Anglo-Norman French and Old Northern French wiket ; origin uncertain, usually referred to the Germanic root of Old Norse vīkja ‘to turn, move’. Cricket senses date from the late 17th century. | وک جو (ڊانءِ راند جي ڳڻپ وک جو تصور) | वक जव (डअन रअनद जय गणप वक जव तसवर) | *weik- (2) also *weig-, Sindhi root (اگهو، ويڪ) meaning "to bend, to wind." |
| wide | From Middle English wid, wyd, from Old English wīd (“wide, vast, broad, long; distant, far”), from Proto-Germanic *wīdaz, from PIE *wī- (“apart, asunder, in two”), from PIE *weye- (“to drive, separate”). Cognate with Scots wyd, wid (“of great extent; vast”), West Frisian wiid (“broad; wide”), Dutch wijd (“wide; large; broad”), German weit (“far; wide; broad”), Swedish vid (“wide”), Icelandic víður (“wide”), Latin dīvidō (“separate, sunder”), Latin vītō (“avoid, shun”). Related to widow. | وِٿ (وٿي) اهو لفظ اصل ۾ وکيڙ، معنا ٽوري وڏو ڪرڻ واري تصور مان آيو، جتان پوءِ اهو ويڪر طور ڪم آيو | वथ (वथय) अहव लफ़ज़ असल में वकयड़, मअनअ टवरय वडव करण वअरय तसवर मअन आयव, जतअन पव अहव वयकर तवर कम आयव | |
| widow | Old English widewe, wuduwe, from Proto-Germanic *widuwō (source also of Old Saxon widowa, Old Frisian widwe, Middle Dutch, Dutch weduwe, Dutch weeuw, Old High German wituwa, German Witwe, Gothic widuwo), from PIE adjective *widhewo (source also of Sanskrit vidhuh "lonely, solitary," vidhava "widow;" Avestan vithava, Latin vidua, Old Church Slavonic vidova, Russian vdova, Old Irish fedb, Welsh guedeu "widow;" Persian beva, Greek eitheos "unmarried man;" Latin viduus "bereft, void"), from root *uidh- "to separate, divide" (see with). Extended to "woman separated from or deserted by her husband" from mid-15c. (usually in a combination, such as grass widow). As a prefix to a name, attested from 1570s. Meaning "short line of type" (especially at the top of a column) is 1904 print shop slang. Widow's mite is from Mark xii.43. Widow's peak is from the belief that hair growing to a point on the forehead is an omen of early widowhood, suggestive of the "peak" of a widow's hood. The widow bird (1747) so-called in reference to the long black tail feathers of the males, suggestive of widows' veils. | وڌوا | वधवअ | |
| width | From Middle English wid, wyd, from Old English wīd (“wide, vast, broad, long; distant, far”), from Proto-Germanic *wīdaz, from PIE *wī- (“apart, asunder, in two”), from PIE *weye- (“to drive, separate”). Cognate with Scots wyd, wid (“of great extent; vast”), West Frisian wiid (“broad; wide”), Dutch wijd (“wide; large; broad”), German weit (“far; wide; broad”), Swedish vid (“wide”), Icelandic víður (“wide”), Latin dīvidō (“separate, sunder”), Latin vītō (“avoid, shun”). Related to widow. | وِٿ (وٿي) اهو لفظ اصل ۾ وکيڙ، معنا ٽوري وڏو ڪرڻ واري تصور مان آيو، جتان پوءِ اهو ويڪر طور ڪم آيو | वथ (वथय) अहव लफ़ज़ असल में वकयड़, मअनअ टवरय वडव करण वअरय तसवर मअन आयव, जतअन पव अहव वयकर तवर कम आयव | |
| Wight (n) | Old English wiht "living being, creature, person; something, anything," from Proto-Germanic *wihti- (source also of Old Saxon wiht "thing, demon," Dutch wicht "a little child," Old High German wiht "thing, creature, demon," German Wicht "creature, little child," Old Norse vettr "thing, creature," Swedish vätte "spirit of the earth, gnome," Gothic waihts "something"), from PIE *wekti- "thing, creature" (source also of Old Church Slavonic vešti "a thing"). Not related to the Isle of Wight, which is from Latin Vectis (c. 150), originally Celtic, possibly meaning "place of the division." | ڀڳت (روحاني ماڻھو) | भगत (रवहअनय मअणहव) | |
| willow | From Middle English wilwe, welew, variant of wilghe, from Old English weliġ, from Proto-Germanic *wiligaz (compare West Frisian wylch, Dutch wilg), from PIE *wel-ik- (compare (Arcadian) Ancient Greek ἑλίκη (helíkē), Hittite 𒌑𒂖𒆪 (welku, “grass”)), from *wel- (“twist, turn”). | لئو (وڻ) | लयव (वण) | *wel- (3) Sindhi root (ول، ور) meaning "to turn, revolve," with derivatives referring to curved, enclosing objects. |
| win | From Middle English winnen, from Old English winnan (“to labour, swink, toil, trouble oneself; resist, oppose, contradict; fight, strive, struggle, rage; endure”) (compare Old English ġewinnan (“conquer, obtain, gain; endure, bear, suffer; be ill”)), from Proto-Germanic *winnaną (“to swink, labour, win, gain, fight”), from PIE *wenh₁- (“to strive, wish, desire, love”). Cognate with Low German winnen, Dutch winnen, German gewinnen, Norwegian Bokmål vinne, Norwegian Nynorsk and Swedish vinna. | وڻ (پسند وارو) جتان پوءِ وڻي کٽن جي تصور سان لفظ ويو | वण (पसनद वअरव) जतअन पव वणय कटन जय तसवर सअन लफ़ज़ वयव | *wen- (1) Sindhi root (وڻ) meaning "to desire, strive for." |
| wind (n) | "air in motion," Old English wind "wind," from Proto-Germanic *winda- (source also of Old Saxon, Old Frisian, Middle Dutch, Dutch wind, Old Norse vindr, Old High German wind, German Wind, Gothic winds), from PIE *wē-nt-o‑ "blowing," suffixed (participial) form of root *we- "to blow." | واءُ، ھوا، ھير | वअ, हवअ, हयर | *we- wē-, Sindhi root (وھ) meaning "to blow." |
| wind (v) | "move by turning and twisting," Old English windan "to turn, twist, plait, curl, brandish, swing" (class III strong verb; past tense wand, past participle wunden), from Proto-Germanic *windan "to wind" (source also of Old Saxon windan, Old Norse vinda, Old Frisian winda, Dutch winden, Old High German wintan, German winden, Gothic windan "to wind"), from PIE *wendh- "to turn, wind, weave" (source also of Latin viere "twist, plait, weave," vincire "bind;" Lithuanian vyti "twist, wind"). | ويڙه | वयड़ह | |
| window | c. 1200, literally "wind eye," from Old Norse vindauga, from vindr "wind" (see wind (n.1)) + auga "eye" (from PIE root *okw- "to see"). Replaced Old English eagþyrl, literally "eye-hole," and eagduru, literally "eye-door." Compare Old Frisian andern "window," literally "breath-door." | واءُ در، ھوا جي دري | वअ दर, हवअ जय दरय | See *we- wē & *dhwer- (واءُ در) |
| wink | From Middle English winken (strong verb) and Middle English winken (weak verb), from Old English *wincan (strong verb) and wincian (“to wink, make a sign, close the eyes, blink”, weak verb), from Proto-Germanic *winkaną (“to move side to side, sway”), *winkōną (“to close one's eyes”), from PIE *weng- (“to bow, bend, arch, curve”). Cognate with Middle Low German winken (“to blink, wink”), German winken (“to nod, beckon, make a sign”). Related also to Saterland Frisian wäänke, Dutch wenken (“to beckon, motion”), Latin vacillare (“sway”), Lithuanian véngti (“to swerve, avoid”), Albanian vang (“tire, felloe”), Sanskrit वञ्चति (vañcati, “he swaggers”). | ونگ، ونگڻ اک ونگڻ | वनग, वनगण अक वनगण | |
| winter | Old English winter (plural wintru), "the fourth and coldest season of the year, winter," from Proto-Germanic *wintruz "winter" (source also of Old Frisian, Dutch winter, Old Saxon, Old High German wintar, German winter, Danish and Swedish vinter, Gothic wintrus, Old Norse vetr "winter"), probably literally "the wet season," from PIE *wend-, nasalized form of root *wed- (1) "water; wet"). On another old guess, cognate with Gaulish vindo-, Old Irish find "white." The usual PIE word is *gheim-. As an adjective in Old English. The Anglo-Saxons counted years in "winters," as in Old English ænetre "one-year-old;" and wintercearig, which might mean either "winter-sad" or "sad with years." Old Norse Vetrardag, first day of winter, was the Saturday that fell between Oct. 10 and 16. | گهميل، ٿڌ، واديل مُند، ولھ، سيارو | गहमयल, थध, वअदयल मनद, वलह, सयअरव | *gheim- Sindhi root (گهم) meaning "winter." |
| wire | Old English wir "metal drawn out into a fine thread," from Proto-Germanic *wira- (source also of Old Norse viravirka "filigree work," Swedish vira "to twist," Old High German wiara "fine gold work"), from PIE root *wei- "to turn, twist, plait." A wire as marking the finish line of a racecourse is attested from 1883; hence the figurative down to the wire. Wire-puller in the political sense is 1848, American English, on the image of pulling the wires that work a puppet. | ويڙھي، ويڙھيل تار سڳو ڌاڳو يا سنھي ڪا بھ شيءِ | वयड़हय, वयड़हयल तअर सगव धअगव यअ सनहय कअ बह शय | *wei- also weiə-, Sindhi root (ويڙھي) meaning "to turn, twist, bend," with derivatives referring to suppleness or binding. It forms all or part of: ferrule; garland; iridescence; iridescent; iris; iridium; vise; viticulture; wire; withe; withy. |
| wise (n) | Old English wis "learned, sagacious, cunning; sane; prudent, discreet; experienced; having the power of discerning and judging rightly," from Proto-Germanic *wissaz (source also of Old Saxon, Old Frisian wis, Old Norse viss, Dutch wijs, German weise "wise"), from past-participle adjective *wittos of PIE root *weid- "to see" (hence "to know"). Modern slang meaning "aware, cunning" first attested 1896. Related to the source of Old English witan "to know, wit." | ورتيو، ڏاھو، سياڻو، ڏسڻو | वरतयव, डअहव, सयअणव, डसणव | *weid- Sindhi root (ويد، وديا) meaning "to see." |
| wish | From Middle English wisshen, wischen, wüschen, from Old English wȳsċan (“to wish”), from Proto-Germanic *wunskijaną (“to wish”), from PIE *wun-, *wenh₁- (“to wish, love”). Cognate with Scots wis (“to wish”), Saterland Frisian wonskje (“to wish”), West Frisian winskje (“to wish”), Dutch wensen (“to wish”), German wünschen (“to wish”), Danish ønske (“to wish”), Icelandic æskja, óska (“to wish”), Latin Venus, veneror (“venerate, honour, love”). | اِڇا | अछअ | *wen- (1) Sindhi root (وڻ) meaning "to desire, strive for |
| wit | "mental capacity," Old English wit, witt, more commonly gewit "understanding, intellect, sense; knowledge, consciousness, conscience," from Proto-Germanic *wit- (source also of Old Saxon wit, Old Norse vit, Danish vid, Swedish vett, Old Frisian wit, Old High German wizzi "knowledge, understanding, intelligence, mind," German Witz "wit, witticism, joke," Gothic unwiti "ignorance"), from PIE root *weid- "to see," metaphorically "to know." Related to Old English witan "to know" (source of wit (v.)). Meaning "ability to connect ideas and express them in an amusing way" is first recorded 1540s; that of "person of wit or learning" is from late 15c. For nuances of usage, see humor (n.). Witjar was old slang (18c.) for "head, skull." Witling (1690s) was "a pretender to wit." | ويتِ، ٺٺول، مسخري | वयत, ठठवल, मसखरय | *weid- Sindhi root (ويد، وديا) meaning "to see." |
| with | Old English wið "against, opposite, from, toward, by, near," a shortened form related to wiðer, from Proto-Germanic *withro- "against" (source also of Old Saxon withar "against," Old Norse viðr "against, with, toward, at," Middle Dutch, Dutch weder, Dutch weer "again," Gothic wiþra "against, opposite"), from PIE *wi-tero-, literally "more apart," suffixed form of *wi- "separation" (source also of Sanskrit vi "apart," Avestan vi- "asunder," Sanskrit vitaram "further, farther," Old Church Slavonic vutoru "other, second"). | وٿي، وٿيرو، وٿيرڪو | वथय, वथयरव, वथयरकव | |
| woe | From Middle English wo, wei, wa, from Old English wā, wǣ, from Proto-Germanic *wai, whence also Dutch wee, German Weh, weh, Danish ve, Yiddish וויי (vey). Ultimately from PIE *wai. Compare Latin vae, Albanian vaj, French ouais, Ancient Greek οὐαί (ouaí), Persian وای (vây) (Turkish vay, a Persian borrowing), and Armenian վայ (vay). | ووءِ، وائي | वव, वअयय | |
| womb | From Middle English wombe, wambe, from Old English womb, wamb (“belly, stomach; bowels; heart; womb; hollow”), from Proto-Germanic *wambō (“belly, stomach, abdomen”)[1], from PIE *wamp- (“membrane (of bowels), intestines, womb”). Cognate with Scots wam, wame (“womb”), Dutch wam (“dewlap of beef; belly of a fish”), German Wamme, Wampe (“paunch, belly”), Danish vom (“belly, paunch, rumen”), Swedish våmb (“belly, stomach, rumen”), Norwegian vomb (“belly”), Icelandic vömb (“belly, abdomen, stomach”), Old Welsh gumbelauc (“womb”), Breton gwamm (“woman, wife”), Sanskrit वपा (vapā́, “the skin or membrane lining the intestines or parts of the viscera, the caul or omentum”). | ڳرڀ | गरभ | |
| wood | Old English wudu, earlier widu "tree, trees collectively, forest, grove; the substance of which trees are made," from Proto-Germanic *widu- (source also of Old Norse viðr, Danish and Swedish ved "tree, wood," Old High German witu "wood"), from PIE *widhu- "tree, wood" (source also of Welsh gwydd "trees," Gaelic fiodh- "wood, timber," Old Irish fid "tree, wood"). Out of the woods "safe" is from 1792. | ويڙ، وڙ، وڻ (ڪاٺ) | वयड़, वड़, वण (कअठ) | |
| word | Old English word "speech, talk, utterance, sentence, statement, news, report, word," from Proto-Germanic *wurda- (source also of Old Saxon, Old Frisian word, Dutch woord, Old High German, German wort, Old Norse orð, Gothic waurd), from PIE *were- (3) "speak, say" | وَر، ٻول، قول (ورندي) لفظ، شبڌ | वर, बवल, क़वल (वरनदय) लफ़ज़, शबध | |
| work | Old English weorc, worc "something done, discreet act performed by someone, action (whether voluntary or required), proceeding, business; that which is made or manufactured, products of labor," also "physical labor, toil; skilled trade, craft, or occupation; opportunity of expending labor in some useful or remunerative way;" also "military fortification," from Proto-Germanic *werka- "work" (source also of Old Saxon, Old Frisian, Dutch werk, Old Norse verk, Middle Dutch warc, Old High German werah, German Werk, Gothic gawaurki), from PIE *werg-o-, suffixed form of root *werg- "to do." | وڻج، وڻڪ، ڌنڌو ڌاڙي، ڪم ڪار، واڻڪو، واڻڪ (بڻيادي طور تي پورھيي سان لاڳپيل لفظ جنھن ۾ محنت خفو ۽ ڌيان درڪار ھجي ٿو، سنڌ ۾ واڻڪي جو ھڪ پراڻو تصور بھ اھو ئي آھي تھ ڌنڌي ڌاڙي جي، واڻڪو مانا ڌنڌو) | वणिजु, वणिक, धंधो धाड़ी, कम कार, वाणिको, वाणिकि (बुणयादी तौर ते पोर्हिये सां लाॻपील लफ़्ज़ु जंहिं में महिनत ख़फ़ो ऐं ध्यानु दरकार हिजे थो, सिंधु में वाणकी जो हिकु पुराणो तसवुरु बिहु उहो ई आहे तह धंधे धाड़ी जे, वाणिको माना धंधो | *werg- Sindhi root (وڻج) meaning "to do." |
| worm | Old English wurm, variant of wyrm "serpent, snake, dragon, reptile," also in later Old English "earthworm," from Proto-Germanic *wurmiz (source also of Old Saxon, Old High German, German wurm, Old Frisian and Dutch worm, Old Norse ormr, Gothic waurms "serpent, worm"), from PIE *wrmi- "worm" (source also of Greek rhomos, Latin vermis "worm," Old Russian vermie "insects," Lithuanian varmas "insect, gnat"), from PIE *wrmi- "worm," from root *wer- (2) "to turn, bend." | ورڻو، ور وراڪا کائيندڙ جيتامڙو | वरणव, वर वरअकअ कअययनदड़ जयतअमड़व | *wer- (2) Sindhi root (ور، ويڙھ) forming words meaning "to turn, bend." |
| worry | From Middle English worien, werien, wirwen, wyryȝen (“to choke, strangle”), from Old English wyrġan, from Proto-Germanic *wurgijaną, from PIE *werǵʰ- (“bind, squeeze”). Cognate with Dutch worgen, wurgen, German würgen. Compare Latin urgere (“to press, push”), Lithuanian ver̃žti (“to string; squeeze”), Russian (poetic) отверза́ть (otverzátʹ, “to open”, literally “to untie”). Related to wring. | ور | वर | *wer- (2) Sindhi root (ور، ويڙھ) forming words meaning "to turn, bend." |
| worship | Old English worðscip, wurðscip (Anglian), weorðscipe (West Saxon) "condition of being worthy, dignity, glory, distinction, honor, renown," from weorð "worthy" (see worth) + -scipe (see -ship). Sense of "reverence paid to a supernatural or divine being" is first recorded c. 1300. The original sense is preserved in the title worshipful "honorable" (c. 1300). | ور، ورت، ورائڻ، پاٺ پوڄا | वर, वरत, वरअयण, पअठ पवॼअ | *wer- (2) Sindhi root (ور، ويڙھ) forming words meaning "to turn, bend." |
| wort (n) | "a plant," Old English wyrt "root, herb, vegetable, plant, spice," from Proto-Germanic *wurtiz (source also of Old Saxon wurt, Old Norse, Danish urt, Old High German wurz "plant, herb," German Wurz, Gothic waurts, Old Norse rot "root"), from PIE root *wrād- "branch, root." St. John's wort attested from 15c. | واڙي (پوک، ڀاڄين جي پوک) | वअड़य (पवक, भअॼयन जय पवक) | *wrād- Sindhi root (واڙ) meaning "branch, root." It forms all or part of: deracinate; eradicate; eradication; irradicable; licorice; radical; radicant; radicle; radicular; radish; ramada; ramify; ramus; rhizoid; rhizome; rhizophagous; root; rutabaga; wort. |
| worth | Old English weorþ "significant, valuable, of value; valued, appreciated, highly thought-of, deserving, meriting; honorable, noble, of high rank; suitable for, proper, fit, capable," from Proto-Germanic *wertha- "toward, opposite," hence "equivalent, worth" (source also of Old Frisian werth, Old Norse verðr, Dutch waard, Old High German werd, German wert, Gothic wairþs "worth, worthy"), which is of uncertain origin. Perhaps a derivative of PIE *wert- "to turn, wind," from root *wer- (2) "to turn, bend." Old Church Slavonic vredu, Lithuanian vertas "worth" are considered to be Germanic loan-words. From c. 1200 as "equivalent to, of the value of, valued at; having importance equal to; equal in power to." | ور، ورت، ورٽ ورائتو، مال، ڌن دولت، عزت آبرو، جي آسودگي، ڀراءِ، ڀريل تريل | वर, वरत, वरट वरअयतव, मअल, धन दवलत, अज़त आबरव, जय आसवदगय, भरअ, भरयल तरयल | *wer- (2) Sindhi root (ور، ويڙھ) forming words meaning "to turn, bend." |
| wound | Old English wund "hurt, injury, ulcer," from Proto-Germanic *wuntho (source also of Old Saxon wunda, Old Norse und, Old Frisian wunde, Old High German wunta, German wunde "wound"), perhaps from PIE root *wen- (2) "to beat, wound." | وڍ (زخم) | वढ (ज़खम) | |
| Wrap | early 14c., wrappen, "to wind (something around something else), cover (something), conceal; bind up, swaddle; fold (something) up or back on itself," of uncertain origin, perhaps via Scandinavian (compare Danish dialectal vravle "to wind"), from PIE *werp- "to turn, wind," from root *wer- (2) "to turn, bend." Or perhaps a variant of lap (v.2). To wrap up "put an end to" is from 1926. Related: Wrapped; wrapping. Wrapping paper is from 1715. | ويڙھ، ويڙھڻ، ويڙھپ | वयड़ह, वयड़हण, वयड़हप | *wer- (2) Sindhi root (ور، ويڙھ) forming words meaning "to turn, bend." |
| wrestle | Old English *wræstlian, frequentative of wræstan "to wrest" (see wrest) with -el (3). Compare North Frisian wrassele, Middle Low German worstelen. Figurative sense is recorded from early 13c. Related: Wrestled; wrestling. | ورائي سرائي ڪيرڻ | वरअयय सरअयय कयरण | *wer- (2) Sindhi root (ور، ويڙھ) forming words meaning "to turn, bend." |
| wring | Old English wringan "press, strain, wring, twist" (class III strong verb; past tense wrang, past participle wrungen), from Proto-Germanic *wreng- (source also of Old English wringen "to wring, press out," Old Frisian wringa, Middle Dutch wringhen, Dutch wringen "to wring," Old High German ringan "to move to and fro, to twist," German ringen "to wrestle"), from *wrengh-, nasalized variant of *wergh- "to turn," from PIE root *wer- (2) "to turn, bend." To wring (one's) hands "press the hands or fingers tightly together (as though wringing)" as an indication of distress or pain is attested from c. 1200. | ورڻ، ڦيرائڻ | वरण, फयरअयण | *wer- (2) Sindhi root (ور، ويڙھ) forming words meaning "to turn, bend." |
| wrinkle | Old English wringan "press, strain, wring, twist" (class III strong verb; past tense wrang, past participle wrungen), from Proto-Germanic *wreng- (source also of Old English wringen "to wring, press out," Old Frisian wringa, Middle Dutch wringhen, Dutch wringen "to wring," Old High German ringan "to move to and fro, to twist," German ringen "to wrestle"), from *wrengh-, nasalized variant of *wergh- "to turn," from PIE root *wer- (2) "to turn, bend." To wring (one's) hands "press the hands or fingers tightly together (as though wringing)" as an indication of distress or pain is attested from c. 1200. | ويڙھڻ، ڦيڙھڻ، ورائڻ | वयड़हण, फयड़हण, वरअयण | *wer- (2) Sindhi root (ور، ويڙھ) forming words meaning "to turn, bend." |
| wrist | Old English wrist, from Proto-Germanic *wristiz (source also of Old Norse rist "instep," Old Frisian wrist, Middle Dutch wrist, German Rist "back of the hand, instep"), from *wreik- "to turn," from PIE root *wer- (2) "to turn, bend." The notion is "the turning joint." Wrist-watch is from 1889. Wrist-band is from 1570s as a part of a sleeve, 1969 as a perspiration absorber. | ويڻي، ورڻي، ٻانھن جو اھو حصو جيڪو ڦري سگھي | वयणय, वरणय, बअनहन जव अहव हसव जयकव फरय सगहय | *wer- (2) Sindhi root (ور، ويڙھ) forming words meaning "to turn, bend." |
| writ | From Middle English writ, iwrit, ȝewrit, from Old English writ (“letter, book, treatise; scripture, writing; writ, charter, document, deed”) and ġewrit (“writing, something written, written language; written character, bookstave; inscription; orthography; written statement, passage from a book; official or formal document, document; law, jurisprudence; regulation; list, catalog; letter; text of an agreement; writ, charter, deed; literary writing, book, treatise; books dealing with a subject under notice; a book of the Bible; scripture, canonical book, the Scriptures; stylus”), from Proto-Germanic *writą (“fissure, writing”), from PIE *wrey-, *wrī- (“to scratch, carve, ingrave”). Cognate with Scots writ (“writ, writing, handwriting”), Icelandic rit (“writing, writ, literary work, publication”). | وِري، (مٿي کي کنھڻ ۽ جونءَ ڪڍڻ مھل وري ڏيڻ، جتان کرچڻ ڪري اھو تصور کنيو ويو | वरय, (मथय कय कनहण ۽ जवन कढण महल वरय डयण, जतअन करचण करय अहव तसवर कनयव वयव | |
| writhe | Old English wrīthan ‘make into coils, plait, fasten with a cord’, of Germanic origin; related to wreathe, from PIE *wreyt- (“to turn”). | ورٽ، وڪڙ اچڻ | वरट, वकड़ अचण | *wer- (2) Sindhi root (ور، ويڙھ) forming words meaning "to turn, bend." |
| xeno- | before vowels, xen-, word-forming element meaning "strange, foreign; stranger, foreigner," from Greek xenos "a guest, stranger, foreigner, refugee, guest-friend, one entitled to hospitality," cognate with Latin hostis, from PIE root *ghos-ti- "stranger, guest, host." "The term was politely used of any one whose name was unknown" | گستو، ٻاھريون واقفڪار | गसतव, बअहरयवन वअक़फ़कअर | |
| yard (n) | "patch of ground around a house," Old English geard "fenced enclosure, garden, court; residence, house," from Proto-Germanic *gardan- (source also of Old Norse garðr "enclosure, garden, yard;" Old Frisian garda, Dutch gaard, Old High German garto, German Garten "garden;" Gothic gards "house," garda "stall"), of uncertain origin, perhaps from PIE *ghor-to-, suffixed form of root *gher- (1) "to grasp, enclose," with derivatives meaning "enclosure." | گهر، گهر جو آڳر، کليل جڳھ | गहर, गहर जव आगर, कलयल जगह | *gher- (1) Sindhi root (گهر) meaning "to grasp, enclose." |
| year | Old English gear (West Saxon), ger (Anglian) "year," from Proto-Germanic *jēr "year" (source also of Old Saxon, Old High German jar, Old Norse ar, Danish aar, Old Frisian ger, Dutch jaar, German Jahr, Gothic jer "year"), from PIE *yer-o-, from root *yer- "year, season" (source also of Avestan yare (nominative singular) "year;" Greek hōra "year, season, any part of a year," also "any part of a day, hour;" Old Church Slavonic jaru, Bohemian jaro "spring;" Latin hornus "of this year;" Old Persian dušiyaram "famine," literally "bad year"). Probably originally "that which makes [a complete cycle]," and from verbal root *ei- meaning "to do, make." | ورهيه | वरहयह | |
| yester- | Old English geostran "yesterday," from Proto-Germanic *gester- (source also of Old High German gestaron, German gestern "yesterday," Old Norse gær "tomorrow, yesterday," Gothic gistradagis "tomorrow"), originally "the other day" (reckoned from "today," either backward or forward), from PIE root *dhgh(y)es- "yesterday" (source also of Sanskrit hyah, Avestan zyo, Persian di, Greek khthes, Latin heri, Old Irish indhe, Welsh doe "yesterday;" Latin hesternus "of yesterday"). | اڳيون، گذريل، لنگهيل | अगयवन, गज़रयल, लनगहयल | |
| yoke | Old English geoc "contrivance for fastening a pair of draft animals," earlier geoht "pair of draft animals" (especially oxen), from Proto-Germanic *yukam (source also of Old Saxon juk, Old Norse ok, Danish aag, Middle Dutch joc, Dutch juk, Old High German joh, German joch, Gothic juk "yoke"), from PIE root *yeug- "to join." Figurative sense of "heavy burden, oppression, servitude" was in Old English. | جوڳ ڏاند | जवग डअनद | *yeug- Sindhi root (يوگ، ميلاپ) meaning "to join." |
| young | Old English geong "youthful, young; recent, new, fresh," from Proto-Germanic *junga- (source also of Old Saxon and Old Frisian jung, Old Norse ungr, Middle Dutch jonc, Dutch jong, Old High German and German jung, Gothic juggs), from PIE *yuwn-ko-, suffixed form of root *yeu- "vital force, youthful vigor" (source also of Sanskrit yuvan- "young; young man;" Avestan yuuanem, yunam "youth," yoista- "youngest;" Latin juvenis "young," iunior "younger, more young;" Lithuanian jaunas, Old Church Slavonic junu, Russian junyj "young," Old Irish oac, Welsh ieuanc "young"). | جُنگ (ينگ جي شڪل) | जनग (यनग जय शकल) | |
| your | Old English eower, possessive pronominal adjective, genitive of ge "ye" (see ye), from Proto-Germanic base of you. Cognate with Old Saxon iuwar, Old Frisian iuwer, Old Norse yðvarr, Old High German iuwer, German euer, Gothic izwar "your." Used in titles of honor by mid-14c. | تون وارو | तवन वअरव | |
| zen (n) | school of Mahayana Buddhism, 1727, from Japanese, from Chinese ch'an, ultimately from Sanskrit dhyana "thought, meditation," from PIE root *dheie- "to see, look" (source also of Greek sema "sign, mark, token"). As an adjective from 1881. | ڌيان (ذهن، ڌيان جي تازي شڪل) | धयअन (ज़हन, धयअन जय तअज़य शकल) | |
| Zend (n) | 1715, "Parsee sacred book" (in full, Zend-Avesta, 1620s), from Old Persian zend, from Pahlavi zand "commentary," from Avestan zainti- "knowledge," from PIE root *gno- "to know." First used 1771 in reference to the language of the Zend-Avesta by French scholar Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron (1731-1805). | ڄاڻ (پارسين جو مقدس ڪتاب) | ॼअण (पअरसयन जव मक़दस कतअब) | *gno- *gnō-, Sindhi root (ڄاڻ، گنان) meaning "to know." |
| zero | "figure which stands for naught in the Arabic notation," also "the absence of all quantity considered as quantity," c. 1600, from French zéro or directly from Italian zero, from Medieval Latin zephirum, from Arabic sifr "cipher," translation of Sanskrit sunya-m "empty place, desert, naught" (see cipher (n.)). A brief history of the invention of "zero" can be found here. Meaning "worthless person" is recorded from 1813. As an adjective from 1810. Zero tolerance first recorded 1972, originally U.S. political language. Zero-sum in game theory is from 1944 (von Neumann), indicating that if one player wins X amount the other or others must lose X amount. | سڃ (شوني)، ٻڙي، ڪجه بھ نھ، خالي، | ਸઃ (ਸ਼ੋਨੀ), ੜੀ, પਜਹ ਬਾ ਨਾ, ਖ਼ਾਲੀ | |
| Zeus (n) | supreme god of the ancient Greeks and master of the others, 1706, from Greek, from PIE *dewos- "god" (source also of Latin deus "god," Old Persian daiva- "demon, evil god," Old Church Slavonic deivai, Sanskrit deva-), from root *dyeu- "to shine," in derivatives "sky, heaven, god." The god-sense is originally "shining," but "whether as originally sun-god or as lightener" is not now clear. | ڏيئو، زيوس (بعد ۾ اهو لفظ سنڌي ٻوليءَ ۾ سڪندر اعظم جي ڪري گار بڻجي دئوس بہ ٿيو) | ॾीओ, ज़ीवस (बैदि में इहो लफ़्ज़ु सिंधी बो॒लीअ में सिकन्दर आज़मु जे करे गारि बणिजी दओस बि थियो | *dyeu- Sindhi root (ڏئو، ڏيئو) meaning "to shine," in derivatives "sky, heaven, god." |
| zodiac | late 14c., from Old French zodiaque, from Latin zodiacus "zodiac," from Greek zodiakos (kyklos) "zodiac (circle)," literally "circle of little animals," from zodiaion, diminutive of zoion "animal" (from PIE root *gwei- "to live"). Libra is not an animal, but it was not a zodiac constellation to the Greeks, who reckoned 11 but counted Scorpio and its claws (including what is now Libra) as a "double constellation." Libra was figured back in by the Romans. In Old English the zodiac was twelf tacna "the twelve signs," and in Middle English also Our Ladye's Waye and the Girdle of the Sky. | جيوڪو، جيوت جو چرخو (يوناني علم ۾ ٻارنھن گرھن جي چڪري ۾ جانورن جون علامتون استعمال ڪري جنتري طور ڪتب آندل) | जीवको, जीवति जो चर्ख़ो (यूनानी इल्म में ॿारंहं ग्रहनि जे चकिरी में जानवरन जूनि अलामतूं इस्तेमाल करे जंत्री तौर कतबि आंदल | *gwei- also *gweie-, Sindhi root (جيو) meaning "to live." |
| Zoe (n) | fem. proper name, Greek, literally "life," from PIE root *gwei- "to live." | جيوڻي، جيوي (زنانو نالو) | जीवणी, जीवी (ज़नानो नालो | *gwei- also *gweie-, Sindhi root (جيو) meaning "to live." |
| zone (n) | late 14c., from Latin zona "geographical belt, celestial zone," from Greek zōnē "a belt, the girdle worn by women at the hips," from zōnnynai "to gird," from PIE root *yos- "to gird" (source also of Avestan yasta- "girt," Lithuanian juosiu, juosti "to gird," Old Church Slavonic po-jasu "girdle"). The 10c. Anglo-Saxon treatise on astronomy translates Latin quinque zonas as fyf gyrdlas. Originally one of the five great divisions of the earth's surface (torrid, temperate, frigid; separated by tropics of Cancer and Capricorn and Arctic and Antarctic circles); meaning "any discrete region" is first recorded 1822. Zone defense in team sports is recorded from 1927. | جُوءِ، ماڳ، ھنڌ، ديس، مخصوص ايراضي | जोइ, माॻु, हंधि, देस, मखि | |
| zoo- | word-forming element meaning "animal, living being," from Greek zoion "an animal," literally "a living being," from PIE root *gwei- "to live" (source also of Greek bios "life"). | جِيو (جانورن) سان لاڳاپيل (يوناني ٻوليءَ ۾ ج آواز کي ز ۾ اچاريو وڃي ٿو.) | जीव (जानवरन सां लाॻापियलु (यूनानी बो॒लीअ में ज आवाज़ु खे ज़ में उचारियो वञे थो. | *gwei- also *gweie-, Sindhi root (جيو) meaning "to live." |
| zygote | 1880, coined 1878 by German cytologist Eduard Strasburger (1844-1912), the widespread attribution to William Bateson being apparently erroneous; from Greek zygotos "yoked," from zygon "yoke" (from PIE root *yeug- "to join"). | يُگم، جوڳ، جهڳٽو (جسماني ميلاپ جي ڪري) جنھن سان ھڪ نئون جيون ڦولارجي ٿو) | युगम, जोॻु, झुॻटो (जिस्मानी मेलापु जे करे जंहिं सां हिकु नओं जीवनु फोलारजी थो | *yeug- Sindhi root (يوگ، ميلاپ) meaning "to join." |